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Elementary Statistical Concepts

Statistics is the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It involves drawing conclusions about a large population based on a representative sample. Descriptive statistics describes data through presentation, while inferential statistics makes inferences from samples to populations. Variables describe characteristics that can take different values and can be continuous, discrete, independent, or dependent. Data is gathered and classified based on measurement levels of nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.

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John Harzel Naga
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49 views

Elementary Statistical Concepts

Statistics is the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It involves drawing conclusions about a large population based on a representative sample. Descriptive statistics describes data through presentation, while inferential statistics makes inferences from samples to populations. Variables describe characteristics that can take different values and can be continuous, discrete, independent, or dependent. Data is gathered and classified based on measurement levels of nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.

Uploaded by

John Harzel Naga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elementary Statistical Concepts

● Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,


tabulation and presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data. It also deals with
drawing conclusions about a population from the knowledge of the properties of a
smaller group which is deemed representative of the population.
● Descriptive statistics refers to the process that is used in presenting describing data.
● Inferential statistics refers to the process of making inferences about a large group,
called population, based on observations of a smaller group which is deemed
representative of the population called a sample.
● A population consists of all the subjects (people, objects, events) that are being studied.
A sample refers to a group of subjects selected from a population of interest.
● The numerical value that describes the characteristics of a population is called a
parameter. Any quantity obtained from a sample is called a sample statistic or simply
statistic.
● A variable is the thing that we measure, control, or manipulate in research. It is a
characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
● Continuous variables are variables that take any value within a defined range of values.
On the other hand, discrete variables are variables that take countable values only.
● Independent variables are those that are manipulated whereas dependent variables are
only measured or registered.
● Measurement is the systematic assignment of a number of ideas, events, or objects.
● A variate is a value (measure or observation) that a variate can assume.
● A datum (plural, data) constitutes the set of information gathered from elements under
investigation.
● Data at the nominal level are only qualitative classification. Data are classified into
non-overlapping exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed.
● Data at the ordinal level include variables that can be ranked or ordered in terms of
which has less and which has more of the quality represented by the variable.
● Data at the interval level take all the properties of ordinal variables and can be quantified
and compared. Interval variables have arbitrary zero values.
● Data at the ratio level take all the properties of interval level with an identifiable absolute
zero point. Measurements of heights, weights, and ages appropriately use the ratio
scale.

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