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DOMAIN 1
Advanced Science & Mathematics

Rajasekhar Reddy
Sensitivity: Unclassified

Percentage of Course Completion

Week 5

Week 4

D4 (26)
Week 3
= 14.69 (26)
D6 (21)
Total = 100 %
= 12.05 (21)
Q = 175
Total = 85 %
D5 (19), D1 (17)
Week 2 = 10.59+ 9.95 Q = 149
= 20.54 (36)
Total = 73%
D7 (13), D8(18) & Q= 128
D9 (13) = 7.38 +
Week 1 10.18 + 7.33 =
24.89 (44)
D2 (23) & Total= 53 %
D3(25)
= 13.34 +14.49 Q= 92
= 27.83 (48) We are here
Total= 28 %
Q= 48
Sensitivity: Unclassified

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Objective
Math Review

Statistics for Safety Professionals

Normal Spare man
Reliability,
Distribution, Rank Co
Mean, Median, Coefficient of % Error, Probability of
Standard Efficient, T- Permutation &
Mode, Range & determination Cumulative failure &
Deviation & Test, Chi Combinations
Variance & Determinate Error System
Correlation Square & Z-
Reliability
coefficient Score

Engineering Mechanics
Sensitivity: Unclassified

Math Review
PEMDAS: Parentheses
“Please Excuse My Dear
Aunt Sally”
Simply put, PEMDAS
identifies the order of
operations listed below:
• 1. Parentheses
• 2. Exponents
• 3. Multiplication
• 4. Division
• 5. Addition
• 6. Subtraction

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Basic Rules & Exponents

Exponent

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Engineering Notations

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Absolute Values & Logarithms

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Other formulae
• Factorials
It simply means to multiply from 1 to the
product in the factors.
6! = 1x2x3x4x5x6
• Note: For many reasons 0! is always 1.
You should commit this to memory when
working with factorials.

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Calculating sling loads

• we have an object weighing 1,200 pounds supported by two slings at 30° angles We
divide the weight by the number of slings (2), which is 600 lbs. Now we have the
weight at side a (the opposite). We also know the angle is 30°.

UNITS in Degrees

UNITS in Pounds
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Statistics for Safety Professionals

Mean Median
• The mean is also referred to as the “average” or • The median is the middle value in the
arithmetic mean. list of data.
• The mean is often quoted along with the standard • For example, given the data set {1, 2,
deviation
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, what is the median?
• The mean is represented by the Greek letter (μ), The median would lie between 4 and
5, therefore add 4 + 5 = 9, then divide
9 by 2, giving a product of 4.5

Mode
• The mode of a data sample is the
variable that occurs most often in the
collection.
• For example, the mode of the sample
{1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 12, 12, 17} is 6,
• since it occurs 4 times.
• To find the median, your numbers
have to be listed in numerical order, so
you may have to rewrite your list first.

Sensitivity: Unclassified
• Note: Mean, Mode, and Median are all measures of central tendency.

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Variance & Standard Deviation

Variance
• The variance can be described as the degree to
which the variables in the data set are spread out.
• To determine the variance from the mean, we
would calculate each data point and the mean of
the data set.
S=
Standard
Deviation
• For example, let us assume that you are the corporate
safety manager for a corporation having six different
and distinct locations. The information , shows the
number of near misses for the previous year. 6.75
or
• To utilize this data in a meaningful way, we cannot  
45.56
simply add the spread and divide by the number of
points. By doing this the positive and negative numbers
would simply cancel each other out and be equal to or
near zero. when you are taking data from a sample of the

Sensitivity: Unclassified
• The variance is represented by the Greek symbol σ 2 data, you should use N-1

Normal Distribution Curve

Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a probability distribution that is
symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data
far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve.

SD-1
SD-2
SD-3
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Correlation Coefficient

• + Ve ‘1’ = Same Direction

• - Ve ‘1’ = Opposite Direction
• “0” = Less related &
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More Random Their movement is.

USE Fx-300ms Variance & Correlation coefficient.

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Spearman Rank Coefficient of correction

One method of testing a hypothesis of a correlation between variables is to use the
Spearman rank coefficient.

• As the corporate safety manager you have five companies in your organization. It is your
belief that there is a direct correlation between the safety audit scores and the injury rates.
Given the following data, calculate the Spearman rank coefficient of correlation

The distance from 1 implies

the correlation between the
two variables, either a
weak or a strong
correlation.

If the number is positive it

may indicate a stronger
correlation, whereas a
negative number may imply
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a weaker correlation.

t-Test for Comparing Mean ( max. sample up to 30)

The t-test is used to calculate the significance Mean – True mean
of observed differences between the means of
Standard Deviation
two samples.

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Chi-Square (χ 2) Statistic
2
The chi-square (χ 2 ) statistic is useful in comparing
observed distributions to theoretical ones.

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Z-Score
• a standard score indicates how many standard deviations an
observation or datum is above or below the mean.
• The standard deviation is the unit of measurement of the z-score.
• It allows comparison of observations from different normal
distributions, which is done frequently in research.
• Standard scores are also called z-values, z-scores, normal scores, and
standardized variables; the use of “Z” is because the normal distribution
is also known as the “Z distribution.”
• The z-score is only defined if one knows the population parameters, as
in standardized testing.

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Permutations
Permutation: A group of data or items From the scenario, you have ten
where an order does matter. numbers to choose from (0, 1, 2, … , 9)
• For example, the numbers to a and of these ten numbers you are
combination lock are 5-8-6, which is actually choosing three of them (5-8-6).
not the same as 8-6-5.
How many permutations can be present
• Note: If the order doesn’t matter, it is in this scenario?
a combination. If the order matters,
it is a permutation.
• Permutations with Repetition
3
• Permutations without Repetition

Where
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Combinations
Combination: A group of data or • There are 10 plants in a corporation. Of these
items where an order doesn’t 10 plants four of them are to be picked, at
matter. random, (order does not matter), to be issued
• example, your meal consists of new safety equipment for evaluation. How
chicken, salad, bread, and many different combinations of plant
vegetable. Bread, Salad, representation are possible to receive the
vegetable, and chicken is still safety equipment?
your meal. In other words, no
matter what order you place
the items in, it is still the
original meal.

Sensitivity: Unclassified

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Reliability
Component Reliability An inline valve has a failure rate of 2 × 10-6
• is the ability of a system failures/h, what is it reliability in an
or component to operation period of 5,000 h?
perform its required
functions under stated
conditions for a specified
period of time. It is often
reported as a probability.
On the basis of the outcome of this
equation, the component has a failure
probability rate of .01 failures per 5,000 h.
Probability of Failure (Component)
• The probability that a component will fail
in a projected time, equal to 1 minus the
reliability of that time period.
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System Reliability
• Mechanical and electrical systems consist of numerous individual components.
• The reliability of the system depends on how the components are arranged and upon their
failure rates.
Series Reliability
• If the components are arranged in such a manner that if any individual component fails
then the entire system will fail, it is known as a series system
R(s)= R1 X R2 X………Rn
Parallel Reliability
• A system where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional is
known as a parallel system.
R(s) = 1- ((1-R1) X (1-R1) X (1-R1) X (1-R1) ……. (1-R1))
You are asked to calculate the reliability of a system with 6 individual components. The
reliability of the individual components is 0.98, 0.99, 0.98, 0.97, 0.97, and 0.98. What is the
system reliability?
R(system)= 0.98 X 0.99 X 0.98 X 0.97 X 0.97 X 0.98
= 0.88
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Probability of Failure (System)

Sensitivity: Unclassified

Engineering Mechanics
• Mechanics can be defined as the study of the relationships between motion, forces,
and energy.
Motion
Forces
Mechanics

Energy
Energy
• We will discuss two types of energy in this chapter, potential energy and kinetic
energy.
The laws of energy are
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy under normal conditions
cannot be created or destroyed, simply transformed from one type of energy to
another. (Also known as the Law of Conservation.)
• The second law of thermodynamics is a bit more complex than the first law, but
basically states that any time you do work, including any time you make an energy
transformation, some of the starting energy is going to be lost as heat.
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Kinetic Energy (K.E) (newton-N)

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
An object which has motion, whether
it be vertical or horizontal motion has
kinetic energy W = mg
• There are many forms of kinetic
energy, which include vibrational,
rotational, and translational (energy
due to motion from one location to
another). Mass always same

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Potential Energy (P.E) joules

Potential energy is the same as stored energy. Potential energy exists whenever
an object that has mass has a position within a force field
P.E. = mgh
• P.E. = potential energy (in Joules)
• m = mass of the object (in kilograms)
• g = gravitational acceleration of the earth
(9.8 m/s2)
• h = height above earth’s surface (in
meters)

In the example of the round object balanced

on the pyramid, imagine that the object
weighs 2.5 kg and is balanced at a height of 6
m above the earth’s surface. What is the
potential energy of the object?
• P.E. = (2.5 kg)(9.8 m/ s2)(6 m)
= 147 J
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Elastic Potential Energy

• is the energy stored in elastic materials • A force of 100 N/m2 is required to
as the result of their stretching or compress an automobile suspension
compressing. spring 0.45 m. Determine the potential
• Hooke’s Law, which states that if a energy of the spring.
spring is not stretched or compressed,
then there is no elastic potential
energy stored in it. The spring is said to
be at its equilibrium position.

Sensitivity: Unclassified

Force
• Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction
with another object.

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Force Calculations
Amount of Force Frictional Force
• The amount of force is calculated • All objects on earth have some type
using the following equation: of frictional force. The equation for
F = ma determining the frictional force F = μN
where: where:
• F = amount of force • F = frictional force (can also be written
• m = mass (kg) as F fric) (Newtons)
• a = acceleration (m/s2) • μ = coefficient of friction
• N = Newtons
Determine the amount of force of a
2,500-pound automobile with an Determine the frictional force that
acceleration rate of 20 m/s2 results from an object having a
1 kg = 2.2 pounds, coefficient of friction of 0.3 and 200 N.
kg = 2500/2.2 = 1136.4 kg
F = ma = 1136.4 X 20
F fric = 0.3 X 200N = 60 N
= 22723.7 N (kg. m/s2)
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Force at a Distance
• When a force acts upon an object, there is usually some
movement (displacement) of the object.
• The relationship between force and distance is that they
have a direct proportion relationship.
F1 D1 = F2 D2 F = force (Newtons) D = distance
A simple beam is balanced on a fulcrum at the center of the beam. If a 100-kg man walks a
distance of 2.3 m from the center and causes the beam to move upward 0.5 m at the opposite
end, How far will a 25-kg child have to walk to cause the beam to move upward at the opposite
end a distance of 0.5 m?
Step #1: Convert the weight of the man and child into Newton's, by using the
following equation:
N= 100 kg X 9.8 m/ s2 = 980
The force of the 100-kg man and assuming gravitational force of 9.8 m/s2 would be
980 N. For the child it would be 245 N. Therefore, we can now insert the data into our
equation, as follows:
980 N X (2.3m) = 245N X (D2), D2 = 9.2 m
• The 25-kg child would have to walk 9.2 m away from the center point of the beam to
move the beam upward at the opposite end 0.5 m.
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Momentum
• Momentum is a measure of the motion of a body equal to the product of its
mass and velocity.
ρ = mv
• where:
• ρ = momentum
• m = mass (in kg)
• v = velocity (m/s)

• An object weighing 76 kg rolls

down a hill at 8.2 m/s. Calculate
the momentum (which is down
hill).
ρ = 76 kg (8.2 m/ s) = 623 kg m/ s

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Work
• When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object,
it is said that work is done upon the object.
• There are three key ingredients to work—
• force,
• displacement, and
• cause.
W = Fs
• W = work done on or to a system (usually in Joules or N/m ) (1 J = 1 N × 1 m)
2

• F = amount of force (Newtons)

• s = distance (usually meters or feet)
Note: This equation is for a horizontal object with no angle.

• A box is sitting on the floor. A force of 250 N is applied horizontally to the side of the
box, and the box is moved horizontally 9 m. What is the amount of work done?
W = (250 N) X (9 m) = 2250J
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Work done at an angle.

• To determine the amount of work done on an object by a force applied at an
angle,
W = Fs . Cos 𝜽
• where:
• W = amount of work done on or to an object (J or N/m2)
• F = amount of force (Newtons)
• s = distance (usually meters or feet)
• 𝜃 = angle of force
A force acts 30° on an object at 400 N, as it is displaced rightward for 3 m. What is the
amount of work being done on the object? (Assume a 0.35 coefficient of friction.)
• Step #1: Determine the amount of force based on the friction coefficient of 0.35.
= Ffric 400 N(0.35) 140 N
• Step #2: Insert the data into the modified work equation, as follows:
= modified (140 N)(3 m)(cos30 ° )
= 420 N/m(0.8660)
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= 363.7 N

Newton’s Laws of Motion

• Newton’s first law of motion states, “A body continues to maintain its
state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external
unbalanced force.”
• The second law of motion (F = ma) states that the net force on an object
is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
• The third law of motion states, “To every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.”

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Velocity –V (m/s)
Velocity is defined • A dragster is traveling at 15 m/s then accelerates to 20
as the rate at m/s for 4s. How fast is the dragster traveling?
which an object = 15 m/ s + (20 m/ s )(4 s )
changes its = 15 m/ s (80 m)
position and is a = 95 m/ s
vector quantity. The velocity of the dragster is 95 m/s. Now convert this
𝜗 = 𝜗o + at velocity to miles per hour. We do this as follows:
𝜗 = velocity • Step #1: Convert meters/second to feet/second
𝜗o = original velocity 95 ft/s X 3.281ft /m = 311.7 ft/s
at the start of the • Step #2: Now convert feet/second to feet/mile
acceleration
a = acceleration 311.7 ft/s X 3,600 s/h = 5,280mile/ft = 212.5 mile/h
t = time (in seconds) • The dragster traveling at 95 m/s is equivalent to
traveling at 212.5 miles/h.

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Calculating Final Velocity

• An over-the-road truck driver working for your
company is traveling at 42 m/s when he notices that
the traffic light is red. The truck driver reduces his
speed at a rate of −9 m/s. He continues this
deceleration for 82 m before the light changes to
• 𝜗 = final velocity green and begins to accelerate. At the point of
acceleration, what is the velocity? We can calculate
• 𝜗o = initial velocity this velocity by inserting the known variables, as
follows:
• a = acceleration of the
object
(meters/second)
• s = displacement of
the object (change in
position—normally
described in distance
from original position.
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Calculating Displacement
• Displacement has • where your truck driver is approaching the traffic light at
been identified as a velocity of 42 m/s, when he notices the traffic light turn
change in position yellow. He immediately applies the brakes at a velocity of
−9.0 m/s and comes to a complete stop after 3 s. What is
of an object. the distance traveled (displacement) from the time he
applied the brakes until he comes to a complete stop?
Insert the data into the equation as follows:
• s = displacement of the
object (change in
position—normally
described in distance
from it’s original
position.
• 𝜗o = initial velocity
• t = time The distance traveled or displacement of the truck
• a = acceleration was 85.5 m.
UNITS are MORE IMP
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Practice Question-1

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Practice Question-2

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Practice Question-3

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Practice Question-4

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Practice Question-5

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Practice Question-6

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Practice Question-7

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Practice Question-8

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Practice Question-9

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Practice Question-10

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Ans
Sl.no Ans Sl.no Ans

1 C 11

2 C 12

3 C 13

4 C 14

5 B 15

6 D 16

7 A 17

8 B 18

9 B 19

10 C 20

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See u next Week – D6- OHS & Security

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