Engineering Mechanics

(Dynamics)
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
The objectives of this subject are:

-To develop the principle of work and

energy and apply it to solve problems
that involve force, velocity, and
displacement.

-To study problems that involve power

and efficiency.

-To introduce the concept of a

conservative force and apply the
theorem of conservation of energy to
solve kinetic problems.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
The Work of a Force:
The force F will do work on a particle only when the particle undergoes a
displacement in the direction of the force. For example, if the force F in Figure
below causes the particle to move along the path (s) from position (r) to a new
position (r/), the displacement is then (dr = r/ – r). The magnitude of (dr) is (ds),
the length of the differential segment along the path. If the angle between the
tails of (dr) and F is  :
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
The Work of a Variable Force:
If the particle acted upon by the force (F) undergoes a finite displacement
along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2, the work of force (F) is determined by
integration. Provided (F) and  can be expressed as a function of position,
then:

This relation may be obtained by using

experimental data to plot a graph of F cos vs.
S. Then the area under this graph bounded by
S1 and S2 represents the total work.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line:

If the force FC has a constant magnitude and acts at a constant angle  from its
straight-line path, figure below, then the component of FC in the direction of
displacement is always FC cos. The work done by FC when the particle is
displaced from sl to s2 is determined from, in which case.

Here the work of FC represents

the area of the rectangle.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Work of weight:

Consider a particle of weight W, which moves up along the path s shown in

Fig. from position sl to position s2. At an intermediate point, the displacement
dr = dxi + dyj + dzk. Since
W = -Wj, we have
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Work of a Spring:

If an elastic spring is elongated a distance ds, Fig, then the work done by the
force that acts on the attached particle is dU = -FS ds = -ks ds. The work is
negative since FS acts in the opposite sense to ds. If the particle displaces from
sl to s2, the work of FS is then
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 1:- The 10 kg block shown rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done by all the forces acting on
the block when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Principle of Work and Energy:

If the particle has a mass m and is subjected to a system of external forces

represented by the resultant FR = F, then the equation of motion for the
particle in the tangential direction is Ft = mat. Apply the kinematic equation
at = v dv/ds and integrating both sides, assuming initially that the particle has a
position s = s1 and a speed v = v1 , and later at s = s2 , v = v2 , we have

This equation represents the principle of work and energy for the particle.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Principle of Work and Energy:

The term on the left is the sum of the work done by all the forces acting on the
particle as the particle moves from point 1 to point 2. The two terms on the
right side, which are of the form T = 1/2 mv2, define the particle's final and
initial kinetic energy, respectively.
Like work, kinetic energy is a scalar and has units of joules (J) and ft·lb.
However, unlike work, which can be either positive or negative, the kinetic
energy is always positive, regardless of the direction of motion of the particle.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 1:- Blocks A and B shown in Fig have a mass of 10 kg and 100 kg,
respectively. Determine the distance B travels when it is released from rest to the point
where its speed becomes 2 m/s.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 1:- Blocks A and B shown in Fig have a mass of 10 kg and 100 kg,
respectively. Determine the distance B travels when it is released from rest to the point
where its speed becomes 2 m/s.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 2:- The 3500-lb automobile shown in Fig travels down the 10° inclined road
at a speed of 20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock,
determine how far s the tires skid on the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the wheels and the road is k = 0.5.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Power and Efficiency:

The term "power" provides a useful basis for choosing the type of motor or
machine which is required to do a certain amount of work in a given time. The
power generated by a machine or engine that performs an amount of work dU
within the time interval dt is therefore

If the work dU is expressed as dU = F · dr, then

Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Work and Energy
Power and Efficiency:
Hence, power is a scalar, where in this formulation v represents the velocity of
the particle which is acted upon by the force F. The basic units of power used
in the SI and FPS systems are the watt (W) and horsepower (hp), respectively.
These units are defined as

For conversion between the two systems of units, 1 hp = 746 W

Efficiency: The mechanical efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the

output of useful power produced by the machine to the input of power supplied
to the machine. Hence,
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 1:- The man in Fig. pushes on the 50 kg crate with a force of F = 150 N.
Determine the power supplied by the man when t=4s. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the floor and the crate is k = 0.2. Initially the create is at rest.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Conservation Force:
If the work of a force is independent of the path and depends only on the
force's initial and final positions on the path, then we can classify this force as a
conservative force.
Examples of conservative forces: weight of a particle and spring force
Frictional forces are non-conservative.

Energy:
Defined as the capacity for doing work, for example if a particle is originally at
rest, then the principle of work and energy states that  U1-2 = T2
Kinetic energy is a measure of the particle's capacity to do work, which is
associated with the motion of the particle.
Potential energy is a measure of the amount of work a conservative force will
do when it moves from a given position to the datum.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy:
If a particle is located a distance y above an
arbitrarily selected datum, as shown, the particle's
weight W has positive gravitational potential
energy, Vg , since W has the capacity of doing
positive work when the particle is moved back
down to the datum. Likewise, if the particle is
located a distance -y the datum, Vg is negative since
the weight does negative work when the particle is
moved back up to the datum. At the datum Vg = 0.
In general, if y is positive upward, the gravitational
potential energy of the particle of weight W is
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Elastic potential Energy:
When an elastic spring is elongated or compressed
a distance s from its unstretched position, elastic
potential energy Ve can be stored in the spring.
This energy is:

Here Ve is always positive since, in the deformed

position, the force of the spring has the capacity or
"potential" for always doing positive work on the
particle when the spring is returned to its
unstretched position.
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Potential Function:
If a particle is subjected to both gravitational and elastic forces, the particle's
potential energy can be expressed as a potential function, which is the sum:

Measurement of V depends on the location of the particle with respect to a

selected datum.
The work done by a conservative force in moving the particle from one point to
another point is measured by the difference of this function, i.e.,
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Potential Function:
For example, the potential function for a particle
of weight W suspended from a spring can be
expressed in terms of its position, s, measured
from a datum located at the unstretched length of
the spring,

If the particle moves from S1 to a lower position S2

then applying equation above, it can be seen that
the work of W and Fs is
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Conservation of Energy:
When a particle is acted upon by a system of both conservative and non
conservative forces, the portion of the work done by the conservative forces can
be written in terms of the difference in their potential energies using:
(U1-2)cons = V1 – V2 .
As a result, the principle of work and energy can be written as

Here ( U1-2 )noncons. represents the work of the non conservative forces acting on
the particle. If only conservative forces do work then we have
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
System of Particles:
If a system of particles is subjected only to conservative forces. then the
equation can be written as:

Here, the sum of the system's initial kinetic and potential energies is equal to the
sum of the system's final kinetic and potential energies.

In other words, T + V = const.

Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 1:- As shown in gantry structure Fig, the plane, having a mass of 8 Mg, is
hoisted back until  = 60°, and then the pull-back cable AC is released when the plane
is at rest. Determine the speed of the plane just before it crashes into the ground,  =
15°. Also, what is the maximum tension developed in the supporting cable during the
motion? Neglect the size of the airplane and the effect of lift caused by the wings
during the motion.
Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 2:- A smooth 2-kg collar, shown in Fig, fits loosely on the vertical shaft. If
the spring is unstretched when the collar is in the position A, determine the speed at
which the collar is moving when y = 1 m , if (a) it is released from rest at A, and (b) it
is released at A with an upward velocity VA = 2 m/s.

Solution:-
Chapter 3 Kinetics of Particle
Example 2:- A smooth 2-kg collar, shown in Fig, fits loosely on the vertical shaft. If
the spring is unstretched when the collar is in the position A, determine the speed at
which the collar is moving when y = 1 m , if (a) it is released from rest at A, and (b) it
is released at A with an upward velocity vA = 2 m/s.

Solution:-