Hilum- small indented opening where

an artery, vein, nerves and ureters enter

and leave the kidney
The renal artery- enters the kidney,
branch of abdominal aorta
-Eliminates waste products
Renal vein- emerged and returns to the
-regulates blood volume, blood pressure inferior vena cava
and pH (because of the H20 elimination)
Ureters- emerges and transports urine
-controls levels of electrolytes and to the urinary bladder
metabolites
3 LAYERS OF TISSUE IN KIDNEY
Urination- voiding urine from the urinary
Renal capsule- innermost layer which is
bladders
a tough, fibrous material
Micturition- physiological process
-continues to the surface layer of ureters
-involves nerve impulses and muscular
-prevents the entrance of infection
response
Adipose capsule- middle layer,
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
composed of perirenal fat- gives kidneys
-concerned with the removal of excess a protective against impact
salt and metabolic waste from the body
Renal Fasciae- outer layer which sub-
through the production of urine in the
serous fascia (connective tissue) that
kidney
surrounds kidney and attaches it firmly
-kidneys bear the major responsibility of to the posterior abdominal wall; it is
eliminating nitrogenous wastes, toxins flexible to permit the kidneys to shift
and drugs from the body slightly as the diaphragm moves during
breathing
STRUCTURES
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Kidney
Parenchyma- outer layer, specialized
-2 bean-shaped organ that lies in the
part of an organ
retroperitoneal space; either side of
vertebral column Renal Parenchyma- specialized
structure of kidney
-located in the upper abdominal area
1.) Renal Cortex – site of glomeruli and
-upper portion of kidneys, rest on
proximal and distal tubules of
diaphragm
nephron
-enclosed by lower ribcage -made of renal corpuscles and
convoluted tubules
Main function: Removes dissolved waste
Main site for filtration, reabsorption
and excess substances from the blood
and secretion – where most of
and urine from the nephron to
nephrons are located
glomerulus
2.) Renal Medulla- middle layer
-extends from T12 to L3 vertebra -formed by collecting tubules and
ducts
 Composed of series of triangular - Inner layer- made of
masses called renal pyramids, podocytes
separated by renal column - foot cells, has pores
3.) Renal Pelvis- collects urine from all spaces between adjacent
the calyces feet which makes the layer
a.) Renal Papillae- projection of permeable.
renal fissure located at the tip of 2. Glomerulus- capillary network
renal pyramid - Permeable to water,
b.) Calyx- minor and major calyx; a electrolytes, nutrients and
collecting sac surrounding the waste products but not
renal papilla that transports urine permeable to large protein.
from the papilla to the renal B. Renal tubules- proximal
pelvis convoluted tubule
Minor calyx- collects urine from - Ascending loop of henle,
the collecting ducts descending loop of henle,
Major pelvis- collects urine from distal convoluted tubule and
the renal sinus from the renal collecting ducts.
pelvis - The renal tubule is
-major calyces join to form the continuous from bowman’s
renal pelvis that collects urine capsule.
and funnels it to ureter - Distal convoluted tubule-
empties into a collecting
Nephrons- functional unit of kidney, 1
duct (papillary) which serves
Million in each kidney
several nephrons.
Functions:
URETERS
1.) Initial filtration of blood
- 2 tubules
2.) Selective reabsorption back into
- 25-35 cm long
the blood of filtered substances
- Extends from the renal
3.) The secretion of unwanted
pelvis to the pelvic cavity,
substances.
convey urine from kidneys to
the bladder

2 PARTS: URETEROVESICAL VALVE- valve

A. Renal capsules (vascular between urinary bladder and ureter
system of nephron) – outer
- Prevents the backflow of
membrane that encloses,
urine to the ureter
supports and protects the
kidney. Each ureter consists of 3 layers:
1. Bowman’s capsule
1. Tunica Mucosa- innermost layer
(Glomerulus capsule) –
- Epithelial connective tissue
surrounds the glomerulus,
layer
located in the cortex of the
2. Tunica Muscularis- middle layer
kidney.
- Smooth muscle tissue
- First part of the tubular
3. Tunic adventitia- outermost
component of the nephron.
fibrous layer.
- Squamous epithelium
- URINARY BLADDER
 - Behind the symphysis pubis External urethral orifice
- Composed of elastic tissue opening of the urethra to the
- Serves as reservoir of urine exterior, located between
and capable of 1000-1800mL the clitoris and vaginal
- 500mL- moderately full opening
bladder Male’s urethra- extends from
• Internal and external sphincters the internal orifice to the
control the flow of urine exterior: passes first to the
• The urge to void prostate then to the deep
• Relaxation of the external muscles of the perineum
sphincter (voluntary) produces then through the penis.
emptying of bladder -distance of about 20 cm/ 8
(voiding/micturition) inches.
- made up of deep mucosa
WALL OF URINARY BLADDER
and superficial muscularis
4 tunics: - discharges semen that
1. Mucosa- innermost layer contains sperm.
- Permits distention
- Transitional epithelium 3 Divisions (Male)
- Lamina propria - highly 1. Prostatic urethra- 3cm,
vascular layer of connective passes through the prostate,
tissue surrounded by prostate
2. Submucosa- consist of gland.
vascular tissue which 2. Membranous urethra-
provides a rich blood supply shortest portion, passes to
3. Muscularis- detrusor the deep muscle, around
muscle membranous urethra is the
- Aids in micturition, thick external urethral sphincter
smooth muscle 3. Spongy urethra- longest
4. Serosa- simple squamous proportion, 15 cm
epithelium
- Physical and functional
continuation of the BLOOD VESSELS
perineum
1. Renal artery- transports
URETHRA oxygenated blood form the heart
and aorta to the kidney for
- Small tube leading from the
filtration
internal urethral orifice in
2. Renal vein- transports filtered and
the floor of the urinary
deoxygenated blood from the
bladder to the exterior of the
kidney to the posterior vena cava
body
and heart.
- Terminal portion of urinary
3. Renal column- passageway
system
located between the pyramids
Female’s urethra- lies
found in the medulla and used as
directly posterior to the
a space for blood vessels.
pubic symphysis, length is 4
cm (1.5 in)
FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: - eliminates excess hydrogen ion
and conserved buffered material
1. Filtration of blood- occurs in the
such as bicarbonate
glomerulus, contributes to
- by controlling acid-base
homeostasis through removing
conditions in the body fluids.
toxins and wastes.
2. Reabsorption of vital nutrients ions
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS OF
and water- occurs in most part of
THE KIDNEY
the kidney nephron, contributes in
homeostasis through conserving
- The kidney maintains the
important materials.
purity and constancy of
3. Secretion of excess materials-
fluids in our internal
assist filtration in removing
environment (homeostatic
material from the blood,
imbalance)
contribute to homeostasis
- The kidney filter gallons of
through preventing a build-up of
fluid from the bloodstream
certain materials in the body-
while returning needed
drugs waste materials.
substances to the blood
4. Activation of Vitamin D
- The kidney corrects
- Converted into vitamin D3
electrolyte imbalance and
by kidneys
maintains aid base balance
- Increasing calcium
- Kidney has the major
absorption by the digestive
responsibility for eliminating
tract
nitrogenous wastes, toxins
5. Release of erythropoietin by the
and drugs from the body
kidney
urine- the end product.
- Stimulates the production of
RBC FORMATION OF URINE
- By ensuring that is adequate
1. FILTRATION – first step for
amount of oxygen in the
purification of the blood called
body and also carbon
glomerular filtration
dioxide transport
- Blood flows through
6. Release of renin by kidneys
glomerular capillaries, water
- Enzymes which stimulates
and dissolved materials are
the formation of powerful
forced through the cellular
vasoconstriction called
lining of the capillaries by
angiotensin II- by causing
blood pressure.
vasoconstriction which
- Glomerular fluid- 180 L per
increases blood pressure.
day and travels in the
7. Release of prostaglandins
innermost layer of Bowner’s
- Hormone like substance
capsule
present in kidneys and body
- The filtrate that is formed is
fluids
essentially blood plasma
- It dilates kidney blood
without proteins- too large
vessels
and if present indicates that
- By maintaining blood flow in
there is a problem.
the kidneys
- Non-selective passive
8. Secretion of hydrogen ion and
process.
reabsorption of HCO3.
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN - To reabsorbed filtrate
GLOMERULAR FORMATION needed in the body to
maintain fluid and
1. Water
electrolyte’s balance and
2. Mineral salts
blood alkalinity.
3. Amino acids
4. Keto acids ACTIVE TRANSPORT- use of chemical
5. Glucose energy
6. Hormones
-Amino acids, sodium,
7. Creatinine
calcium, potassium,
8. Urea
phosphate, chloride, ions
9. Uric acid
and other substances.
10. Toxins
3. TUBULAR SECRETION
11. Drugs(medications)
- Final composition
- The tubular secretion, allows
the kidney to increase their
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN THE
efficiency in clearing certain
GLOMERULUS
substances from the blood
1. Remaining in the glomerulus plasma
- RBC - Helps maintain the normal
- Platelets pH (7.35-7. 45)
- Blood proteins - The amount of urine
- WBC secreted and the specific
gravity and vary according to
CREATININE- chemical waste product;
the fluid intake and the
produced by the muscle’s metabolism
amount of solute excreted.
and by eating meat.
- Urine production is
Normal= 0.84-1.21 mg/ dL decreased during exercise
and sleeping.
*by blood sample/ 24 hrs. urine (tested)
COMPOSITION OF URINE
3-10 ml (blood test)
- Water 96%
2. REABSORPTION
- Urea 2%
- 99% of water in the
- Substances that contains
glomerular filtrate formed in
nitrogen chloride,
the glomerular capsule is
potassium, sodium,
eventually returned to the
creatinine, phosphates and
blood
uric acid, sulfate
- Other 1% is excreted in the
- Oxalates 2%
urine
- Salts of oxalic acid, organic
- Water and selected solutes
acid from the food we eat.
re-enter the blood in the
peritubular capillaries and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF URINE
vasa recta
- pH=5.0-8.0
- Mostly of the nutritionally
- slightly acidic
important substances are
- meat eater- 5-6
completely reabsorbed by
- vegetarian- 7-8
the proximal convoluted
tubules and collecting duct.
 - color normally translucent BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
yellow, transparent not
- Kidneys regulate blood
cloudy, amber due to
pressure partly through the
presence of urobilin (bile
maintenance of volume
pigment altered in the
- Renin (peptide hormone)-
intestines during digestion)
angiotensin is the other
- medications also like
kidney’s control mechanism
antibiotics
that can contribute to the
Metronidazole-
rise of blood pressure.
antibacterial/antiprotozoal,
dark brown *warm blood pressure drops, the cells of
- specific gravity- 1.001- 1.035 glomerulus release renin which activates
- specific gravity- 1.002-1.030 angiotensin to cause vasoconstriction.
- compares the density of
HORMONES THAT INFLUENCE
water to urine.
REABSORPTION OF WATER
URINE TEST- use to check if the person
1. ALDOSTERONE (adrenal cortex)-
is dehydrated or has impaired kidney
decreases blood pressure/sodium.
problems
2. ATRIOPEPTIN/ ATRIAL
- clear catch specimen cleans NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE-
urethral area. decreases the absorption of
- 1.010 mild dehydration sodium ions and lowers blood
- Low specific gravity- pressure.
diabetes insipidus that 3. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE-
cause by inadequate normal blood volume, permits
secretion of antidiuretic kidney to produce urine
hormone and is get through - Posterior pituitary gland,
congenital, infections or reabsorbs more water from
injury, glomerulonephritis is renal filtrate.
a non-suppurative 4. ERYTHROPOIETIN- stimulates
acute/chronic. RBC in bone marrow.
- 2 L intake of water =800 to
2,000 mL is secreted.
- Urine has an aromatic but
not unpleasant odor
- Urea to ammonia acquires a
harsh smell.
- 1,000 to 1,500 mL/ day a
normal person should
excrete
TUBULAR FUNCTION
-tubules and collecting ducts
- reabsorption of water and electrolytes
is controlled by antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and aldosterone (adrenal glands)