A ThinkLab Lecture on how not to get yourself electrocuted!

Interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science

that includes mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, computer science, and others.

Electronics + Programming + Design

Day 1 : Basic Electronics
Day 2 : Introduction to Arduino Microcontroller Programming
Day 3 : Advance Applications using the Arduino Platform
Day 4 : Wireless Communications
Day 5 : Interfacing Pneumatics on the Arduino Platform
 1 Gizduino+ 644p
2 USB Mini cable connector
2 9V rechargeable battery
1 9V Battery Connector
1 Breadboard
10 330-Ohm Resistor
10 1k Ohm Resistor
10 10k-Ohm Resists
5 Tact Switches
10 LEDs
Wire Conn Male-Male single
20 20mm
Wire Conn Male-Male single
20 40mm
2 10k Potentiometer
2 100k Potentiometer
2 SG5010-160 Servo Motor
1 Toolbox
• DC Circuits & Ohm’s Law
• Electrical Safety
• Digital Multimeter
• Troubleshooting
“a branch of physics that deals with the emission,
behavior, and effects of electrons (as in electron tubes
and transistors) and with electronic devices”
Merriam – Webster, 2017
Electrical Charges
• Basic unit from which electrical forces come from

+ -
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Law of Conservation of Charge
Charge can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred from one body to
another.
• The algebraic sum of all electric charges in any closed system is constant.
Electricity
• Defined by a
presence & flow of
electric charges
• AC/DC
Circuit Diagrams
• Standard way of illustrating
the components and
connections in an electronics
circuit
• Illustrated with the use of
circuit element symbols
1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10
 1 2 3 4 5
DC VOLTAGE BATTERY GROUND SWITCH DIODE
SOURCE

6 7 8 9
INDUCTOR LED 10
RESISTOR POTENTIOMETER CAPACITOR
Electrical Parameters
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
• Power
Voltage
• Potential Difference
• The work required to move a
charge from one point to
another
• Unit for voltage: Volt
Velement is the voltage
(V = Joules/Coulumb) ACROSS the element
Current
+
• Net flow or motion of charges
• DC – single direction Ielement
• AC – both direction (back &
forth)
-
• Unit for current : Amperes
Ielement is the current
(A = Coulumb/sec) THROUGH the element
Resistance
• The ability of any material to
limit the amount of current Ω Relement
passing through when a
potential difference is applied
• Unit for resistance : Ohms
Relement is the quantified
(Ω = Volts/Ampere) resistance of the element
Ohm’s Law
V=IxR
• The current (I) thru a conductor
between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage (V)
across two points
Power Equation
• Power is equivalent to the work
done per unit time
• Produced by the flow of charges
(current) passing through an
P=IxV
electric potential difference
(voltage)
Water Analogy
Current
• I t  I1  I 2  I 3  ...  I n
Voltage
• Vt  V1  V2  V3  ...  Vn
Resistance
• Rt  R1  R2  R3  ...  Rn
Current
• I t  I1  I 2  I 3  ...  I n
Voltage
• Vt  V1  V2  V3  ...  Vn
Resistance
• 1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Rt R1 R2 R3 Rn
 1 2 3 4 5
DC VOLTAGE BATTERY GROUND SWITCH DIODE
SOURCE

6 7 8 9
INDUCTOR LED 10
RESISTOR POTENTIOMETER CAPACITOR
Voltage Source
• Device that supplies a constant
voltage
• By virtue of Ohm’s Law, this
device also supplies a relative
amount of current
Resistor
• Current limiting component
• Colored bands determine the
resistor’s value within a range
Resistor Values
Resistor
• Red, Red, Orange, Gold
• Brown, Black, Red, Silver
• Orange, Blue, Yellow, Red
• Green, White, Blue, Gold
• Red, Red, Red, Gold
Resistor
• 5700 Ohm, 5%
• 3300 Ohm, 10%
• 220 Ohm, 5%
• 100 kOhm, 20%
• 47 kOhm, 5%
Potentiometer
• Resistors with variable resistance
values
• Turning the knob changes the
resistance of the component
Switch
• Component that can open or
close an electrical connection
• Changing of state is activated
manually (button press)
Light Emitting Diode (LED
• Keeps passage of current to one
direction only
• Chemicals inside react differently
to an applied voltage, producing
color
• Constant Voltage
Get the following:
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
DON'T plug a bunch of stuff into one outlet or extension
cord and make sure all electric cords are tucked away,
neat and tidy.
Do not unplug cords using the cable, use the cord’s handle.
Never touch electrical tools or electronic devices while
hands are wet.
Never try to short circuit the (+ and –) terminals to yourself. Some might think a
small current will not hurt. A current of about 100 mA will can cause DEATH.
Do not connect circuit to power source while troubleshooting
Board Handling
• Do not leave the circuit board on a conductive surface
as it may cause a short circuit and destroy the board
• As much as possible hold the board on the side and
edges
• Prevent unnecessary pins to connect to each other as
it may short circuit and destroy the board
Multimeter Usage
• Always make sure that the
range is appropriate for the
value being measured.
• Improper range will
destroy the measuring
instrument
 GOLDEN RULE
IF YOU ARE UNSURE OF WHAT TO DO,
DO NOT HESITATE TO ASK QUESTIONS.
A device used to measure/test the following:

• DC Current
• DC Voltage
• AC Voltage
• Resistance
• Continuity
• LED Tester
 DISPLAY

AC VOLTAGE
DC VOLTAGE

ARROW
DC CURRENT

KNOB
RESISTANCE TRANSISTOR

LED TESTER CONTINUITY

RED Meter Lead
• Voltage / Resitance or Amperage (V mA) port
• Positive Connection

BLACK Meter Lead

• Common ground / COM port
• Negative Connection
 PROBE
Probes
• Handles used to hold the tip TIP

on the connection being tested

Tips LEAD

• End of the probe, provides the PLUG

connection point
Continuity Test
• Turn the knob and point the arrow to the continuity tester position
• Disconnect power source first before performing continuity testing
• Connect the tips of the black and red probes of the multitester, you should hear a an
audible alarm when they are connected
• Connect the test leads across the wire / leads you want to check for continuity
• An audible alarm will be heard if they are connected, if not check the wire or the
connection
WARNING!!!
• Disconnect power source first before
performing continuity testing
• Do not use the continuity testing for
power sources like batteries or
power supplies
Continuity Test
• Test the tact switch
• Which leads are always connected?
• Which leads are connected when you push the switch?
LED Test
• Turn the knob and point the arrow to the LED tester position
• LEDs will work one way only
• The longer wire goes to the positive
• The negative side is the shorter wire
or the LED with the flat side
• Connect the RED meter lead to the positive side of the
LED and the BLACK meter lead to the negative side of the LED
• LED will light up if the LED is working
Resistance Measurement
• Turn the knob and point the arrow to the Resistance Measurement position
• Remove the component from the circuit before testing
• Set the dial to the lowest value.
• If OL or 1 appears, move to the next level
• Connect the test leads across terminals you want to measure resistance at
• Disconnect any power source before testing!
• DO NOT TEST POWER SOURCES!
Resistance Measurement
• Get your potentiometer
• Measure resistance from the ff:
1
1. Both ends of the pot
3
2. Left end and middle of the pot 2
3. Right end and middle of the pot
Voltage Measurement
• Turn the knob and point the arrow to the DC Voltage Measurement position
• Use one value higher than your expected value.
• Ex. If you are measuring 9V, set the dial to 20V
• Connect the test leads across
(in parallel) the terminals you want
to measure the voltage at
• YOU CAN TEST POWER SOURCES!
Current Measurement
• Turn the knob and point the arrow to the DC Current Measurement position
• Use one value higher than your expected value.
• Ex. If you are measuring 3A, set the dial to 10A
 Current vs. Voltage Measurement
Ammeters/Current Measurements are to be done in series
because the purpose of it is to measure flowing through the circuit,
also it has a very low resistance, and if connected it parallel – it
burns out.
Voltmeters/Voltage Measurements are to be done in parallel
because it measures voltage across or flowing on the load. They
have very high resistance to minimize any drain on the circuit.
Short Circuit
• A low resistance connection established by accident or intention between two points in
an electric circuit
• Current tends to flow through the path resistance is the lowest, bypassing the rest of
the circuit
• Occurs as a result of improper wiring or broken insulation shorting
circuit
Troubleshooting
• use continuity testing to check if there are accidental
short circuits
• UNPLUG ALL POWER SUPPLIES!
Open Circuit
• An electric circuit in which the normal path of current has been interrupted
• Accidental – disconnection of one part of the conducting pathway from another
• Intentional – by intervention of an electric component such as a switch

Troubleshooting
• use continuity testing to check if there are open circuits
or unconnected elements
• UNPLUG ALL POWER SUPPLIES!
Reverse Connection / Polarity
• Current flows only in one direction (DC circuits)
• Polarity of a source can be reversed by swapping the wires on the
positive and negative terminal
(+) connects to (-)
(-) connects to (+)
• In DC circuits, make sure the polarity is correct
(+) to (+)
(-) to (-)
Reverse Connection / Polarity - Troubleshooting
• Make sure that your polarity is correct before plugging in the power
supply / voltage source
CORRECT WRONG
Over Current
• A condition when the current in the circuit is larger than the intended
current exists through a conductor
• May be caused by a short circuit, loose connection, excessive load, and
incorrect design
blown fuse due to overcurrent
Troubleshooting
• Check if there accidental short circuits, defective
components and incorrect components / value
REMEMBER!
• Check all connections in your circuit before connecting it with
the power
source
• Check for accidental short and open circuits, loose
connections
You do not want this
• Connect your voltage supply in the correct polarity
to happen to you
• Verify if the components placed in the circuit are correct
and have correct values
• Check also if there are defective components
What we will be using :
• Components (LEDs, Tact Switch, Resistors, Potentiometers)
• 9V Battery
• 9V Battery Jack
• Breadboard
 Breadboard

5 vertical contacts space for inserting ICs

connected together contacts
horizontally
connected
Breadboard
• Disconnect the power supply from the breadboard before putting all the components
• Place the actual circuit component onto the breadboard one by one
• Always check if you are placing the correct component onto the breadboard
• Check connections between the circuit elements based on the circuit diagram
• Concentrate on the connections between the circuit elements, not on the positions in
the circuit diagram
• The position of the components on the breadboard might be different on from the
circuit diagram
Remove one leg of the resistor from the breadboard, what happens?
 Place a jumper wire across the LED, what happens?
Replace the 10K ohm resistor with a 330 ohm resistor, what happens?
 Place a jumper wire across the LED, what happens?
Replace the 10K ohm resistor with a 330 ohm resistor, what happens?
Try turning the potentiometer knob to both
sides, what happens to #1? How about #2?

Why did the LED at #2 turned off when

turning the pot to one side?
A ThinkLab Lecture on how not to get yourself electrocuted!