Scribd
Upload
128 views

Light Refraction

1. Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another of different density. Light bends towards the normal when going from rarer to denser medium and away from the normal when going the other way. 2. When light passes through a rectangular glass slab it is bent twice, at the interfaces between air and glass and glass and air. The emergent ray is parallel to but displaced from the incident ray. 3. Snell's law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for light passing between two media.

Uploaded by

Rekha Dhoundiyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
128 views

Light Refraction

1. Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another of different density. Light bends towards the normal when going from rarer to denser medium and away from the normal when going the other way. 2. When light passes through a rectangular glass slab it is bent twice, at the interfaces between air and glass and glass and air. The emergent ray is parallel to but displaced from the incident ray. 3. Snell's law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for light passing between two media.

Uploaded by

Rekha Dhoundiyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

1la) Refraction of light:

When light travels obliquely from one transparent medium into


another it gets bent. This bending of light is called refraction of light.
When light travels froma rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends
towards the normal.
When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium to a
rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.

Normal
Normal

Rarer medium
Denser medium

Denser medium Rarer medium

b)Refraction of light through a rectangular glass


slab
When a ray of light passes through a rectangular glass slab, it gets
bent twice at the air-glass interface and at the glass- air interface.
The emergent ray is parallel to the incident
ray and is displaced
through a distance.

Incldent ray Normal


Angle of incidence -

Glass
Angle of refraction

Refracted ray
Rectangular glass slab
Glass
Alr
Emergent ray Angle of emergence

Normal displacement

c)Lawsof refraction of light -


i)The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to
of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, allthelieinterface
Same plane. in the
I) The ratio of the sine of
refraction is a constant,angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
for the light of a given colour
given pair of media.( This law is also known as and for the
retraction.) Snell' s law of
sinei
= Constant
sine
d) Refractive index:
The absolute refractive index of a
light in air or vacuum to the speedmedium is the ratio of the speed
of light in medium.
Speed of light in air or vacuum
Refractive index = C
n=
The
Speed of light in the medium
relative
medium1 isrefractive index of a medium 2with respect to a
the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 to
the

2 Speed of light in medium 1


Speed of light in medium 2 n21,v2
12) Snherical lonn
12) Spherical lenses :
A spherical lens is a transparent material bounded by two surfaces
one or both of which are spherical.
Spherical lenses are of two main types. They are convex and concave
lenses.

i)Convexlens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges.


Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after refraction through a
convex lens meet at a point (converge) on the principal axis.
i) Concavelens - is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.
Rays of light parallel to the principal axis after refraction get diverged
and appear o come from a point on the principal axis on the same side
of the lens.

13) Refraction bysphericallenses :


i)In a convex lens a ray of light parallel to the principal
axis after refraction passes through the focus on the other
side of the lens. In a concave lens it appears to diverge
from the focus on the same side of the lens.

2Fo 2 2 F F 2

focus
ii) In a convex lens a ray of light passing through the
after refraction goes parallel to the principal axis. In a
towards the focus after
c o n c a v e lens a ray of light directed
refraction goes parallel to the principal axis.

2F F 2F 2 F F 2
iii) In a convex lens and concave lens a ray of light passing
through the optical centre goes without any deviation.

2F F F 22 F F 2

14) Images formed by convex lens:


i) When the object is at infinity the image is formed at the
focus Fa it is highly diminished, real and inverted.

2 2F

i) When the object is beyond 2F, the image is formed


between F2 and 2F2, it if diminished, real and inverted.

L 2F
ii) When the object is at 2F,, the image is formed at 2F, it
is the same size as the object, real and inverted

2F

iv) When the object is between 2F, and F, the image is


formed beyond 2F2, it is enlarged, real and inverted.

2F

v)When the object is at F,the image is formed at infinity,it


is highly enlarged, real and inverted.

2F 2F2
vi) When the object is between F and 0, the image is
formed on the same side of the lens, it is enlarged, virtual
and erect.

2F F 2F2

15) Images formed by concavelens:


i) When the object is at infinity, the image is formed at the
focus F, on the same side of the lens, it is highly
diminished, virtual and erect.

i) When the object is between infinity and F, the image is


formed between F, and O on the same side of the lens, it is
diminished, virtual and erect.

F
16) Sign convention for spherical lenses
The sign convention for spherical lenses is the same as in
spherical mirrors except that the distances are measured from the
optical centre (O).
The focal length of a convex lens is positive (+
ve) and the focal
length of a concave lens is negative ( ve).

Object
Direction of incldent light
Helght
upwards(+Ve) Distance towards the left (- ve )o Distance towards the right (+ve)

Height
downwards(- ve)
V Convex lens
Image

17a) Lens formula for spherical lenses


The lens formula for spherical lenses is the relationship between the
object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length ().
The lens formula is expressed as

b)Magnification
Magnification produced by spherical lenses
for spherical lens is the ratio of the height of the
image to the height of the object.
Height of the image
Magnification = Height of the object
m
ho

The magnification is also related to the object distance and image


distance. t can be expressed as
n

Magnification m =
ho

18) Power of a lens


The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length
(in metres).

P or f =

(m) P
The SI unit of power is dioptre (D).
1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1

metre ) and the


The power of a convex lens is positive(+ ve
power of a concave lens is negative (- ve ).

You might also like