BLOOD VESSELS PRACTICE ● Are found more often in the leg veins

QUESTIONS than in the arm veins

● Allow blood to flow only toward the
1. The systemic vessels heart
● Transport blood through all parts of ● Both “Are found more often in the
the body from the left ventricle to the leg veins than in the arm veins” and
right atrium “Allow blood to flow only toward the
● Supply oxygen and nutrients to all heart” are correct.
cells of the body
● Are part of the peripheral circulation 7. Given the following vessels,
● All of the choices are correct. arrange them in the sequence
blood would pass through when
2. Which of the following is most traveling from the heart to body
likely to be classified as a tissues.
muscular artery? 1) Arterioles
● The ascending aorta 2) Capillaries
● The pulmonary trunk 3) Elastic arteries
● The aortic arch 4) Muscular arteries
● The superior mesenteric ● 3,4,1,2
● None of the choices are correct.
8. Concerning blood vessel walls,
3. The arteries with walls that are ● The tunica adventitia is composed of
mostly smooth muscle are connective tissue
● Medium-size (distributing) arteries ● The tunica intima is smooth muscle
● Elastic arteries ● The tunica media is an endothelial
● Arterioles layer
● Capillaries ● The walls of arteries are thinner and
contain less elastic tissue than veins
4. Which of these arteries are able to ● Capillaries have the thickest walls of
actively dilate and constrict? all the blood vessels
● Elastic arteries
● Medium-size (distributing) arteries 9. Capillaries
● Arterioles ● Have a lot of smooth muscle in their
● Small arteries walls
● Answers “Elastic arteries” and ● Are a location of gas and nutrient
“Medium-size (distributing) arteries” exchange
and “Arterioles” and “Small arteries” ● Are more numerous in such tissues
are correct. as bone and dense connective
tissue
5. Arteries ● Experience very high internal
● Carry only oxygenated blood pressures
● Carry blood away from the heart ● All of the choices are correct.
● Have valves
● Serve as a blood reservoir 10. If blood flow to the left atrium is
● All of the choices are correct. blocked, in which blood vessel
would the obstruction most likely
6. Valves be found?
● Are found in veins less than 2 mm in ● Superior vena cava
diameter ● Inferior vena cava
● Consist of folds in the tunica ● Pulmonary Trunk
adventitia ● Pulmonary Vein
● Coronary sinus
15. A portal system
11. Emboli that form in a vein in the ● begins and ends with capillary beds.
lower limbs are most likely to ● has no pumping mechanism
become lodged in the lungs between capillary beds.
because ● is a specialized network of blood
● blood flows directly from the legs to vessels.
the thorax. ● is exemplified by the hepatic portal
● the vessels increase in size from the system and the
legs to the heart and then decrease pituitary-hypothalamic portal system.
in size from the heart to the lungs. ● All of the choices are correct.
● the lungs naturally act as a filter for
the blood. 16. Regulation of peripheral
● the emboli become adhesive when resistance occurs most often in
exposed to the air in the lungs. the ______.
● None of the choices are correct. ● large arteries
● medium-size arteries
12. Which of these arteries might a ● arterioles
red blood cell pass through if it ● capillaries
started in the left ventricle and ● veins
went to the brain?
● Radial artery 17. Blood pressure measurements
● Brachiocephalic artery are most commonly taken at the
● External carotid artery ● brachial vein
● Axillary artery ● basilic vein
● Both “radial artery” and ● cephalic vein
“brachiocephalic artery” are correct. ● median cubital vein

13. Blockage of which vessel would 18. The body has several ways to
lead to tissue damage in the small keep blood moving forward
intestine, pancreas, and upper through the veins. Which of the
colon? following does NOT explain how
● Inferior mesenteric arteries this happens?
● Renal arteries ● The pressure in the veins is lower
● Suprarenal arteries than the pressure in the arteries (i.e.,
● Superior mesenteric artery blood flows down its pressure
● Celiac trunk gradient).
● Valves in the veins prevent backflow.
14. Given the following vessels, trace ● Blood continues to move with the aid
a red blood cell from the of the respiratory pump (changes in
brachiocephalic artery to the pressure in thoracic cavity during
thumb side of the hand. Although inhalation and exhalation).
all of the arteries listed are ● The pumping of the venous
included in the upper limb, not all endothelial contraction nodules
will be used. (which act like a series of miniature
1) Axillary artery hearts) ensure blood flow.
2) Brachial artery ● Blood continues to move with the aid
3) Radial artery of contractions of skeletal muscles.
4) Subclavian artery
5) Ulnar artery
● 4,1,2,3
19. Which of the following blood 23. Which of the following occur as
vessels have highest resistance stroke volume increases?
to blood flow? ● Systolic pressure increases more
● Elastic arteries and muscular than diastolic pressure.
arteries ● Pulse pressure decreases.
● Muscular arteries and large veins ● Cardiac output decreases.
● Arterioles and capillaries ● Resistance to blood flow increases.
● Large veins and venules ● The amount of blood sent to the
● Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, systemic circulation decreases.
and large veins
24. Regarding fluid movement
20. A blood pressure reading of through the capillaries,
120/80 ● blood pressure moves fluid out of
● indicates a diastolic pressure of 120 the capillaries.
mm Hg. ● osmotic pressure moves fluid into
● demonstrates Korotkoff's sounds at the capillaries.
pressures above 120 mm Hg when ● blood usually has a greater osmotic
taking blood pressure. pressure than interstitial fluid.
● indicates the diastolic pressure ● nine-tenths of the fluid that leaves
would be sufficient to lift a column of the capillary reenters the capillary.
mercury 80 mm. ● All of the choices are correct.
● would be considered normal for a
resting young adult male. 25. Edema will develop if
● Both ""indicates the diastolic ● the capillary blood pressure is
pressure would be sufficient to lift a always higher than the capillary
column of mercury 80 mm"" and osmotic pressure.
""would be considered normal for a ● the lymphatic vessels are blocked.
resting young adult male"" are ● the osmotic concentration of the
correct. blood is a lot less than the osmotic
concentration of the interstitial fluid.
21. The most rapid decline in blood ● the capillary beds suddenly become
pressure occurs in the more permeable to proteins such as
__________ because of their albumen.
__________ resistance. ● All of the choices are correct.
● large arteries; high
● medium-size arteries; low 26. When the by-products of
● arterioles; high metabolism build up in the tissue
● elastic arteries; low spaces, the precapillary
● veins; high sphincters __________, causing
blood flow to the tissue to
22. If a normal person has a blood __________.
pressure reading of 120/80 mm ● contract; decrease
Hg, by comparison a person with ● contract; increase
arteriosclerosis might have a ● relax; decrease
reading of __________. ● relax; increase
● 150/60 mm Hg ● close; remain the same
● 120/60 mm Hg
● 100/80 mm Hg 27. When the concentration of carbon
● 120/100 mm Hg dioxide decreases in the tissue,
● 80/120 mm Hg the precapillary sphincters
 __________, causing blood flow 31. When cells become active in a
to the tissue to __________. certain area of the body, the blood
● contract; decrease flow to the capillaries in that area
● contract; increase must __________ to provide more
● relax; decrease __________.
● relax; increase ● increase; O2
● close; remain the same ● decrease; O2
● increase; CO2
28. Increased metabolism leads to an ● decrease; sodium
increase in carbon dioxide ● decrease; ATP
production in the tissues and a
decrease in pH. How would the 32. As you work your quads, you
precapillary sphincters respond notice that the tissue in that part
to these? of the leg is pinker (flush with
● They would contract, causing blood increased blood flow). What has
flow to the tissue to decrease. caused this increase in blood flow
● They would contract, causing blood to the quads?
flow to the tissue to increase. ● An increase in the oxygen
● They would relax, causing blood flow concentration in the tissue.
to the tissue to decrease. ● An increase in carbon dioxide
● They would relax, causing blood flow concentration in the tissue.
to the tissue to increase. ● The constriction of precapillary
sphincters in the capillary beds of
29. When the pH of the tissue the muscle.
increases, the precapillary ● The overall decrease in the
sphincters __________, causing temperature of the muscle tissue as
blood flow to the tissue to the muscles contract.
__________. ● A rise in the pH of the blood and
● contract; decrease interstitial fluid of the muscle.
● contract; increase
● relax; decrease 33. In most vessels, epinephrine and
● relax; increase norepinephrine cause
● close; remain the same __________, but in skeletal and
cardiac muscle, these hormones
30. Local control of blood flow cause __________.
● occurs because of contraction or ● vasoconstriction; vasodilatation
relaxation of precapillary sphincters. ● vasodilatation; vasoconstriction
● causes precapillary sphincters to ● increases to blood flow; decreases
contract when carbon dioxide levels to blood flow
decrease in tissue spaces. ● increases in oxygen concentration;
● causes an increase in blood flow decreases in oxygen concentration
when oxygen levels increase in ● Both "vasodilatation;
tissue spaces. vasoconstriction" and "increases to
● Both "occurs because of contraction blood flow; decreases to blood flow"
or relaxation of precapillary are correct.
sphincters" and "causes an increase
in blood flow when oxygen levels 34. Vasomotor tone
increase in tissue spaces" are ● is maintained by the
correct. parasympathetic nervous system.
● All of the choices are correct. ● occurs in response to the vasomotor
center in the cerebellum.
● occurs when action potentials travel ● external carotid arteries
through sympathetic vasoconstrictor ● internal carotid arteries
fibers. ● cerebral arterial circle (circle of
● keeps peripheral blood vessels in a Willis)
partially constricted state.
● Both "occurs when action potentials 38. An increase in which of these
travel through sympathetic would produce an increase in
vasoconstrictor fibers" and "keeps mean arterial pressure?
peripheral blood vessels in a ● Heart rate
partially constricted state" are ● Stroke volume
correct. ● Peripheral resistance
● All of the choices are correct.
35. Stimulation of the vasomotor ● Both "Heart rate" and "Stroke
center in the medulla oblongata volume" are correct.
causes __________ and therefore
__________ to the cardiac output. 39. Which of these conditions would
● vasoconstriction of the peripheral stimulate the chemoreceptor
blood vessels; increases reflex?
● vasodilation of the peripheral blood ● Increased oxygen content of the
vessels; decreases blood
● vasodilation of the peripheral blood ● Increased carbon dioxide content
vessels; increases of the blood
● vasoconstriction of the peripheral ● Decreased pH of the blood
blood vessels; decreases ● All of the choices are correct.
● a decrease in vasomotor tone; ● Both "Increased carbon dioxide
decreases content of the blood" and
"Decreased pH of the blood" are
36. Rachel just found out that the correct.
anatomy practical is today. This
has caused her blood pressure to 40. The chemoreceptor reflexes
suddenly increase. How would ● cause an increase in blood flow to
her body respond to this sudden the lungs.
change? ● cause a decrease in blood flow to
● Blood pressure would decrease as the lungs.
the walls of her blood vessels ● helps decrease blood oxygen
relaxed, decreasing vasomotor tone. levels.
● Peripheral resistance would increase ● cause a decrease in blood flow to
in her blood vessels as blood the heart.
vessels dilate. ● Both "cause a decrease in blood
● Vasoconstriction of her blood flow to the lungs." and "cause a
vessels would decrease overall decrease in blood flow to the
blood pressure. heart." are correct.
● Sympathetic stimulation of the heart
would decrease her heart rate and 41. Epinephrine causes
therefore her blood pressure. ● increased heart rate and stroke
● All of the choices are correct. volume.
● vasoconstriction of blood vessels to
37. The __________ contain(s) the skin and viscera.
baroreceptors. ● vasoconstriction of blood vessels to
● subclavian arteries skeletal muscle and heart muscle.
● common carotid arteries ● All of the choices are correct.
● Both "increased heart rate and statement below describes how
stroke volume." and the body would respond to the
"vasoconstriction of blood vessels to sudden loss of blood?
the skin and viscera." are correct. ● The decrease in blood volume and
blood flow would stimulate the
42. Which of these would occur as a release of renin from the kidneys.
result of increased renin release ● Nancy’s heart rate would slow down,
by the kidneys? allowing blood to move slowly
● An increase in angiotensin through the vessels.
production ● Aldosterone release from the
● An increase in aldosterone secretion adrenal gland would decrease.
● An increase in sodium ion ● Baroreceptors would detect the
reabsorption increase in blood pressure and work
● An increase in water reabsorption to lower blood pressure.
● All of the choices are correct.
46. A hormone that is released in
43. Which of these chemical response to an increase in blood
substances, when released into pressure is __________.
the blood, would cause blood ● antidiuretic hormone
pressure to decrease? ● aldosterone
● Epinephrine ● angiotensin I
● Angiotensin ● angiotensin II
● Aldosterone ● atrial natriuretic peptide
● Vasopressin
● Atrial natriuretic factor 47. In severe cases of shock,
● the normal regulatory mechanisms
44. A famous tag-team heavyweight for blood pressure control are
wrestler has a famous “sleeper adequate to return the body to
hold” that he uses on opponents. homeostasis.
Using only a single digit on each ● the cardiac output rises dramatically.
hand, he presses on his ● a positive feedback cycle develops.
opponent’s neck (while he has ● the baroreceptor reflexes are
them in a full nelson) until his adequate for returning blood
opponent passes out. What are pressure to normal.
the structures on which he is ● renin secretion decreases, causing a
pressing, and what is the effect? rise in blood pressure.
● Subclavian arteries; Blood flow is
stopped. 48. Which of these are factors that
● Carotid bodies; Chemoreceptors increase the likelihood of
stimulated and blood pressure atherosclerosis?
decreased. ● Lack of exercise
● Baroreceptors in carotid sinus; ● Smoking
Peripheral vasodilation, decreased ● Obesity
heart rate. ● Genetics
● Vertebral arteries; Blood flow to ● All of the choices are correct.
brain is stopped.
49. A patient, Allen, was found to
45. Nancy was involved in a severe have severe arteriosclerosis of
car accident. She received a large his renal arteries, which reduces
laceration on her thigh that renal blood flow. Which of these
caused hemorrhaging. Which
 would be consistent with that ● PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in
condition? blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2
● Hypotension (low blood pressure) in blood
● Hypertension (high blood pressure) ● PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in
● Decreased vasomotor tone blood; PCO2 in lung = PCO2 in blood
● Exaggerated sympathetic stimulation ● PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood;
of the heart PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
● Both "Hypotension (low blood ● PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood;
pressure)" and "Decreased PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in
vasomotor tone" are correct. blood

50. Hypertension, or high blood 3. Which of the following statements

pressure, causes edema in the about partial pressures of gases
tissues because in the blood and tissues is true?
● it raises the capillary osmotic ● PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in
pressure, thereby forcing water back tissues; PCO2 in blood is greater than
into the capillaries at a higher rate PCO2 in tissues
then normal. ● PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in
● it raises the capillary osmotic tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than
pressure, thereby driving water out PCO2 in tissues
of the capillaries and into the ● PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in
interstitial spaces at a higher rate tissues; PCO2 in blood = PCO2 in
than normal. tissues
● it raises the capillary blood pressure, ● PO2 in blood is less than PO2 in
thereby driving water out of the tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than
capillaries and into the interstitial PCO2 in tissues
spaces at a higher rate than normal. ● PO2 in blood is less than PO2 in
● it lowers the capillary blood tissues; PCO2 in blood is greater than
pressure, thereby decreasing the PCO2 in tissues
amount of water accumulating in the
tissues. 4. Oxygen-rich blood is carried
through pulmonary arteries from
the lungs to the heart.
● False
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRACTICE
QUESTIONS 5. Oxygen-poor blood is carried
through systemic veins from the
1. For a gas, the direction of body tissues back to the heart.
diffusion is determined by ● True
● temperature.
● size of the gas molecule. 6. Inspiration begins as
● solubility of the gas in blood. ● lobar bronchi relax.
● partial pressure differences. ● the diaphragm contracts.
● pH. ● bronchioles contract.
● lung tissue contracts.
2. Which of the following statements
about partial pressures of gases 7. During inspiration there is
in the blood and lungs is true? ● increased alveolar volume causes
● PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in increased alveolar pressure.
blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than ● increased alveolar volume causes
PCO2 in blood decreased alveolar pressure.
● decreased alveolar volume causes ● Cells, tissue fluid, capillaries
increased alveolar pressure. ● Cells, capillaries, tissue fluid
● decreased alveolar volume causes ● Tissue fluid, capillaries, cells
decreased alveolar pressure.
● increased alveolar pressure caused 14. When partial pressures for a
decreased alveolar volume. given gas are equal between the
capillaries and the tissue fluids,
8. During expiration there is no net movement of that gas
● increased alveolar volume causes occurs.
increased alveolar pressure. ● True
● increased alveolar volume causes
decreased alveolar pressure. 15. Gasses diffuse from areas of
● decreased alveolar volume causes higher partial pressure to areas of
increased alveolar pressure. lower partial pressure.
● decreased alveolar volume causes ● True
decreased alveolar pressure.
● decreased alveolar pressure caused 16. The direction of gas movement is
increased alveolar volume. determined by
● temperature.
9. The alveoli never attain equal ● size of the gas molecule.
pressure with the atmospheric air. ● solubility of the gas in blood.
● False ● partial pressure differences.
● pH.
10. As the volume in the alveoli 17. At the arterial end of the
increases, the pressure pulmonary capillaries,
decreases. ● O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the
● True blood, while CO2 diffuses from the
blood into the alveoli.
11. At the arterial ends of the ● O2 diffuses from the blood into the
pulmonary capillaries alveoli, while CO2 diffuses from the
● the PO2 is higher in the capillaries alveoli into the blood.
than in the alveoli. ● both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the
● the PO2 is lower in the capillaries blood into the alveoli.
than in the alveoli. ● both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the
● the PO2 is equal in the capillaries and alveoli into the blood.
in the alveoli. ● O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the
blood, but there is no net movement
12. At the venous ends of the of CO2.
pulmonary capillaries
● the PCO2 is higher in the capillaries 18. At the arterial end of the tissue
than in the alveoli. capillaries,
● the PCO2 is lower in the capillaries ● O2 diffuses from tissue cells into the
than in the alveoli. blood, while CO2 diffuses from the
● the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries blood into tissue cells.
and in the alveoli. ● O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue
cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue
13. For structures at the arterial ends cells into the blood.
of tissue capillaries, select the ● both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the
correct order of highest PO2 to blood into tissue cells.
lowest PO2 values. ● both O2 and CO2 diffuse from tissue
● Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells cells into the blood.
● O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue ● occurs when the diaphragm and
cells, but there is no net movement external intercostal muscles relax.
of CO2.
25. For air to flow into or out of the
19. The partial pressure of a gas can lungs, there must be
be measured in millimeters of ● a volume gradient established
mercury. between the atmosphere and the
● True alveoli.
● a temperature gradient between the
20. At the venous end of tissue atmosphere and the alveoli.
capillaries, there is no net ● a pressure gradient established
movement of O2 and CO2 because between the atmosphere and the
an equilibrium has been reached. alveoli.
● True ● a diffusion gradient between the
atmosphere and the alveoli.
21. Which of the following is not a ● None of the choices are correct.
function of the respiratory
system? 26. What type of alveolar cells
● Olfaction produce surfactant?
● Taste ● Goblet cells
● Innate immunity ● Type I pneumocytes
● Voice production ● Type II pneumocytes
● Regulation of blood pH ● Macrophages

22. Arrange the following structures 27. Calculate the vital capacity of an
in the order air passes through individual with an inspiratory
them during inhalation. reserve volume of 3200 mL, a tidal
(1) alveolar ducts volume of 525 mL, and an
(2) alveolus expiratory reserve volume of 900
(3) respiratory bronchiole mL.
(4) terminal bronchiole ● 1215 mL
● 1, 2, 3, 4 ● 1825 mL
● 2, 1, 3, 4 ● 4625 mL
● 4, 3, 1, 2 ● 6050 mL
● 3, 2, 1, 4 ● 7200 mL
● 4, 3, 2, 1
28. A decrease in the surface area of
23. Gas exchange between the air in the respiratory membrane will
the lungs and the blood takes cause the rate of gas diffusion to
place across the walls of the ● increase.
● alveoli. ● decrease.
● primary bronchi. ● remain unchanged.
● terminal bronchioles.
● trachea. 29. Arrange the following in order
from highest to lowest PO2.
24. Expiration during quiet breathing (1) PO2 of pulmonary veins
● is an active process. (2) PO2 of pulmonary artery
● requires more muscle contractions (3) PO2 of alveolar air
than inspiration. ● 1, 2, 3
● is due to contraction of the ● 2, 1, 3
diaphragm and elevation of the ribs. ● 2, 3, 1
● 3, 1, 2 ● After training, respiratory rate at rest
● 3, 2, 1 is lower

30. Most oxygen is carried in the 35. Which of the following is an effect
blood ______, whereas most of aging on the respiratory
carbon dioxide is ________. system?
● dissolved in plasma; bound to ● Vital capacity increases.
hemoglobin ● Minute ventilation rates increase.
● bound to hemoglobin; transported as ● Residual volume increases.
bicarbonate ● Lungs increase in their elasticity.
● combined with albumin; transported
as carbonic acid 36. Check all that are a function of the
● bound to hemoglobin; bound to respiratory system.
albumin ● Respiration
● bound to plasma proteins; dissolved ● Voice production
in the plasma ● Regulation of blood pH
● Olfaction
31. Rhythmicity of breathing involves ● Protection from microorganisms
● conscious effort and control.
● stimulation of expiration; inspiration 37. Match the respiratory system
is a passive process. structure with its description
● the pontine respiratory group. ● External nose - visible structure on
● the pre-Bötzinger complex of the the face
ventral respiratory group. ● Nasal Cavity - extends from the
nares to the choanae
32. The Hering-Breuer reflex ● Pharynx - common opening for
● is a sneeze reflex. digestive and respiratory systems
● helps prevent overinflation of the ● Nasopharynx - Located posterior to
lungs. the choanae and superior to the soft
● is a normal response to increased palate
oxygen content in the blood. ● Oropharynx - Extends from the soft
● limits how much air a person can palate to the epiglottis
expire. ● Laryngopharynx - Extends from the
tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus
33. A(n) ________ in blood CO2 levels ● Larynx - Passageway for air;
causes a(n) _________ in blood extends from the base of the tongue
pH, resulting in a(n) __________ to the trachea
in breathing rate. ● Trachea - Windpipe; membranous
● decrease; decrease; increase tube attached to the larynx
● increase; decrease; increase ● Lungs - Large, conical shaped
● decrease; increase; decrease organs of respiration
● increase; increase; decrease ● Alveoli - Small, air-filled chambers
34. Which of the following is not a for where gas exchange takes place
respiratory adaptation to exercise
training? 38. Indicate whether each statement
● Vital capacity increases is true or false regarding the
● Tidal volume at maximal exercise structure of the lungs.
will increase ● True - The left lung has two lobes
● Increased minute ventilation after and right lung has three.
training ● False - The cardiac notch is located
on the hilum.
● True - Each lobe is subdivided into 43. The part of the ventral respiratory
bronchopulmonary segments. group that establishes the basic
● True - The bronchopulmonary breathing pattern is called the
partitions in each lung are separated _____________.
by connective tissue. ● pre-Bötzinger complex
● False - Bronchopulmonary segments ● pontine respiratory group
are subdivided into lobes. ● inspiratory respiratory group
● respiratory center
39. Match the pulmonary volume with
its definition 44. Check all that are a function of the
● Tidal Volume - Volume of air inspired Hering-Breuer reflex.
or expired with each breath ● Prevent overinflation of the lungs in
● Inspiratory reserve volume - Amount adults
of air that can be inspired forcefully ● Regulate the basic rhythm of
after normal inspiration breathing in infants
● Expiratory reserve volume - Amount ● Prevent overinflation of the lungs in
of air that can be forcefully expired infants
after normal exhalation
● Residual volume - Volume of air in 45. Determine whether the following
the lungs after forceful expiration conditions will increase or
decrease the respiratory rate.
40. Choose true or false for each of ● Increases Respiratory Rhythm
the statements regarding gas ○ Blood pH decreases
exchange across the respiratory ○ Levels of CO2 in the blood
membrane. increase
● True - The thinner the membrane, ○ Blood levels of hydrogen ions
the more readily gas exchange increase
occurs. ● Decreases Respiratory Rhythm
● False - Oxygen diffuses into the ○ Blood pH increases
venous ends of pulmonary ○ Blood levels of hydrogen ions
capillaries. decrease
● True - A larger surface area allows
for more gas exchange. 46. Indicate whether each statement
● False - Gases diffuse from areas of is true or false regarding exercise
lower partial pressure to higher and ventilation.
partial pressure. ● False - Ventilation increases
gradually at the start of exercise.
41. At the lungs, carbon dioxide ● True - Movement of skeletal muscles
travels _____ the blood ____ the has a stimulatory effect on
alveoli. respiration.
● From; to ● True - The highest level of exercise
● To; from that can occur without causing a
change in blood pH is called the
42. Most oxygen transported in the anaerobic threshold.
blood is bound to __________. ● False - Changes in blood gases and
● Bicarbonate blood pH are largely responsible for
● Carbon dioxide increasing ventilation during aerobic
● Hemoglobin exercise.
● Plasma proteins
47. Select all that decrease as a result
of aging
● Vital Capacity
● Gas exchange 51. Drag the labels to complete each
● Maximum ventilation rate sentence.
● The respiratory system can alter
48. Indicate which muscles contract blood pH by changing blood
during inspiration and expiration. carbon dioxide levels.
● Inspiration ● Air movement past the vocal cords
○ Sternocleidomastoid makes voice production possible.
○ Scalenes ● The sensation of smell occurs
○ Pectoralis Minor when airborne molecules are
○ External intercostals drawn into the nasal cavity.
○ Diaphragm ● The respiratory system is involved
● Expiration in innate immunity by preventing
○ Abdominal muscles microorganisms from entering the
○ Internal intercostals body and by removing them from
respiratory surfaces.
49. Select the correct word to
complete each sentence
● When alveolar pressure is equal to 52. Drag the labels to the correct
atmospheric pressure, there is no position on the image.
change in air movement into or out
of the lungs.
● When alveolar pressure is less
than atmospheric pressure, air
moves into the lungs.
● Alveolar pressure above
atmospheric pressure results in air
moving out of the lungs.
● As air moves into the lungs,
alveolar pressure increases.
● As air moves out of the lungs,
alveolar pressure decreases.

50. Select all that are true regarding

surfactant. 53. Drag the labels to the correct
● Surfactant is composed primarily of position on the image.
carbohydrate molecules.
● Surfactant produced by ciliated
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium.
● The surfactant molecules form a
single layer on the surface of the thin
fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing
surface tension.
● Without surfactant, the surface
tension causing the alveoli to recoil
can be 1000 times greater than
when surfactant is present.
● Surfactant greatly reduces the
tendency of the lungs to collapse.
54. Drag the labels to the correct pressure is lower than alveolar
position on the image. pressure.
● As the lungs recoil, the visceral and
parietal pleurae tend to be pulled
apart.
● This pull decreases pressure in the
pleural cavity.

58. Classify the following as either

decreasing gas exchange through
the respiratory membrane or
promoting gas exchange through
the respiratory membrane.
● Decrease gas exchange
○ Fluid accumulation in the
55. Drag the label to the appropriate alveoli
position on the image ○ Decreased surface area of
respiratory membrane
○ PCO2 in the blood is 40
mmHg and the PCO2 in the
alveoli is 40 mmHg
● Promote gas exchange
○ PO2 in the blood is 40mmHg
and the PO2 in the alveoli is
104 mmHg
○ PCO2 in the blood is 45
mmHg and the PCO2 in the
alveoli is 40 mmHg
○ Respiratory membrane is
very thin

59. Place the following in order from

56. Put the following structures in the highest to the lowest values.
order describing the movement of ● PO2 in the alveoli
oxygen from inside the alveolus ● PO2 in the arterial ends of tissue
to the blood. capillaries
● Alveolar fluid ● PCO2 in the venous ends of
● Alveolar epithelium pulmonary capillaries
● Basement membrane of alveolar ● PCO2 in the alveoli
epithelium ● PO2 in tissue cells
● Interstitial space
● Basement membrane of capillary 60. Drag the labels to complete each
endothelium sentence describing how oxygen
● Pulmonary capillary epithelium and carbon dioxide are
transported in the blood.
57. Drag the labels to complete each ● The majority of the oxygen
sentence.
transported in the blood combines
● Normally, the alveoli are in the
reversibly with a blood protein to
expanded state because pleural
form oxyhemoglobin.
● At high PO₂, this protein bind to stimulated. Action potentials from
oxygen, and at low PO₂, it releases these receptors are then sent to the
oxygen. medulla oblongata, where they
● About 1.5% of the oxygen remains inhibit the respiratory center neurons
dissolved in the plasma. and cause expiration.
● Carbon dioxide is transported in the ● In infants, this reflex plays an
blood in three ways. important role in regulating the basic
● About 7% is transported as rhythm of breathing and in
dissolved gas in the plasma. preventing overinflation of the lungs.
● About 23% is transported in In adults, this reflex is important only
combination with blood proteins, when the tidal volume is high, as
primarily hemoglobin. occurs during strenuous exercise.
● The majority of this gas is
transported in the form of 63. Drag the labels to complete each
bicarbonate ions. sentence.
● At the onset of exercise, the rate of
61. Drag the labels to complete each breathing immediately increases.
sentence describing the ● During exercise, action potentials in
respiratory centers that regulate
the motor pathways stimulate
rhythmic breathing.
● The medullary respiratory center skeletal muscle contractions, and
consists of four respiratory groups, action potentials in the collateral
each forming a longitudinal column fibers from these motor pathways
of cells located bilaterally in the stimulate the respiratory center.
dorsal and ventral regions of the ● During exercise, body movements
medulla oblongata. stimulate proprioceptors in the joints
● The dorsal respiratory group is of the limbs. Ultimately, these
primarily responsible for stimulating movements have a strong
contraction of the diaphragm. The stimulatory influence on the
ventral respiratory group is primarily respiratory center.
responsible for stimulating the
external intercostal, internal 64. Drag the labels to complete each
intercostal, and abdominal muscles. sentence.
● The pontine respiratory group is a ● After athletic training, vital capacity
collection of neurons in the pons and increases slightly, and residual
appears to play a role in switching volume decreases slightly. Tidal
between inspiration and expiration. volume at rest and during
standardized, submaximal exercise
62. Drag the labels to complete each does not change. At maximal
sentence. exercise, however, the tidal volume
● The Hering-Breuer reflex supports increases. Increased efficiency of
rhythmic respiratory movements by the respiratory system in response
limiting the extent of inspiration. to training is evident because the
● As the lungs fill with air, stretch respiratory rate at rest or during
receptors located in the lungs are standardized submaximal exercise
 in trained individuals is slightly lower; 67. A pneumothorax is the
however, at maximal exercise, their introduction of air into the pleural
respiratory rate is usually higher. cavity
● True
65. Drag the labels to complete each
sentence. 68. Select whether each statement is
● Vital capacity decreases with age true or false.
because of reduced ability to fill the ● True - Asthma is characterized by
lungs (decreased inspiratory reserve abnormally increased constriction of
volume) and to empty the lungs the trachea and bronchi in response
(decreased expiratory reserve to various stimuli.
volume). ● False - Contraction of smooth
● Residual volume increases with age muscle increases airway diameter
as the alveolar ducts and many of and decreases resistance to airflow.
the larger bronchioles increase in ● True - The effects of inflammation
diameter. This increases the dead and airway hyperactivity combine to
space, which decreases the amount cause airway obstruction.
of air available for gas exchange. ● True - Many cases of asthma appear
● In addition, gas exchange across the to be associated with a chronic
respiratory membrane declines inflammatory response by the
because parts of the alveolar walls immune system.
are lost, which decreases the ● False - In asthmatics, the number of
surface area available for gas immune cells in the bronchi
exchange, and the remaining walls decreases.
thicken, which decreases the
diffusion of gases. A gradual 69. Inflammation of the vocal folds is
increase in resting tidal volume with called ______.
age compensates for these ● Laryngitis
changes.
70. The portion of the pharynx that
66. Match each procedure with its extends from the uvula to the
appropriate description. epiglottis is called the ______.
● oropharynx
Procedure used to make
an opening through the
membrane between the
Cricothyrotomy cricoid and thyroid
cartilages in order to insert
a tube to establish an
airway
Procedure to make an
Tracheostomy
opening into the trachea
Insertion of a tube into an
opening, a canal, or a
Intubation
hollow organ