Senior High School

Practical Research II
Module 1:
Nature of Quantitative Research

AIRs - LM
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LU_Practical Research II_Module1 LU_Practical Research II_Module1
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
Module 1: Nature of Quantitative Research
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Wilhelm Francis C. Saldo

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
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 Senior High School

Practical Research II
Module 1:
Nature of Quantitative Research

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Target

Quantitative Research is the systematic investigation of phenomena by

gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques. It has been very vital in different scientific researches and
in all fields of inquiry.
This module will provide you with activities and information that will help you
understand the salient features of Quantitative Research.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. define quantitative research;
b. discuss the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of
quantitative research;
c. recognize the importance of quantitative research across fields;
d. enumerate the different kinds of variables;
e. explain the usage of variables in quantitative research.

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Pretest
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques?
A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
C. Research Design D. Variable

2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about quantitative research?

A. Quantitative research makes use of numerals in the interpretation
of results.
B. The objective of quantitative research is to employ theories to test a
phenomenon.
C. Quantitative research directs you to focus on thing through
statistics.
D. None of these

3. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?

A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
C. Research Design D. Variable

4. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
A. Descriptive B. Correlational
C. Developmental D. Epidemiological

5. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting

and describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any
manipulation or control?
A. Descriptive B. Correlational
C. Developmental D. Epidemiological

B. True or False
Direction: Read and analyze the statements below and determine if the statement is
TRUE or FALSE. Write T if it is TRUE and F if it is FALSE.

1. Quantitative techniques could not reduce the numerous uncertainties by

providing a reliable interpretation of reality enabling us to arrive with
solutions to such existing problems.

2. Research inculcates Scientific Thinking and promotes the development of our

way of life.

3. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative

research data.

4. Anthropology is concerned about understanding various kinds of symbolic

order in a given situation, society, community and group.

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 5. In the field of education, quantitative research could be done to improve
educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students.

6. In the area of Accounting Business and Management, the researches done

could not help design a new product service figuring out what is needed to
ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted towards demands

7. The researches published in the field of social sciences deal more on societal
behaviors and social issues.

8. STEM research papers lead to the understanding of social interactions that

may lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to
societal development and welfare

9. Research papers published in the Social Sciences help in determining the

effectiveness and even side effects of drugs and therapies in different
population.

10. The primary function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its

customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise in its most feasible
location.

C. Matching Type
Direction: Read the following statements in column A and match into the words
found in column B.

Column A Column B
1. Elements or entities, or factors that can change. A. Interval Variables
2. Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of B. Ratio Variables
numbers
3. Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range C. Dependent Variable
of numbers when there is an absolute zero
4. Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range D. Independent
of numbers when there is an absolute zero Variable
5. It is the factor that is observed and measured to E. Control Variables
determine the effect of the independent variable
6. Factors controlled by the experimenter to cancel out F. Confounding
or neutralize any effect on the observed Variable
phenomenon
7. Those that are not actually measured or observed G. Nominal Variables
in the study. They exist but their influence cannot
be directly detected in the study
8. Factor that theoretically effects observed H. Variables
phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured, or
manipulated
9. Represents categories that cannot be ordered in a I. Ordinal Variables
particular way.
10. Represents categories that could be ordered from J. Intervening Variables
smallest to greatest.

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 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH

Jumpstart

Activity 1: Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Directions: Make a graphic organizer that shows the characteristics of Quantitative
Research. Make use of a separate sheet.
Template:

______

Quantitative
______ ______
Research

______

Discover

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative Research is a systematic investigation of occurrences that is

observable using statistical and mathematical techniques. The objective of this kind
of research is to employ theories, models and hypotheses to test a phenomenon.
Quantitative research is numerical in nature. Meanings and results are expressed
using numerals that shows the specificity of something.

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What are the Characteristics of Quantitative Research?
a. Structured Research Instrument: Data used in Quantitative Research are
gathered using structured research instruments. This helps in collecting in-
depth and actionable data based on results.

b. Sample Size: Quantitative research is conducted on a significant sample size

that represents the population to assure the reliability of results. Appropriate
sampling methods are used as well to fortify the objective.

c. Replicable: The study could be repeated that gives a high reliability of

results.

d. Clearly Defined Questions: The researcher has clearly defined research

questions to which objective answers are sought.

e. Numerical: Data are in the form of numbers and statistics that are arranged
in tables, charts and figures or in other textual forms. This makes it easy to
understand and proves the validity of the research.

f. Objective: Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis

of target concepts.

g. Generalization of Results: Results of this research method can be

generalized to take appropriate actions for improvement.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Quantitative Research?

A. Strengths of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative Research allows you to reach a higher sample size. This leads
to an easier way to reach an accurate generalized conclusion. The additional
data gives you greater creditability because it has more depth to review.

2. You can collect more information quickly when using quantitative

research. Experiments, surveys and, interviews provide immediate answers
that become useful from a data-centered approach.

3. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples in collecting information.

This excludes bias from appearing in most situations. It provides an advantage
in the fact that the data can then get the rest of the demographic being
studied.

4. Results duplication is possible. Quantitative research only focuses on the

actual data. The work validates itself because the results always point towards
the same data even though randomized conditions exist.

5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of information.

Researchers can use a quantitative approach to focus on a specific fact that
they want to study in a given population.

6. Quantitative approach does not require direct observation. This study can
be done without the need for someone. This advantage creates a better
response rate because people have more time and less pressure to complete
the work.

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B. Weakness of Quantitative Research
1. This method does not consider the meaning behind social phenomenon.
It does not care about the motives that people have when sharing an opinion
or making decisions.

2. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive. The money that could
be spent is a significant barrier to consider in conducting quantitative
research.

3. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative research. The

statistics that researchers gather are useful for generalization but could not
produce specific feedback incidents that allow positive refinement.

4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable information.

Quantitative approach doesn’t look for the reason why variables exist in
specific environments.

5. Quantitative research requires a large sample that makes it difficult to

gather data and makes this kind of research costly.

What are the kinds of quantitative research designs?

The research design is considered as the framework of research. It is the
“GLUE” that holds each of the elements of research as one. In other words, it is the
plan of the proposed research work. It is the overall strategy that is being integrated
with the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way.
The function of the research design is to assure that evidence obtained enables
the researcher to effectively address the problem as clearly as possible. The problem
that will be answered in the research determines the kind of research that should be
used in the study.
Quantitative Research

Experimental Non-Experimental

Descriptive
Pre-Experimental
Correlational

True Experimental
Developmental

Quasi- Experimental Epidemiological

What is Experimental Research?

Experimental Research is a form of quantitative research dealing with the
object or subject in an exact manner and looks into the extent of the effects or
influence of the treatment on the subject, then discovers the cause of such effect.
There are two groups involved in any experimental research; the experimental group,

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the one in which the treatment is applied and the control group, which does not
receive any treatment.
1. Pre-Experimental Research Design: A group or various groups are kept
under observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. This
research is done to understand whether further investigations are
necessary for groups.

2. True Experimental Research Design: This type of research design relies

on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the
most accurate type of research. This type of research can establish a
cause-effect relationship within a group. In a true experiment, there are
factors that need to be considered:
1. There is a control group that will not be subjected to changes and
an experimental group that will experience the changed variables
2. A variable that could be manipulated by the researcher
3. Random Distribution

3. Quasi- Experimental Research Design: The word “quasi” indicates

similarity. In this research, an independent variable is manipulated but
the participants of the group are not randomly assigned. Quasi-research
is used in field settings where random assignment is either irrelevant or
not required.
What is Non-Experimental Research Design?
Non-Experimental research design is one of the broad categories of research
designs in which the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally,
and no external variables are introduced.
It is a research design in which variables are not deliberately manipulated nor
is the setting is controlled. Data is collected without introducing changes and making
treatments.
A. Descriptive Research Design

The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document

aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting
point for hypothesis generation or theory development.
It is used in observing, documenting and describing a phenomenon occurring
in a natural setting without any manipulation or control. It is designed to gain more
information about characteristics within a particular field in the real world.
Types of Descriptive Research Design
1. Univariate descriptive design- This design is used to describe the
frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon. It does not necessarily
focus on a single variable; there may be one or more variables
involved in the study.

2. Exploratory Design- This design is used to identify, explore, and

describe the existing phenomenon and its related factors. It is not
simply a description or the frequency of phenomenon but it’s in-
depth exploration of its related factors to improve further
understanding of a phenomenon.

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 3. Comparative Design- This design involves comparing two or more
samples of study subjects on one or more variables.

B. Correlational Design
In a correlational design, the researcher examines the relationship between
two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation of the control. In
other words, it is a study conducted to determine the relationship of two or more
variables without any intervention.

Types of Correlational Research Design

1. Prospective Research Design- A design that lets the researcher
connect the present to the future. It starts with the cause and
arrives with a presumed effect.

2. Retrospective Research Design- A design where the researcher

studies the current situation by seeking facts and figures from the
past.
C. Developmental Research Design

In a developmental research design, the researcher examines the phenomenon

with reference to time. It is generally used as an aide research design with other
designs.

Types of Developmental Research Design

1. Cross-sectional Design- In this research design, the researcher
collects data at a particular point of time (one-period data
collection).

2. Longitudinal Design- Designed to collect data over an extended

period (long-term study). Its value is in its ability to demonstrate
change over a period of time.
D. Epidemiological Research Design

This research design is used to investigate the cause of different diseases in a

prospective approach.
Types of Epidemiological Research Design
1. Cohort Studies- In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to
investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing presumed causes.
2. Case-control Studies- In this design, the cause of the disease is
investigated after the occurrence of the disease.

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 Explore

Activity 1
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below and determine whether it is a
strength or weakness of quantitative research. Write S for strength and W for
weakness.
____1. Quantitative research requires a higher sample size to assure the reliability of
results.
____2. Data could be easily collected in quantitative research that allows you to save
time and effort.
____3. Results could be verified in a quantitative research study.
____4. A quantitative research study requires you to spend more money in the
replication of survey forms and in procuring the necessary tools and
equipment needed for the study.
____5. Results of this research method can be generalized to take appropriate actions
for improvement

Activity 2
Directions: Select and explain briefly at least 5 of the different research designs you
have learned.
1.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Deepen

Directions: Knowing the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of

quantitative research, think of at least 5 research topics/problems in your own field
of specialization and determine the correct research design to be used. Follow the
table shown below:
Research Problem Research Design

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS

Jumpstart

Activity 1
Directions: Analyze and arrange the jumbled letters found below. Write your answer
in a separate sheet.
1. N A I E U D C O T

2. Y G O H L O O P R N A T

3. H T I U E I M N A S

4. E I N G E R N E I G N

O U C Y C C N N A T A
5.

6. E D C M I I E N

7. S E S N S I B U

8. A T I S H E T M A C M

9. E C E N I C S

10. Y G O N O L E C T H

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Activity 2.
Directions: Explain the importance of quantitative research based from the words
formed in the previous activity. Place your answers in a separate sheet.

Discover

The Importance of Quantitative Research Across All Fields

With our world facing increasingly complex issues in different fields,
quantitative techniques reduce the numerous uncertainties by providing a reliable
interpretation of reality enabling us to arrive at solutions to such existing problems.
Research inculcates Scientific Thinking and promotes the development of our
way of life. It covers a wide range of fields and is of great importance in marketing,
education, anthropology, business, policymaking, and other fields related.
A. Quantitative Research in Anthropology
Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and quantitative
research data. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst
cultural differences, alternatives, and identity. Therefore, anthropology is concerned
about understanding various kinds of the symbolic order in a given situation, society,
community and group.
In anthropology, quantitative research can be used to establish methods that
will help find the bigger picture, create demographic characterization that will be
helpful in understanding how a society is organized (Moreno 2020).
Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in society, racial conflicts,
and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the improvement of
human life
B. Quantitative Research in Education
In the field of education, quantitative research could be done to improve
educational practices that may lead to more quality learning for the students.
Teachers could do action researches to identify problems in education and suggest
possible solutions. Doing this could improve the quality of education and cater to the
needs of all students taking into consideration their background and differences.
Innovative teaching strategies are products of researches. Researches also validate,
tests and challenges existing educational practices that may lead to reforms which
more contextualized, localized and responsive to the needs of the learners.
C. Quantitative Research in Accounting Business and Management
In the area of Accounting Business and Management, results of quantitative
research can help business advocates design a new product figuring out what is
needed to ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted towards
demands.
The primary function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its
customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise in its most feasible location,

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deliver quality goods, and services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find
ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and varied client’s needs.
D. Quantitative Research in Science, technology, Engineering and Mathematics
In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, medical
practitioners conduct research to obtain significant information about disease trends
and risks factors, results of various health interventions, patterns of care and health
care cost and use. The different approaches to research provide complementary
insights. Research help in determining the effectiveness and even side effects of drugs
and therapies in different population and is necessary in evaluating experiences in
clinical practice to provide mechanisms for best practices to ensure high quality
patient care.
As for engineers, architects and other builders, research helps in providing
designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and
efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the ever-changing society.
New materials and procedures may be developed to further strengthen the structural
materials that can withstand various calamities and disasters.
E. Quantitative Research in Humanities and Social Sciences
In the discipline of Humanities and Social Sciences, the research aims to
provide solutions to the social problems felt by people. Research in the field deal
more with societal behaviors and social issues. Social Science research lead to the
understanding of social interactions that may lead to the formulation of new theories
and practices that contribute to societal development and welfare.

Explore

Activity 1
Directions: Select three (3) fields discussed in this module and list down the
importance of quantitative research in that field. Make use of the template found
below. Place your answers in a separate sheet.
Template:

Education

______ ______ ______

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 Deepen

Activity 1
Directions: In not more than 100 words, write a reflective essay showing the
importance of quantitative research in your future career based on your field of
specialization. Place your answer in a separate sheet.

VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

Jumpstart

Activity 1
Directions: Knowing the definition of variables, check all words in the list that can
operate as a variable in a research.
___1. Water ___7. Reading comprehension ___13. Economic Status
___2. Skills ___8. Voice ___14. Gender
___3. Ghost ___9. Handwriting ___15. Temperature
___4. Experience ___10. Guardian Angel
___5. World ___11. Class size
___6. Dreams ___12. Academic Grades

Discover

What are variables?

Each person/thing we collect data on is called an observation. Such
observation possesses a variety of characteristics, it could be the same for every

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member of the group and called constant. But if the characteristic of a particular
observation differs for group members, it is called a variable.
The root of the word variable is related to the “vary” which should help us
understand what variables might be. Variables are elements or entities, or factors
that can change; for example, temperature, the cost of gasoline and your weight are
all examples of variables. A variable is not only something that we could measure,
but also something that we can manipulate and something we can control.
Types of Variables
A. Continuous Variable
1. Interval Variables: Values that lie along with an evenly dispersed range of
numbers. It is a variable whose data values are ranged in the real interval and
can be as large as from negative infinity to positive infinity.
2. Ratio Variables: Have values that lie along with an evenly dispersed range
of numbers when there is an absolute zero.
B. Discrete Variables
1. Nominal Variables: Represents categories that cannot be ordered in any
particular way. These are variables whose data is non-numeric labels that do
not reflect quantitative information.
2. Ordinal Variables: Represents categories that could be ordered from
smallest to greatest. It refers to variables where there is meaningful order or
categories but there is no measurable distance between categories.
Types of Variables
Independent Variables: Variables that are manipulated or controlled or
changed. It is what the researcher studies to see its relationship or effects
(presumed possible cause). In other words, independent variables are those
that cause changes in the subject.
Example: In a salt tolerance experiment, the amount of salt added to each
plant’s water is an independent variable.
Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is a response variable or output.
It is the factor that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the
independent variable; it is the factor that appears, disappears and varies as
the researcher introduces, removes or varies the independent variable.
Example: Any measurement of plant health and growth as a result of the
independent variable.
Control Variable: Control variables are factors controlled by the experimenter
to cancel out or neutralize any effect on the observed phenomenon. A single
study cannot examine all of the variables in a situation or in a person; some
must be neutralized to guarantee they will not exert different or moderating
effects on the relationship between the dependent and independent variable.
Example: The temperature and light in the room the plants are kept constant,
and the volume of water given.
Intervening Variable: It is the factor that theoretically affect observed
phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured or manipulated; its effects must

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 be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderate variable in the
observed phenomenon.
Confounding Variable: Those that are not actually measured or observed in
the study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in the
study.
Example: (Salt tolerance experiment) Pot size and soil type might affect plant
survival as much as more than salt additions. In an experiment you would
control these potentials by holding them constant.

Explore

Activity 1
Directions: Carefully read the statements below and try to identify the dependent
and independent variable. Write your answers in the blank provided.
Dependent Variable: Variables that represents the outcome of the experiment.
Independent Variable: Variables you manipulate to affect the outcome of an
experiment.

a. A student studies 3 types of bread. He measured the time it takes to grow molds.
DV: ____________________________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________________________

b. The masses of rats were measure after they were fed with different types of cheese
DV: ____________________________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________________________

c. A student changes the number of hours he studies for a test to see how it affects
his
DV: ____________________________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________________________
d. Eating breakfast in the morning can increase test scores in math.
DV: ____________________________________________________________________________
IV: _____________________________________________________________________________

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 Deepen

Directions: Using your phone and internet connection, search for at least 5 titles
related to your own filed of specialization (HUMSS, STEM, TVL, GAS, ABM) and try
to identify the dependent and independent variable. Use the template found below:
Research Title Dependent Variable Independent Variable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Gauge

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate
sheet.
1. Which of the following refers to a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques?
A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
C. Research Design D. Variable

2. Which of the following refers to the framework of research?

A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research
C. Research Design D. Variable

3. Which of the following research designs allows the researcher to examine the
phenomenon with reference to time?
A. Descriptive B. Correlational
C. Developmental D. Epidemiological

4. Which of the following research designs is used in observing, documenting,

and describing a phenomenon occurring in natural setting without any
manipulation or control?
A. Correlational B. Descriptive
C. Developmental D. Epidemiological

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5. Which of the following is NOT true about anthropology?
A. Anthropology is a research method of combing qualitative and
quantitative research data.
B. It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst
cultural Differences, Alternatives, and Identity.
C. It does not establish methods that will help find the bigger picture,
create demographic characterization that will be helpful in
understanding how a society is organized.
D. Many discoveries in this filed like human behavior in the society,
racial conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous
contribution to the improvement of human life.

6. Which of the following does not show the importance of quantitative research
in the field of education?
A. Improvement educational practices that may lead to more quality
learning of the students
B. Validates, test and challenge existing educational practices that
may lead to reforms
C. Helps to identify problems and suggest possible solutions.
D. All of these

7. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in

Accountancy Business and Administration?
A. Research can help design a new product service figuring out what
is not needed by the community
B. Research results could never guarantee sufficient distribution of
products and decide where they need to increase their product
distribution
C. Incorrectly determine its customers and their preferences, establish
an enterprise in its most feasible location, deliver quality goods, and
services.
D. None of these

8. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in

Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?
A. Research are done to obtain significant information about disease
trends and risks factors.
B. Research does not determine the effectiveness and even side effects
of drugs and therapies in different population.
C. providing designs that are not creatively beautiful and at the same
time give more convenience and efficiency
D. None of these

9. Which of these correctly describes the importance of quantitative research in

the field of Humanities and Social Sciences?
A. Research helps in providing solutions to the social problems felt by
people
B. Research lead to the misunderstanding of social interactions
C. Research lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that
contribute to societal chaos.
D. None of these

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10. What do you call variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed
range of numbers when there is an absolute zero?
A. Interval Variables B. Nominal Variable
C. Ordinal Variable D. Ratio Variable

11. What do you call variables whose data values are ranged in real interval and
can be as large as from negative infinity to positive infinity?
A. Interval Variables B. Nominal Variable
C. Ordinal Variable D. Ratio Variable

12. Factors that theoretically effects observed phenomenon but cannot be seen,
measured or manipulated are __________.
A. Control Variables B. Dependent Variable
C. Independent Variable D. Intervening Variable

13. Number of students taking a statistics course is an example of what type of

variable?
A. Discreet Variables B. Dependent Variable
C. Independent Variable D. Intervening Variable

14. Number of cars is an example of what type of variable?

A. Discreet Variables B. Dependent Variable
C. Independent Variable D. Intervening Variable

15. What do you call variables that are held constant?

A. Control Variables B. Dependent Variable
C. Independent Variable D. Intervening Variable

16. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the independent variable?
A. Better Occupation B. Higher income
C. Higher Education D. None of these

17. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the dependent variable?
A. Better Occupation B. Higher income
C. Higher Education D. None of these

18. In the statement; “Higher Education typically leads to higher income,” what
is the intervening variable?
A. Better Occupation B. Higher income
C. Higher Education D. None of these

19. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,”
what is the dependent variable?
A. Stress B. Mental health of human being
C. Both A and C D. None of these

20. In the statement; “How Stress Affects the Mental State of Human beings,”
what is the independent variable?
A. Stress B. Mental health of human being
C. Both A and C D. None of these

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LU_Practical Research II_Module1
LU_Practical Research II_Module1
20
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. C
5. C
True or False
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. T
Matching Type
1. H
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. E
7. F
8. J
9. G
10. I
GUAGE
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. A
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. B
20. A
Answer Key
References

Books
Baraceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research II. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Paler-Calmorin, Laurentina. 2017. Research and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex

Book Store.

Website
2017. America's Environemntal College. March 23. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://unity.edu/sustainability.

2019. Scribbr. November 21. Accessed July 25, 2020.

https://www.scribbr.com.

2020. Science Questions and Answers. Accessed July 26, 2020.

https://www.enotes.com.

Begun, Audrey. n.d. Overview of Quantitaive Study Variables. Accessed July

26, 2020. https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub.

Bevans, Rebecca. 2019. "Scribbr." November 21. Accessed July 26, 2020.
https://www.scribbr.com.

Chaturvedi, Dr. Ankita. n.d. "Slide Share." Slideshare.Net. Accessed July 26,
2020. https://www.slideshare.net.

Moreno, Sebastian. 2020. "Quora." Quora.com. July 12. Accessed July 26,
2020. https://www.quora.com.

Mustafa, Ali. n.d. "SlideShare." SlideShare.Net. Accessed July 26, 2020.

https://slideshare.net.

21
LU_Practical Research II_Module1
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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LU_Practical Research II_Module1