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19EE10076 Machinelab Expt1

This document contains a lab report submitted by Rohit Kumar (Roll: 19EE10076) for Electric Machines lab. The report includes: 1. Measurements and plots for a Scott connected transformer under balanced and unbalanced loads. 2. Circuit diagrams and plots of line voltages for different transformer vector groups (Yy0, Dd6, Yd1, Dy11). 3. Plots of line and phase currents for a Dy11 connected transformer with one phase of the load disconnected. 4. Discussions on transformer loading under open-delta connection, effect of isolated/connected neutral points, advantages of zig-zag connection, and identifying transformer terminals when markings are missing.

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66 views11 pages

19EE10076 Machinelab Expt1

This document contains a lab report submitted by Rohit Kumar (Roll: 19EE10076) for Electric Machines lab. The report includes: 1. Measurements and plots for a Scott connected transformer under balanced and unbalanced loads. 2. Circuit diagrams and plots of line voltages for different transformer vector groups (Yy0, Dd6, Yd1, Dy11). 3. Plots of line and phase currents for a Dy11 connected transformer with one phase of the load disconnected. 4. Discussions on transformer loading under open-delta connection, effect of isolated/connected neutral points, advantages of zig-zag connection, and identifying transformer terminals when markings are missing.

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Electric Machines

Lab Report 1

Name - Rohit Kumar


Roll - 19EE10076

Part A: Scott Connected Transformer

1 Circuit Diagram
2 Required Plots For a balanced load of 5 Ohm per phase
3 Required Plots For a Unbalanced load
L1: 5 Ohm
L2: 5 + 10j
L3: 15 + 10j
4 Note the following readings for 5 different combinations of
balanced and unbalanced loads.

Za Zb Zc IA IB IC VAB VBC VCA IR IS

5 5 5 25.23 25.43 24.74 221 216. 215.1 11.25 11.29


9

10 + 5j 10 + 5j 10 + 5j 11.26 11.22 11.1 218.9 215. 216.5 5.596 5.855


R=10 R=10 R=10 8
L = 16mH L = 16mH L = 16mH

5j 5j 5j 24.7 24.11 24.11 213.6 208 213.6 11.63 11.68


L = 16mH L = 16mH L = 16mH 4

10+5j 5+5j 5+15j 11.63 15.17 7.64 217.4 213.5 217.1 5.66 6.63
R=10 R=5 R=5
L = 16mH L = 16mH L = 48mH

5j 10j 15j 17.07 14.02 10.32 215.7 214. 216.4 8.34 5.74
2
Part B: Vector Group of Transformers
1 Circuit Diagram
1.1 Yy0

1.2 Dd6

1.3 Yd1
1.4 Dy11

2 Plot a line voltage of the HV side, and the corresponding line


voltage on the LV side for any 3 configurations (for 1 complete
cycle).
2.1 Yy0

2.2 Dd6
2.3 Yd1

2.4 Dy11

3. Consider a Dy11 connected three phase transformers, with the delta-


connected side interfaced with a three-phase supply, and the star-
connected side feeding a three-phase load of 3 kW. The neutral point of
the transformer is connected to the load neutral. Now, one phase of the
load is disconnected from the transformer. Plot the phase and line
currents on both sides of the transformer (for 1 complete cycle).
- Observed VLine = 380 V
Observed Vphase = 220V
Total Power = 3 KW
Since, required load R =
∗
R=
So, R = 48.4 Ohm

Line Current Of Delta Side


Phase Current of Y Side

Discussion Questions
1. A delta-delta connected transformer operates from a three-phase supply
and delivers power to a three-phase load. Now, if one of the transformers
fails, calculate the percentage of the rated load that the transformer can
supply without overloading the transformer.

 In delta-delta connection if one of the transformers fails, then it


becomes open-delta connection. Open-delta connection: A usually
temporary or emergency connection of a three-phase electrical circuit
in which one of the three transformers is omitted and its load carried
by the two transformers called also V-connection or open-delta
connection.
 Power output of T1: V* Iph * cos (30- φ)
 Power output of T1: V* Iph * cos (30 + φ)

 Total Power = P1 + P2
= √3 𝑉 𝐼𝑝ℎ cos φ

∆ ∆
 Power =
√

 Power = 0.577 𝑃∆ − ∆

So, 57.7% of the rated load that the transformer can supply without
overloading the transformer

2. A star-star connected transformer operates from a three-phase supply.


Consider a practical transformer design, with the transformer core having
nonlinear B-H characteristics. Now,
• If the supply neutral is isolated from the neutral point of the transformer,
comment on the phase voltage and magnetising current drawn by the
transformer.
 If the supply neutral is isolated from the transformer neutral, this
means that the neutral point of the star connected primary of the
transformer is floating.
This won’t affect the phase-voltage of the transformer as it will be
constant at the value that is provided from the supply. The current
drawn by the transformer will depend on the type of load. For a
balanced load the 3-phase current in the primary windings are
balanced and result in 0 on adding up at the neutral point. So, even is
the neutral is floating, the current for a balanced load will not change.

• If the supply neutral is connected to the neutral point of the transformer,


comment on the phase voltage and magnetising current drawn by the
transformer.
 Transformer neutral is not floating. Phase voltage should be what is
provided by the supply. The current in the primary will also not get
affected as any non-zero current at the neutral now has a path to flow
through the supply neutral and hence will follow Kirchhoff’s low.
3. What are the advantages of using a zig-zag connection of the transformer
winding?
 The advantages of zig-zig connection are-
a) Zig Zag connection of transformer is comparatively less costly than
Y- ∆ or Scott connection transformer.
b) Zig Zag transformer is a better solution for ground current isolation
purposes because it has less internal winding impedance going to the
ground than when using star type transformer.
c) There is no phase displacement between primary and secondary
circuits with this connection. This means ∆ − 𝑍𝑖𝑔𝑧𝑎𝑔 connection can be
used in the same manner as Y – Y or ∆ − ∆ connection without
introducing any phase shifts.
d) The Y-∆ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆ - Y connections carry 3rd harmonic through phase
voltage, which distorts the actual voltage from sinusoid. To avoid this,
zig zag connection is used which eliminates the 3rd harmonic in phase
voltage.

4. Terminal markings of a three-phase three limb transformer are missing.


How could you identify all the terminals (A1−A2, B1−B2, C1−C2, a1−a2,
b1−b2, and c1−c2) of the windings?
 Now, we have 3 windings on the primary side (A1−A2, B1−B2, C1−C2)
and 3 windings on the secondary side (a1−a2, b1−b2, and c1−c2).
We can now measure the resistance across each of the 6 windings using
a multi meter. We will see that 3 windings will have a lower resistance
compared to other 3 windings.
We take small resistance windings as the secondary side and high
resistance windings as primary side. So, we have 2 groups each with 3
windings.
Now, lets operate the transformers by connecting a 3-phase supply to
primary and a balanced load on the secondary.
Then, we take any one winding from primary group and name it A1-A2
terminals. Then we measure the voltage across this winding terminals
and then across all 3 secondary windings (terminals, the one with 0-
degree phase difference) with A1-A2 will be a1-a2. Similarly (B1-B2
and b1-b2) and (C1-C2 and c1-c2) groups can be identified.

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