ELECTRICAL MACHINES

ELE 734

ASSIGNMENT 1
 GROUP 1
MEMBERS REG NUMBER:
1. NWANKWO JOHN ONYEBUCHI P07359
2. IBRAHIM ISYAKU MOHAMMED P07345
3. SAMSON BENJAMIN P07380
4. ADEOTI KHADIJAT OMOLOLA P07405
5. OTUEZE OMUYA DOMINIC P07395
6. IZUNDU CHIJIOKE MONDAY P07383
7. ABDULLAHI MASHOOD OLAWALE P07358
8. KASUMU JOHNSON P07360
9. MOHAMMED ENEYE P. P07385
10. GABRIEL AJEMIGBITSE P07373
11. MUSA UMAR FAROUK P07394

2
Question 17 (From Numerical Questions):
A 10 kVA, 2000/400 volt single-phase transformer has the following resistances and
reactances. Primary winding: resistance 5.0 ohm, leakage reactance 12 ohm. Secondary
winding: resistance 0.2 ohm, leakage reactance 0.48 ohm. Determine the secondary
terminal voltage at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging when the primary supply is 2000 V.
(Ans. 377.1 V)

Solution:
𝑵𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Transformation ratio, K =𝑵𝟏 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 0.2
𝑽𝟏

Total Resistance referred to the secondary side, Req = R2 + R1’ = R2 + K2R1

R2 = 0.2 + (5 x 0.22 ) = 0.4Ω
Total Reactance referred to the secondary side, Xeq = X2 + X1’ = X2 + K2X1
X2 = 0.48 + (12 x 0.22 ) = 0.96Ω

cos φ2 = 0·8; φ2 = cos–1 (0·8) = 36.87º, Sin (36.87) = 0.6

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝑽𝑨) (𝟏𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Secondary Current I2 = = = 25A.
𝑬𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Full Load terminal Voltage V2 = E2 - I2R2 Cos φ2 - I2X2 Sin φ2
V2 = 400 – (25)(0.4)(0.8) – (25)(0.96)(0.6)

V2 = 377.6V NWANKWO JOHN ONYEBUCHI

Question 18 (From Numerical Questions):
The turn ratio of a 100 kVA transformer is 5. Its primary has a resistance and reactance of
0.3 ohm and 1.1 ohm, respectively and the corresponding values for the secondary are
0.01 ohm and 0.035 ohm. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i) total impedance of the
transformer referred to primary circuit and (ii) the voltage regulation and the secondary
terminal voltage for full load having power factors (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8 leading.
(Ans. 2.05 :; 3.364%; 425.2 V; –1.54%; 446.78 V)

Solution
Transformation Ratio = 1/turn ratio = 1/5 = 0.2
Total resistance referred to Primary side, Req = R1 + R2’
𝑹𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟏
Req = R1 + 𝑲𝟐 = 0.3 + 𝟎.𝟐𝟐 = 0.55Ω

Total Reactance referred to primary side, Xeq = X1 + X2’

𝑿 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟓
Xeq = X1 + 𝑲𝟐𝟐 = 1.1 + = 1.975Ω
𝟎.𝟐𝟐

1. Total Impedance referred to the Primary side = Zes = Res + Jxes

Zeq = 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝟐 + 𝑿𝒆𝒒𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟐 = 2.05Ω

NWANKWO JOHN ONYEBUCHI

 Question 18 continues….
The turn ratio of a 100 kVA transformer is 5. Its primary has a resistance and reactance of
0.3 ohm and 1.1 ohm, respectively and the corresponding values for the secondary are
0.01 ohm and 0.035 ohm. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i) total impedance of the
transformer referred to primary circuit and (ii) the voltage regulation and the secondary
terminal voltage for full load having power factors (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8 leading.
(Ans. 2.05 :; 3.364%; 425.2 V; –1.54%; 446.78 V)
Solution for 18(ii)
Total Resistance referred to the secondary side, Req = R2 + R1’ = R2 + K2R1
R2eq = 0.01 + (0.3 x 0.22 ) = 0.022Ω
Total Reactance referred to the secondary side, Xeq = X2 + X1’ = X2 + K2X1
X2eq = 0.035 + (1.1 x 0.22 ) = 0.079Ω
cos φ2 = 0·8; φ2 = cos–1 (0·8) = 36.87º, Sin (36.87) = 0.6
Secondary induced Voltage E2 = KE1 = (0.2)(2200) = 440V
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝑽𝑨) (𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Secondary Current on full load I2 = = = 227.27A
𝑬𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟎

Secondary Terminal Voltage V2 = E2 - I2R2 Cos φ2 - I2X2 Sin φ2

V2 = 440 – (227.27)(0.022)(0.8) - (227.27)(0.079)(0.6)
V2 = 425.23V

𝑬𝟐 −𝑽𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟎−𝟒𝟐𝟓.𝟐𝟑
ii. %Reg = X 100 = X 100 = 3.36%
𝑬𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟎

NWANKWO JOHN ONYEBUCHI

 Question 18 continues….
The turn ratio of a 100 kVA transformer is 5. Its primary has a resistance and reactance of
0.3 ohm and 1.1 ohm, respectively and the corresponding values for the secondary are
0.01 ohm and 0.035 ohm. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i) total impedance of the
transformer referred to primary circuit and (ii) the voltage regulation and the secondary
terminal voltage for full load having power factors (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8 leading.
(Ans. 2.05 :; 3.364%; 425.2 V; –1.54%; 446.78 V)

For ii) pf of 0.8 Leading

Secondary Terminal Voltage V2 = E2 - I2R2 Cos φ2 + I2X2 Sin φ2

V2 = 440 – (227.27)(0.022)(0.8) + (227.27)(0.079)(0.6)
V2 = 446.77V

Secondary Terminal Voltage V2 at 0.8 leading power factor is 446.77V

𝑬𝟐 −𝑽𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟎−446.77
(b) % Reg = 𝑬𝟐
X 100 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎
X 100 = -1.54%

NWANKWO JOHN ONYEBUCHI

 Question 9 (From Numerical Questions):
The primary and secondary of a single-phase transformer carry 500 and 100 turns,
respectively. The mean length of the flux in the iron core is 200 cm and the joints are
equivalent to an air gap of 0.1 mm. If the maximum value of flux density is to be 1.1 Wb/m2
when a potential difference of 2200 volt at 50 cycles is applied to the primary, calculate (i)
the cross-sectional area of the core (ii) the secondary voltage on no-load (iii) the primary
current and power factor on no-load. Assume that 400 At/m are required to produce a flux
density of 1.1 Wb/m2 and the corresponding iron loss to be 0.8 watt/kg at 50 Hz and the
density of the iron to be 7.8 gm/cm3.
(Ans. 183 cm2, 440 V, 1.59 A, 0.145 lagging)
Solution:
i. Recall E1 = 4.44 BmAi N1 f ,
𝑬𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎
Cross-sectional Area Ai = 𝟒.𝟒𝟒 𝑿 𝑩𝒎 𝑿 𝑵𝟏 𝑿 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 0.01802 m2 = 180cm2
𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐸1 𝑁2 2200 𝑋 100
ii. Recall 𝐸1 = 𝑁1, Secondary voltage on no-load E2 = = = 440V
𝑁1 500

iii. AT for iron path, ATi = AT/m × li = 400 × 2 = 800

𝐵𝑚 1.1
AT for air gap, ATg = Hlg = ц0 X Ig = 4π 𝑋 10−7 X 0.1x10-3 = 87.535.
Total AT = ATi + ATg = 800 + 87.535 = 887.535
𝐴𝑇 887.535
Maximum value of magnetising current drawn by primary Imag(max) = 𝑁1 = 500 = 1.775A

ABDULLAHI MASHOOD OLAWALE

 Question 9 continues

Assuming the current to be sinusoidal, rms value of this current

𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟏
Imag = ( ) = = 1.2552A
𝟐 𝟐

Volume of iron core = area of cross-section × mean length of iron

= 0.01802 X 2 = 0.03604m3
Density of iron = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8 x 10-6 x 10-3 = 7800kg/m3
Mass of iron core = Volume × density = 0.03604 X 7800 = 281.112kg

Total iron loss, Pi = iron loss/kg × mass (given that iron loss/kg = 2 W)
= 0.8 x 281.112 = 224.89W
𝑷𝒊 𝟐𝟐𝟒.𝟖𝟗
Working component of current, Iw = 𝑽𝒊 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 0.1022A

No-load current, I0 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒘 + 𝑰𝟐 𝒎𝒂𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 1.259A

𝑰 𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐
iv. Power factor at no-load, cos φ0 = 𝑰𝒘 = 𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟐 = 0.08142lag
𝟎

ABDULLAHI MASHOOD OLAWALE

Question 10 (From Numerical Questions):
The primary winding of a single-phase transformer having 350 turns is connected to 2.2 kV,
50 Hz supply. If its secondary winding consists of 38 turns, determine (i) the secondary
voltage on no-load. (ii) The primary current when secondary current is 200 A at 0·8 p.f.
lagging, if the no-load current is 5 A at 0·2 p.f. lagging. (iii) the p.f. of the primary current.
(Ans. 238·8 V, 25·67 A, 0·7156 lag)

Solution: Given: I0 = 5A
𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐸1 𝑁 83600
i. secondary voltage on no-load E2, Recall, 𝐸1 = 𝑁1. E2 = 𝑁1 = 350 = 238.86V

ii. Let the primary counter balance current be I1’

N1 I 1 ‘ = N 2 I 2 ,
𝑁2 𝐼2 38 𝑋 200
I1‘ = 𝑁1 = 350 = 21.714A
cos φ0 = 0·2; φ0 = cos–1 (0·2) = 78.46º
cos φ2 = 0·8; φ2 = cos–1 (0·8) = 36.87º

Angle between vector I0 and I1, Ө = 78.46 – 36.87 = 41.59º

Current drawn by the primary, I1 = 𝐼𝑜 2 + 𝐼 1′ 2 + 2𝐼0𝐼 1′ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ө
I1 = 5 2 + 21.714 2 + 2(5)(21.714) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 41.59 = 25.67A

ABDULLAHI MASHOOD OLAWALE

 Question 10 Continues

𝑰𝟏′ 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ϕ𝟐 +𝑰𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ϕ𝟎

iii. Power factor of the primary current. Cos φ1 = 𝑰𝟏
21.714 X 0.8 + 5 X 0.2
Cos φ1 = = 0.7157 Lag
𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟕

ABDULLAHI MASHOOD OLAWALE

Question 15 (From Numerical Questions):
A transformer has 500 and 100 turns on its primary and secondary, respectively. The
primary and secondary resistances are 0·3 ohm and 0·1 ohm. The leakage reactance of the
primary and secondary are 1·1 ohm and 0·035 ohm, respectively. Calculate the equivalent
impedance referred to the primary circuit.
(Ans. 3.426 :)

Solution:
𝑵𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Transformation ratio, K =𝑵𝟏 = = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑽𝟏

i. Total resistance referred to Primary side, Req = R1 + R2’

𝑹𝟐 𝟎.𝟏
Res = R1 + 𝑲𝟐 = 0.3 + 𝟎.𝟐𝟐 = 2.8Ω

ii. Total Reactance referred to primary side, Xeq = X1 + X2’

𝑿 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟓
Xeq = X1 + 𝑲𝟐𝟐 = 1.1 + = 1.975Ω
𝟎.𝟐𝟐

Total Impedance referred to the Primary side = Zes = Res + Jxes

Zeq = 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝟐 + 𝑿𝒆𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟐 = 3.426Ω

IBRAHIM ISYAKU MOHAMMED

Question 16 (From Numerical Questions):
A single phase transformer with a ratio 1: 2 has primary and secondary winding resistance
of 0.25 ohm and 0.8 ohm, respectively and their reactances are 0.5 ohm and 2.8 ohm.
Determine the no-load secondary terminal voltage of the transformer if it is delivering 10
A and 400 V at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
(Ans. 437.64 V)

Solution:
𝑵𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
Transformation ratio, K =𝑵𝟏 = =𝟏= 𝟐
𝑽𝟏

Total Resistance referred to the secondary side, Req = R2 + R1’ = R2 + K2R1

Req = 0.8 + (0.25 x 22 ) = 1.8Ω
Total Reactance referred to the secondary side, Xeq = X2 + X1’ = X2 + K2X1
Xeq = 2.8 + (0.5 x 22 ) = 4.8Ω

cos φ2 = 0·8; φ2 = cos–1 (0·8) = 36.87º, Sin (36.87) = 0.6

no-load Secondary voltage , E2 = V2 + I2R2 Cos φ2 + I2X2 Sin φ2

= 400 + (10)(1.8)(0.8) + (10)(4.8)(0.6)

E2 = 443.2V
IBRAHIM ISYAKU MOHAMMED
Question 1 (From Numerical Questions):
A sinusoidal flux 0.2 Wb (max.) links with 55 turns of a transformer secondary coil.
Calculate the r.m.s. value to the induced e.m.f in the secondary coil. The supply frequency
is 50 Hz. (Ans. 244.2 V)

Solution:
Given:
Maximum Flux φm = 0.2Wb
No. of turns of secondary coil, N2 = 55
Supply Frequency, f = 50Hz

r.m.s. value of emf induced in secondary,

E2 = 4·44N2fφm volt
E2 = 4.44 x 55 x 50 x 0.2
E2 = 2,442V

The correct Answer is 2,442V

By SAMSON BENJAMIN
13
 Question 2 (From Numerical Questions):
The primary and secondary turns of a single-phase transformer are 400 and 1100,
respectively. The net cross sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. When its primary is
connected 500V, 50 Hz supply, calculate the value of maximum flux density in the core and
the e.m.f induced in secondary winding.
(Ans. 0·938 Tesla, 1250 V)

Solution:
Given:
N1 = 400, N2 = 1100
A = 60cm2 = 60 x 10-4m2
E1 = 500V, f = 50Hz

𝐸2 𝐸 𝐸1𝑁2 1100 𝑥 500

Recall = 𝑁1 therefore, E2 = EMF in the secondary coil = = 400 = 1375V
𝑁2 1
𝑁1

𝐸2 1375
Maximum Flux Density Bm in secondary coil = = 4.44𝑥50𝑥60𝑥10−2𝑥1100 = 0.938T
4.44 𝑋 𝑓 𝑋 𝐴 𝑋 𝑁2

By ADEOTI KHADIJAT OMOLOLA

Question 3 (From Numerical Questions):
A single-phase 200 kVA, 3300/240 volt, 50 Hz. Transformer carries 80 turns on its
secondary. What will be its. (i) primary and secondary current on full load ; (ii) the
maximum value of flux; (iii) the number of primary turns.
(Ans. 60.6 A; 833.3 A; 1100 turns)

Solution
Given:
P = IV = 200KVA = 200 X 1000 VA, E1 = 3300V, E2 = 240V. F = 50Hz N2 = 80

𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Full load primary current, I1 = 𝑬𝟏 = = 60.61A
𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝐼1 𝐸2 𝑁2
Recall 𝐼2
= 𝐸1 = 𝑁1
𝐈𝟏 𝐗 𝐄𝟏 𝟔𝟎.𝟔𝟏 𝑿 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
Therefore, Full load secondary current, I2 = = = 833.33A
𝐄𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟎

𝐸2 240
The Max value of Flux φm = 4.44 𝑋 𝑁2 𝑋 𝑓 = 4.44 𝑋 80 𝑋 50 = 0.01351 Wb = 13.5mWB

𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐄𝟏 𝐗 𝑵𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟖𝟎
For N1, Recall, 𝐸1 = 𝑁1. N1 = 𝐄𝟐
= 𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 1100 Turns

ADEOTI KHADIJAT OMOLOLA

Question 4 (From Numerical Questions):
A 3300/250 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has an effective cross sectional area of 125
cm2. It has 70 turns on its low-voltage side. Calculate (a) the value of the maximum flux
density (b) the number of turns on the high-voltage winding.
(Ans. 1.287 Wb/m2 ; 924)

Solution
Given:
E1 = 3300V, E2 = 250V, F = 50Hz, A = 125 cm2 = 125 x 10-4 m2, N2 = 70 Turns

𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎
Maximum Flux Density Bm = = = 1.287 T
𝟒.𝟒𝟒 𝑿 𝒇 𝑿 𝑨 𝑿 𝑵𝟐 𝟒.𝟒𝟒 𝑿 𝟓𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑿 𝟕𝟎

𝑬 𝑵𝟐 𝑬𝟏 𝑿 𝑵𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟕𝟎
For N1, Recall: 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑵𝟏. N1 = = = 924 Turns
𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎

IZUNDU CHIJIOKE MONDAY

Question 5 (From Numerical Questions):
The secondary of a 100 kVA, 3300/400 V, 50 Hz, one-phase transformer carries 110 turns.
Determine the approximate values of the primary and secondary full-load currents, the
maximum value of flux in the core and the number of primary turns. How does the core flux
vary with load? (Ans. 30.3 A; 250 A; 16.4 mWb; 907)

Solution
Given:
P = IV = 100KVA = 100X1000 VA, E1 = 3300V, E2 = 400V, F = 50Hz, N2 = 100 Turns

𝑷 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Full load primary current, I1 = 𝑬𝟏 = = 30.30A
𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝐼1 𝐸2 𝑁2
Recall = =
𝐼2 𝐸1 𝑁1
𝐈𝟏 𝐗 𝐄𝟏 𝟑𝟎.𝟑𝟎 𝑿 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
Therefore, Full load secondary current, I2 = = = 249.975A = 250A
𝐄𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝐸2 400
The Max value of Flux φm = 4.44 𝑋 𝑁2 𝑋 𝑓 = 4.44 𝑋 110 𝑋 50 = 0.01638 Wb = 16.38mWB

𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐄𝟏 𝐗 𝑵𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟏𝟎
For N1, Recall, 𝐸1 = 𝑁1. N1 = 𝐄𝟐
= 𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 907 Turns

IZUNDU CHIJIOKE MONDAY

 Question 6 (From Numerical Questions):
A 125 kVA transformer having a primary voltage of 2000 V at 50 Hz has 182 primary turns
and 40 secondary turns. Neglecting losses, calculate (a) the full load primary and
secondary current (b) the no-load secondary induced emf.
[Ans. (a) 62.5 A, 284.4 A (b) 439.5 V]

Solution
Given:
P = IV = 125KVA = 125KVA = 125X1000 VA, E1 = 2000V, F = 50Hz, N1 = 182, N2 = 40

𝑷 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
i. Full load primary current, I1 = = = 62.5 A
𝑬𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐼1 𝐸2 𝑁2
Recall = 𝐸1 = 𝑁1
𝐼2
𝐈𝟏 𝐗 𝐍𝟏 𝟔𝟐.𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟖𝟐
ii. Therefore, Full load secondary current, I2 = = = 284.375 A = 284.34 A
𝐍𝟐 𝟒𝟎

𝐸2 𝑁2
iii. The no-load secondary induced emf E2. Recall 𝐸1 = 𝑁1
𝑬𝟏 𝑿 𝑵𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟒𝟎
E2 = = 439.56V
𝑵𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟐

OTUEZE OMUYA DOMINIC

Question 7 (From Numerical Questions):
A single phase, 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50Hz transformer is connected to 230 V supply on the
secondary side, the primary being open. The meter indicate the following readings: Power =
187 watt; Voltage = 230 V; Current = 6·5 A. Find (i) core loss; (ii) loss component of the
current; (iii) magnetising current. (Ans. 187 W; 0·813 A; 6·45 A)

Solution
Given: P = 187W, E1/E2 = 2300/230V F=50Hz,

i. Since low voltage winding resistance is not given, the copper losses cannot be separated,
therefore, whole of the power input will represent the iron or core losses.
Core loss = 187 W
ii. Using relation P0 = V1 J0 cos φ0 = V1 Iw
𝑷 𝟏𝟖𝟕
Loss component of current, Iw = 𝑽𝟎 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 = 0.813 A
𝟏

iii. Magnetising current, Imag = 𝐼02 − 𝐼 𝑤 2 = 6.52 − 0.8132 = 6.45A

OTUEZE OMUYA DOMINIC

Question 8 (From Numerical Questions):
A single-phase, 230V, 50 Hz transformer draws 5A at 0.25 pf. Its primary winding carries 200
turns. Determine (a) the maximum value of flux in the core, (b) the core loss (c) the
magnetising component of current and (d) exciting resistance and reactance.
(Ans. 5.293 m Wb; 293.75 W; 4.84 A; 268 :, 69.2 :)

Solution
Given: V1 = 230V, f=50Hz, I1= 5A, pf = 0.25, N1 = 200 Turns
𝐸1 230
i. Maximum flux φm = 4.44 𝑋 𝑁1 𝑋 𝑓 = 4.44 𝑋 200 𝑋 50 = 0.005180 Wb = 5.18mWB

i. Core Loss = P0 = V1 I0 cos φ0 = 230 × 5 × 0·25 = 287.5W

ii. No-load p.f., cos φ0 = 0·25; sin φo = sin (cos-1 0·25) = 0·9682
Magnetising current component, Im = I0 sin φo = 5 × 0·9682 = 4.84 A

𝑽 230 230
iv. Exciting resistance, R0 = 𝑰 𝟏 = 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠φ = 5 𝑋 0.25 = 184Ω
𝒘 𝑜 o
𝑉1 230
Exciting reactance, X0 = 𝐼 = 4.84 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟐Ω
𝑚𝑎𝑔

MOHAMMED ENEYE P.
Question 11 (From Numerical Questions):
The primary of a single phase, 2200/239V transformer is connected to 2.2 kV, 50 Hz supply,
determine (i) the primary and secondary turns if the emf per turns 6.286 V. (ii) the primary
current when the secondary current is 200 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging, if the no-load current is 5 A
at 0.2 power factor lagging (iii) the power factor of the primary current.
(Ans. 350, 38; 25.65 A; 0.715 lag)
Solution
i. Primary and secondary turns if the emf per turns 6.286 V
𝐸 𝐸
Recall: 𝑁2 = 𝑁1 = 6.286,
2 1
𝑬𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟗
N1 = = = 350 N2 = = 𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟔 = 38
𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝟔.𝟐𝟖𝟔

i. Let the primary counter balance current be I1’

N1 I1‘ = N2 I2,
𝑁2 𝐼2 38 𝑋 200
I1‘ = 𝑁1 = 350 = 21.714A
cos φ0 = 0·2; φ0 = cos–1 (0·2) = 78.46º
cos φ2 = 0·8; φ2 = cos–1 (0·8) = 36.87º

Angle between vector I0 and I1, Ө = 78.46 – 36.87 = 41.59º

Current drawn by the primary, I1 = 𝐼𝑜 2 + 𝐼 1′ 2 + 2𝐼0𝐼 1′ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ө
I1 = 5 2 + 21.714 2 + 2(5)(21.714) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 41.59 = 25.67A
MUSA UMAR FAROUK
 Question 11 Continues
𝑰𝟏′ 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ϕ𝟐 +𝑰𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 ϕ𝟎
iii. Power factor of the primary current. Cos φ1 = 𝑰𝟏
21.714 X 0.8 + 5 X 0.2
Cos φ1 = = 0.7157 lag
𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟕

MUSA UMAR FAROUK

Question 12 (From Numerical Questions):
A single phase transformer takes a no-load current of 4A at a p.f. of 0.24 lagging. The ratio
of turns in the primary to secondary is 4. Find the current taken by the transformer
primary when the secondary supplies a load current of 240 A at a power factor 0.9 lagging.
(Ans. 62.58A)

Solution
Given: Io = 4A, cos φ0 = 0·24, cos φ2 = 0·9, N1/N2 = 4,

i. Let the primary counter balance current be I1’

N1 I 1 ‘ = N 2 I 2
𝑁2 𝐼2
I1‘ = 𝑁1 = 0.25 X 240 = 60A
cos φ0 = 0·24; φ0 = cos–1 (0·24) = 76.11º
cos φ2 = 0·9; φ2 = cos–1 (0·9) = 25.84º

Angle between vector I0 and I1, Ө = 76.11 – 25.84 = 50.27º

Current drawn by the primary, I1 = 𝐼𝑜 2 + 𝐼 1′ 2 + 2𝐼0𝐼 1′ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 Ө
I1 = 4 2 + 60 2 + 2(4)(60) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 50.27 = 62.63A

KASUMU JOHNSON
Question 13 (From Numerical Questions):
A 5000/500 V, one-phase transformer has primary and secondary resistance of 0.2 ohm
and 0.025 ohm and corresponding reactance of 4 ohm and 0.04 ohm, respectively.
Determine : (i) Equivalent resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary; (ii)
Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary; (iii) Equivalent resistance and
reactance of secondary referred to primary; (iv) Total resistance and reactance referred to
primary. (Ans. 0·02Ω 0·04, 0·045, 0·08, 2·5, 4, 4·5, 8)

Solution
𝑽𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎
Transformation ratio, K = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏.
i. Equivalent resistance of primary referred to secondary, R1’ = K2R1
R1’ = (0.1)2 x 0.2 = 0.002
(b) Equivalent reactance of Primary referred to secondary side, X1’ = K2R1
X1’ = (0.1)2 x 4 = 0.04

ii. Total resistance referred to secondary Res = R2 + R1’ = R2 + K2R1

Req = 0.025 + (0.2 x 0.12 ) = 0.025 + 0.002 = 0.027Ω
(b) Total reactance referred to secondary Xes = X2 + X1’ = X2 + K2X1
Xeq = 0.04 + (4 x 0.12 ) = 0.04 + 0.04 = 0.08 Ω

KASUMU JOHNSON
 Question 13 continues ….
A 5000/500 V, one-phase transformer has primary and secondary resistance of 0.2 ohm
and 0.025 ohm and corresponding reactance of 4 ohm and 0.04 ohm, respectively.
Determine : (i) Equivalent resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary; (ii)
Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary; (iii) Equivalent resistance and
reactance of secondary referred to primary; (iv) Total resistance and reactance referred to
primary. (Ans. 0·02Ω 0·04, 0·045, 0·08, 2·5, 4, 4·5, 8)

𝑹𝟐
iii. (a) Equivalent resistance of secondary referred to primary, R2’ = 𝑲𝟐
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓
R2’ = = 2.5Ω
𝟎.𝟏𝟐
𝑿𝟐
(b) Equivalent reactance of secondary referred to primary side, X2’ = 𝑲𝟐
𝟎.𝟎𝟒
X1’ = 𝟎.𝟏𝟐 = 4Ω

iv. Total resistance and reactance referred to primary.

𝑹𝟐
(a) Total resistance referred to primary Req = R1 + R2’ = R1 + 𝑲𝟐 = 0.2 + 2.5 = 4.5Ω
𝑿𝟐
(b) Total Reactance preferred to primary Xeq= X1 + 𝑲𝟐 = 4 + 4 = 8Ω

KASUMU JOHNSON
 Question 14 (From Numerical Questions):
A 2000/200 volt transformer has a primary resistance 2.3 ohm and reactance 4.2 ohm, the
secondary resistance 0.025 ohm and reactance 0·04 ohm. Determine total resistance and
reactance referred to primary side.
(Ans. 4.8 , 8.2 )

Solution
𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Transformation ratio, K = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏.

i. Total resistance referred to Primary side, Res = R1 + R2’

𝑹𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓
Res = R1 + 𝑲𝟐 = 2.3 + = 4.8Ω
𝟎.𝟏𝟐

ii. Total Reactance referred to primary side, Xes = X1 + X2’

𝑿 𝟎.𝟎𝟒
Xes = X1 + 𝑲𝟐𝟐 = 4.2 + 𝟎.𝟏𝟐 = 8.2Ω

GABRIEL AJEMIGBITSE