Difference between signs and symptoms SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic in order to perform the steps

more easily.
Signs are details discovered by applying your senses - sight,
touch, hearing and smell during the course of the S-ymptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)
examination
A-llergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything) M-
Example: Bleeding, Swelling, Deformities edication (what are the medicines s/he is currently taking)

Symptoms are sensations that the victim feels or P-revious illness (that may be related to the problem)
experiences and may be able to describe.
L-ast meal (only for those subject for operation)
Example: Nausea, Vomiting, Heat, Impaired sensations
P-eriod of pain (How long? What started it?)
There are two ways to conduct physical examination when
giving first aid: E-vents prior to what happened

A-rea (Where is the pain coming from?)

1. Primary Survey: Primary survey of the victim is used when
the victim is unconscious and to find out and immediately I-ntensity
treat life-threatening conditions.
N-ullify (What stopped it?)
A. Check for Consciousness
B. Checking for Vital Signs
1. Ask the victim: "Hey, hey, are you okay?" while
carefully shaking the victim's shoulder. A. Pulse rate
2. When there is no response, not even mumbles or
Steps in checking the pulse:
groans, the victim is unconscious and in need of
immediate medical help. •Use your fingertips in getting the pulse. Follow the
following procedure:
B. Open the Airway
1. Place the finger tip over an artery where it either
1. The victim's unconsciousness maybe due to an
crosses a bone or lies close to the skin.
obstruction in his/her airway. It may also be caused
2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood
by a narrowed airway making breathing impossible.
causes the vessel wall to expand - that is the pulse.
2. Find out if there is loss of muscular control in the
throat area which allows the tongue to slip back and The pulse rate may be taken in different points in the body
block the throat. like:
3. Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if the
victim is an adult). This way you will be able to lift 1. Brachial 4. Temporal 7. Femoral
the tongue from the back of the throat, leaving the
2. Carotid 5. Subclavian
airway clear.
3. Wrist 6. Axillary
C. Check for Breathing
NO-NO in Getting Pulse Rate
1. Put your face near the victim's mouth and look, listen,
and feel for breathing. You should observe for: Chest  Never use your thumb; it has its own pulse.
movement, sound of breathing, or feel of breath on your  Do not palpate both the carotid arteries at the same
cheek time.
2. D. Check for Circulation  Do not take the pulse when the victim is in sitting
1. Locate pulse using your middle and index finger. position. Pulsations disappear as the victim is
Pulse indicates blood circulation, which is essential elevated to a sitting position.
for the heart and brain to function.  Never put too much pressure or massage the
2. Poor blood circulation may be reflected on the pale carotid.You may disturb the heart's electrical
color of the skin.This is fatal. conduction system.
3. To revive circulation, perform CPR immediately. NORMAL PULSE RATE
2. Secondary Survey 60-70 Men
Secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has 70-80 Women
revived. It aims to detect everything about the patient's
condition. 80-90 Children over 7 years old

A. History Taking 80-120 Children over 1-7 years old

110-130 Infants
B. Temperature No Reaction DEATH

Guidelines in checking temperature:

 It is important to monitor temperature in the case of 3. Chest

stroke and high fever.
 Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other
 Body temperature is measured by using a
thermometer within the: impairments.
1. Rectum (rectal)  If the victim feels pain while you apply pressure onto
2. Oral (mouth) his/her chest, there could be a rib fracture.
3. Axillary (armpit) 4. Abdomen
C. Respiration  Does the victim's abdomen hurt? Where is the pain
Guidelines in checking respiration: coming from? Is his/her abdomen tender?
 Did you feel any lumps? If yes, get immediate
 Count the number of breaths per minute. medical assistance.
 A whistle sound or wheeze and difficulty in  5. Back
breathing may mean an asthma attack.  Is there movement in the victim's lower extremities?
 A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing  Is there sensation in these parts? If the answer is
may mean that the tongue, mucous or something yes, do not move the victim. Immobilize him/her.
else is stuck in the throat and does not let enough
air to get through. Top Ten things to do in case of emergency

Between15-20 breaths per minute are normal for adults and 1. Shout for HELP!
older children; 40 breaths per minute are normal for babies. 2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the
D. Skin color nearest hospital or if simple cleansing and band aid
will do.
uidelines in checking skin color:
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim needs it,
 Skin color reflects the circulation of blood and the begin CPR right away. 5. Stop the bleeding, if there is
saturation of oxygen in the blood. any.
 The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner 6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor blood 7. Look for the medical alert tag in every victim.
circulation. 8. Seek trained medical assistance. 9. Never give
 A healthy skin is warm and pink because blood flows anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.
normally in the blood vessels. 10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.

C Head to Toe Examination *ALWAYS LOOK FOR A MEDICAL ALERT TAG IN EVERY
VICTIM.
1. Head and neck
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS AND RISK REDUCTION
 Are there any lacerations or contusions in the area?
 Is there a presence of blood in the victim's hair? If PHIVOLCS released an earthquake preparedness guide that
yes, immediately find out where it is coming from. tells us what to do before, during, and after an earthquake.
 Is there any fluid in the victim's nose, and ears? If so, BEFORE
the victim has a skull fracture.
The key to effective disaster prevention is planning
2. Eyes
 Determine whether the site is along an active fault
•Pay close attention to the pupils. and/or prone to liquefaction or landslide which may
cause damage to your house or building.
PUPIL APPEARANCE ASSESSMENT
 Be sure that proper structural design and
Detailed pupil State of shock engineering practice is followed when constructing a
house or building.
Very small pupil Poison or use of prohibited  Evaluate the structural soundness of buildings and
drugs important infrastructures; strengthen or retrofit if
Different size Head injury that requires found necessary.
immediate attention Prepare your place of work and residence for the event.
Small and bright Pupils are reactive
  Strap heavy furniture/cabinets to the wall to prevent  Do not use your telephone to call relatives and
sliding or toppling. friends. Disaster prevention authorities may need
 Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable the lines for emergency communications.
materials should be stored in the lowermost shelves  Do not use your car and drive around areas of
and secured firmly. damage. Rescue and relief operations need the road
 Make it a habit to turn off gas tanks when not in use. for mobility.

Familiarize yourself with your place of work and residence. Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake:

 Identify relatively strong parts of the building like  Don't enter partially damaged buildings, strong
door jambs, near elevator shafts, sturdy tables, aftershocks may cause these to collapse.
where you can take refuge during an earthquake.  Gather information and disaster prevention
 Leam to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms instructions from battery-operated radios.
and emergency exits. These should be accessible,  Obey public safety precautions.
conveniently located, and prominently marked.
Check your surrounding.
Most causes of injuries during earthquakes are from falling
objects.  Clean up chemical spills, toxic and flammable
materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events.
 Heavy materials should be kept in lower shelves. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled.
 Check the stability of hanging objects which may  Check your water and electrical lines for defects. If
break loose and fall during earthquakes. any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the
 Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival kit main valve or switch.
consisting of a battery-powered radio, flashlight,
If you must evacuate your residence, leave a message
first aid kit, potable water, candies, ready-to-eat
stating where you are going.
food, whistle, and dust mask.
Take with you your earthquake survival kit, which should
DURING
contain all necessary items for your protection and comfort.
If you are inside a structurally sound building, stay there!
Active Fault Line
 Protect your body from falling debris by bracing
As previously discussed, there are many active fault lines in
yourself in a doorway or by getting under a
the country. PHIVOLCS defines an active fault as a fault
sturdy desk or table.
which has moved within the last 10,000 years. This means
If you are outside, move to an open area.
that there is historical seismicity. The movement can be
 Get away from power lines, posts, walls and
shown by fault slips based on c rocks or soil of known age, or
other structures that may fall or collapse.
through displaced landforms. One of the most active faults
 Stay away from buildings with glass panes
that can trigger a strong earthquake is the West Valley Fault.
When driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road
displacement
and stop
 Do not attempt to cross bridges or overpasses Magnitude
which may have been damaged.
 If you are on a mountain or near a steep hillslope, An earthquake is measured by its magnitude and intensity.
move away from steep escarpments that may be The magnitude is a measure of the total energy released at
affected by landslides. the earthquake's point of origin which is below the earth's
 If you are along the shore and you feel a very strong surface. This is based on information derived from a
earthquake, it strong enough to make standing seismograph, the instrument that measures magnitude. The
difficult, it is always safest to assume that a tsunami Richter Magnitude Scale is used to measure the strength of
(giant sea waves) has been triggered. Run away from an earthquake.
the shore toward higher ground.
Table 2.1. Richter Magnitude Scale
AFTER
1.Not felt Detected only by sensitive seismographs under
If you are inside an old structure, take the fastest and favorable conditions
safest way out!
2.Hardly perceptive. Detected by seismographs
 Do not rush to the exit, get out calmly in an orderly
3."Very feeble. Felt only near the epicenter
manner.
 Do not use elevators, use the stairs. 4."Feeble Generally felt, but don't usually cause any damage
 Check yourself and others for injuries.
5."Moderate" earthquake. May cause local damages
Unless you need emergency help:
6."Strong earthquake. Usually causes local damages
7."Major earthquake. Causes considerable widespread epicenter. Fissures and fault rapture may be observed. Trees
damages; Maybe accompanied by surface rupture and are violently shaken. Water splashes or slaps over dikes or
tsunami banks of rivers.

8."Great" earthquake. Potentially devastating IX.Devastating - People are forcibly thrown to the ground.
Many cry and shake with fear.Most buildings are totally
9.Rare earthquake. Only 5 recorded since 1900 damaged. Bridges and elevated concrete structures are
Intensity The intensity is the perceived strength of an toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers, and
earthquake based on relative effect to people and structures monuments are tilted, toppled, or broken.. The ground is
the earth's Generally, the nearer the area to the epicenter, distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken very violently
the higher the intensity in that area. with some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly
thrown out. River water splashes violently or slops over
Table 2.2. Earthquake Intensity Scale dikes and banks.

I.Scarcely Perceptible - Perceptible to people under X.Completely Devastating - Practically all man-made
favorable circumstances. Delicately balanced objects are structures are destroyed. Massive landslides and
disturbed slightly. Still water in containers oscillates slowly. liquefaction, large-scale subsidence and uplifting of land
forms, and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in
II. Slightly Felt - Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
river courses and destructive switches in large lakes occur.
Hanging objects swing slightly. Still water in containers
Many trees are toppled, broken, and uprooted.
oscillates noticeably.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
III.Weak-Felt by many people indoors especially in upper
floors of buildings. Vibration is felt like the passing of a light Ground Shaking - Ground shaking is caused by the passage
truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some of seismic waves beneath structures. As a result, these
people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in structures may tilt, split, topple, or collapse. Ground shaking
containers oscillates moderately. is affected by how huge the earthquake is, what type of
ground the earthquake waves travel through, and how far it
IV.Moderately Strong - Felt generally by people indoors and
is from the earthquake source. Initially, the first set of waves
by some people outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened.
is the P-waves or primary waves that cause the surface to
Vibration is felt like the passing of a heavy truck. Hanging
roll up and down. While everything is lifted up and down,
objects swing considerably. Dinner plates, glasses, windows,
many structures can this kind of shaking. The more
and doors rattle.
destructive S-waves or secondary waves make everything
V.Strong - Generally felt by most people indoors and rotate as in a spinning wheel. This is the movement that
outdoors. Many sleeping people are awakened. Some are causes trees and buildings to sway violently from side to side
frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking (Cramer, 1991).
felt throughout buildings.
Ground Rupture - Ground rupture is the displacement of
VI. Very Strong - Many people are frightened; many run the ground due to the violent shaking of the surface.
outdoors. Some people lose their balance. Motorists feel like Vertical displacement occurs when one side of the ground
driving in flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may goes up or down or both sides moved with one side going up
be shifted. Small church bells may ring, Wall plaster may and the other going down. Horizontal displacement happens
crack. Very old or poorly-built houses and man-made when there is a lateral movement from side to side, one side
structures are slightly damaged though well-built structures goes to the left or right. or both move sideways in different
are not affected. directions.

VII.Destructive - Most people are frightened and run Ground rupture can cause a building to collapse if it stands
outdoors. People find it difficult to stand in upper floors. right above it. Roads can be divided if the rupture follows
Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple. Big church their path. It can also displace the pattern of rice fields
bells may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer destroying the irrigation system.
considerable damage. Some well-built structures are slightly
Liquefaction - Liquefaction takes place when there is an
damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds,
increase in water pressure in saturated soils because of
road surface, or concrete hollow block walls.
ground shaking, Sand deposits become more compact and
VIII. Very Destructive - People are panicky People find it water is squeezed towards the surface which creates a
difficult to stand even outdoors. Many well-built buildings condition similar to quick sand. This decreases the ability of
are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and foundations the ground to support structures above it. Water-saturated,
of bridges are destroyed by ground settling or toppling. low-lying areas and those with loose sand or silt deposits are
Railway tracks are bent or broken. Numerous landslides and prone to this hazard. During the 1990 earthquake in Central
rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are Luzon, several buildings in Dagupan City collapsed because
thrown out from their positions particularly near the of liquefaction. The city is near the coast (DOST-PHIVOLCS,
n.d.).
Ground Subsidence - Ground subsidence or the lowering of The initiative of the government to incorporate disaster
the land surface occurs for many reasons, such as the educationist he K to 12curriculumisalsoanactofenabling the
extraction of ground water and natural gas, mining, and youth to be disaster-prepared, thus lessening the risk of
earthquakes. As shown in the liquefaction process, the loose disasters.
deposits of soil can be compacted by the ground shaking,
causing the ground to subside. When this happens, the Risk Factors Underlying Disaster
structures on the surface can tilt or collapse due to the The Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies,
weakened foundation. a non-governmental organization (NGOVOICE) and an active
humanitarian aid worldwide, assists European Organizations
1. Tsunami - Tsunami is a series of large waves
resulting from the disturbance of sea water in times of disasters. The organization identified some
underlying factors which increase disaster, and are needed
commonly due to an earthquake. The height of the
waves could reach five meters or higher. The force to be addressed in order to reduce overall risk. These
include:
of some tsunamis can be enormous as large rocks,
boats, and other debris can be moved inland and 1. Environmental problems such as:
hurt or kill people. Depending on the topography,
tsunamis can move from tens to hundreds of meters a. Declining ecosystems
to a few kilometers inland. It can also travel up rivers
This pertains to environmental degradation due to the
and streams from oceans.
exploitation of our natural resources like rivers and
A tsunami can be near-field or far-field. Near-field or local mountains. Some disastrous events in the country like flash
tsunamis can reach the shoreline within minutes. On the floods are believed to have been caused by our declining
other hand, it can take several hours for far-field or distant ecosystem.
tsunamis to do the same as they may be generated from
“REVIEWER FOR DRRR”
other countries. Signs of an approaching local tsunami
include a felt earthquake, extreme lowering of sea level,
noticeable rise and fall of coastal water, and the rumbling
sound of approaching waves (DOST-PHIVOLCS, n.d.). Disaster- pertain to anything that is either expected or
unexpected, but is considered to be distressing. It is an event
Hazard + Exposure + Vulnerability Disaster Risk that brings about considerable damage and disruption to
life, property, and environment.
As defined above, disaster risk has a direct relationship with
hazards, exposure and vulnerability, with all three
combined. This means that as hazard or exposure or
vulnerability increases disaster risk also increases. Classified into 2 types:

Exposure is another variable to disaster risk as stated by the 1. Natural Disaster- results from a single environmental
simplified formula above. This means that a person or phenomenon or a combination of different natural
property exposed to disaster likewise increases disaster risk. phenomenon. It may not only be the result of environment,
For instance, those who are living near active volcanoes are it may also be the result of some human activities like illegal
exposed elements during volcanic eruption and those who logging and mining. Natural disasters result to devastating
are living at shorelines are exposed elements to tsunami. effects in areas where there are numerous people who may
be affected. Example: earthquake, hurricane, floods.
Reducing Disaster Risk

Below are the recommended measures to reduce disaster

risk: Top 10 deadliest natural disaster in the Philippines:

1. Lessen the rate of vulnerability by empowering 1. Moro Gulf Tsunami

people in disaster risk reduction.
Date of occurrence: August 16, 1976
2. Keep exposure away from hazard by relocating
people and property. Place most devastated: Southern island of Mindanao
3. Develop disaster preparedness. The conduct of drills
like fire drills, earthquake drills, and other Number of casualties: 5,000-8,000 people
emergency drills may help mitigate the effect of
2. Tropical Storm Thelma
disasters through enhanced preparation of the
vulnerable community. Date of occurrence: November 15, 1991
4. Empower the people. This is possible through
conducting information drive and seminars to Place most devastated:Central City of Ormoc, Leyte
communities which are exposed to disasters.
Number of casualties: more than 5,100 people

3. Typhoon Bopha
 Date of occurrence: December 3, 212

Most devastated place: main southern island of Mindanao HAZARD + EXPOSURE + VULNERABILITY= DISASTER RISK
(this means that a hazard or exposure or vulnerability
Number of casualties: about 1,900 people dead or missing increases, disaster risk also increases. A person or property
4. July 16 Earthquake exposed to disaster likewise increases disaster risk.)

Date of occurrence: July 16, 1990 Disaster Risk- the probability that a community’s structure
or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the
Place most devastated: Baguio City impact of a particular hazard, on account of its nature,
construction and proximity to a hazardous area.
Number of casualties: 1, 621 people

5. Typhoon Ike
Vulnerability- is the inability to resist a hazard or to respond
Date of occurrence: August 31, 1984
when a disaster has occurred.
Place most devastated: Central island of the Philippines
Hazard- is an event that has potential for causing injury/loss
Number of casualties: 1,362 people of life or damage to property/environment. It is a threat to
human.
6. Eruption of Taal Volcano
Risk- the probability of a hazard event causing harmful
Date of occurrence: January 30, 1911 consequences.

Place most devastated: Batangas

Number of casualties: 1,300 people REDUCING DISASTER RISK:

7. Eruption of Mayon Volcano 1. Lessen the rate of vulnerability by empowering people in

disaster risk reduction.
Date of occurrence: February 1, 1814
2. Keep exposure away from hazard by relocating people
Place most devastated: Albay
and property.
Number of casualties: 1, 200 people
3. Develop disaster preparedness. The conduct of drills like
8. Guinasaugon Landslide fire drill, earthquake drills, and other emergency drills may
help mitigate the effect of disaster through preparation of
Date of occurrence: February 17, 2006 the vulnerable community.

Place most devastated: Guinasaugon , central island of 4. Empower the people. This possible through conducting
Leyte information drive and seminars to community which are
exposed to disasters.
Number of casualties: 1, 126 people

9. Typhoon Washi
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER
Date of occurrence: December 16, 2011
1. Environmental Problems such as:
Place most devastated: Northern part of Mindanao island
A. Declining ecosystems- this pertains to environmental
Number of casualties: Almost 1,080 people dead
degradation due to the exploitation of our natural
10. Typhoon Trix resources like rivers and mountains.

Date of occurrence: October 16, 1952 B. Social- may pertain to apathy of the people towards
disaster preparedness.
Place most devastated: Bicol region
C. Economic Vulnerabilities- lack of financial capability of
Number of casualties: 995 people the concerned authorities to fund disaster information
drive or the cost- effective thinking of builder makes them
2. Man-made Disaster- are stressful event caused directly
susceptible to disasters.
and primarily by human action. It is also called human made
or human caused disaster. Example: airplane crashes, major D. Climate change- also known as the change in the
chemical leaks, terrorists attacks, wars, nuclear reactor pattern of weather for an extended period of time.
accidents, etc.
2. Human Factor such as:
 A. Unplanned Urbanization- this is believed to be a threat 2. Observant- notices all signs.
to ecological balance and may cause severe flooding in the
3. Resourceful- makes the best use of things at hand.
city or municipality. Migration is seen as one of the factors
od unplanned urbanization. 4. Tactful-does not frighten the victim.
B. Under-development/Poverty- due to poverty, people 5. Sympathetic- comforts and reassure the victim.
become more vulnerable to disaster which the risk factor
underlying disasters, when they build homes along rivers
and other waterways or in the dumpsite making them
Principles of first aid:
more prone to diseases, which is also kind of disaster.
(DOs in giving first aid)

1. Do stay calm.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER ON ONE’S LIFE
2. Do reassure and comfort the victim
1. Psychological Effects of Disaster- when a person lives
through a disaster, physical, mental, and emotional health 3. Do check for a medical bracelet indicating a condition,
can be disturbed. Sign and symptoms of psychological such as epilepsy or diabetes.
effects of disaster: fear, shock, grief, irritability.
4. Do loosen any tight clothing.
2. Emotional Effects of Disaster- may be shown through th
acts of victims/survivors or though the words they utter. 5. Do keep the victim covered to reduce shock.

3. Physical Effects of Disaster (DON’TS in giving first aid)

4. Social Effects of Disasters- may be displayed by children 1. Don’t give food and drink to any unconscious person.
or even adolescents.
2. Don’t move an injured person unless you need to place
5. Economic Effects of Disasters him/her in the recovery position.

First Aid- is an immediate and temporary care given to a Difference between signs and symptoms
person who suddenly gets ills or injured. It includes self-help
*Signs- are discovered by applying your five senses-sight,
and home care if medical assistance is not available or
touch, hearing, and smell during the course of the
delayed.
examination. Example : bleeding, swelling, deformities

*Symptoms- are sensations that the victims feels or

Roles of first aid: experiences and may be able to describe. Example: nausea,
vomiting, heat, impaired sensations
1. It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and
the physician.

2. It is not intended to compete with or to take the place of Two ways to conduct physical examination when giving
the services of the physician. first aid:

3. It ends when the services of the physician begins. 1. Primary survey- it is used when the victim is unconscious
and to find out and immediately treat life-threatening
conditions.
Objectives of first aid: A. Check for consciousness
1. To save lives *Ask the victim if he/she’s okay while carefully shaking
the victim’s shoulder.
2. To prolong life
*When there is no response, not even symbols or
3. To alleviate suffering
groans, the victim is unconscious and in need of
4. To prevent further injury immediate medical help.

5. To promote recovery B. Open the airway

C. Check for breathing

Characteristics of a good first aider: D. Check your circulation

1. Gentle- does not cause pain and panic.

2. Secondary Survey- is used when the victim’s is conscious
or has revived. It aims to detect everything about the
patient’s condition.

A. History Taking- SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic in order

to perform the steps more easily.

S-ymptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)

A-llergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything)

M-edication (what are the medicines s/he is taking

currently?)

P-revious illness (that may be related to the problem)

L-ast meal (only for those subject for operation)

E-vents prior to what happened

P-eriod of pain (How long? What started it?)

A-rea (where is the pain coming from?)

I-ntensity

N-ullify (what stopped it)

B. Checking for vital signs

*Pulse rate, temperature, respiration, skin color

C. Head to toe examination

*head and neck, eyes, chest, abdomen, and back.

Ten things to do in case of emergency:

1. Shout for HELP!

2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.

3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the nearest

hospital or if simple cleansing and band aid will do.

4. If you are certified in CPR, and a CPR need it, begin CPR
right away.

5. Stop the bleeding, if there is any.

6. Treat any symptoms of shock

7. Lock for the medical alert tag in every victim

8. Seek trained medical assistance

9. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim

10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.