Computer Networking theory 2020F-BCS-068 Assignment no.

COMPUTER NETWORKING THEORY

ASSIGNMENT # 01

Q#1: What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different
types of end systems. Is a Web server an end system?

ANSWER:

The terms "host" and "end system" can be used interchangeably as there is no such
distinction. Web servers are an example of end systems other examples of end systems are:

 Personal Computers (PCs)

 Workstations
 Web servers
 mail servers
 Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs)
 Internet-connected game consoles, etc.

Q#2: The word protocol is often used to describe diplomatic relations. How does
Wikipedia describe diplomatic protocol?

ANSWER:

Wikipedia commonly describes Diplomatic protocol as a set of international courtesy rules.

These well-established and time-honored rules have made it easier for nations and people
to live and work together. Part of protocol has always been the acknowledgment of the
hierarchical standing of all present. Civility is the foundation of protocol regulations.

Q#3: Why are standards important for protocols?

ANSWER:

Standards form the fundamental building blocks for product development by establishing
consistent protocols that can be universally understood and adopted. The development of
interoperable networking systems and goods depends on standards for protocols.

Page | 1
Computer Networking theory 2020F-BCS-068 Assignment no.1

Q#4: List the available residential access technologies in your city. For each type of access,
provide the advertised downstream rate, upstream rate, and monthly price.

ANSWER: The available residential access technologies in city mainly as:

ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES RANGE OF TRANSMISSION BANDWIDTH

DIAL-UP MODEMS up to 56 Kbps bandwidth is dedicated

ADSL up to 24 Mbps downstream bandwidth is dedicated;

and 2.5 Mbps upstream,

HFC rates up to 42.8 Mbps and bandwidth is shared.

upstream rates of up to 30.7
Mbps
FTTH 2-10Mbps upload; 10-20 bandwidth is not shared.
Mbps download

Q#5: Suppose there is exactly one packet switch between a sending host and a receiving
host. The transmission rates between the sending host and the switch and between the
switch and the receiving host are R1 and R2, respectively. Assuming that the switch uses
store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total end-to-end delay to send a packet of
length L? (Ignore queuing, propagation delay, and processing delay.)

ANSWER: The sender host starts transmitting at time t0. The sending host completes
transmission at time t1 which is given by

t1 = L/R1
The router receives the entire packet at that point (no propagation delay). The router can
start transmitting the packet to the receiving host at time t1 since it has the whole packet at
that moment. The router completes transmission at time t2 which is given by:

t2 = t1 + L/R2
The entire packet is received by the receiving host (again, no propagation delay). The end-
to-end delay as a result is given by:

L/R1 + L/R2.

Page | 2
Computer Networking theory 2020F-BCS-068 Assignment no.1

Q#6: What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched

network? What advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network?

ANSWER:

ADVANTAGES OF A CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORK OVER A PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORK:

 Circuit switched network is used for voice/video calls, but a packet-switched network
is not possible do this.
 Circuit switched network's bandwidth is limited, but the packet-switched network's
bandwidth is not limited. So, packet transfer is time taken in packet-switched
network.

ADVANTAGES OF TDM HAVE OVER FDM IN A CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORK:

 TDM means Time Division Multiplexing. FDM means Frequency Division

Multiplexing.
 In TDM, same frequencey operate all connections, but In FDM, different frequencies
opearate all connections.
 FDM requires sophisticated analog hardware to shift signal into appropriate
frequency bands.

Q#7: Consider sending a packet from a source host to a destination host over a fixed
route. List the delay components in the end-to-end delay. Which of these delays are
constant and which are variable?

ANSWER:
Following is the list of delay components in the end-to-end delay:

 Processing delay
 Transmission delay
 Propagation delay
 Queuing delay.

The processing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay are constant. The reason is
that, time is taken to transmit data bits.
The waiting time is dependent on packet size and only one packet can be transferred at a
time in the queue process.

Page | 3
Computer Networking theory 2020F-BCS-068 Assignment no.1

Q#8: How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of
distance 2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5 · 108 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps? More
generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance d,
propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps? Does this delay depend on packet
length? Does this delay depend on transmission rate?

ANSWER:
DATA:
length of packet(L) =1,000 bytes=8000bits
transmission rate(R)= 2 Mbps=2,000,000 bps
propagation speed(S)= 2.5 x 108 m/s
link distance(d)= 2,500 km= 2500000m

CALCULATIONS:
Transmission delay = L/R
= 8,000 bits / 2,000,000 bps
= 4 milliseconds

Propagation delay = d/s

= 2500000/ 2.5×108
= 10 milliseconds

Total time = 4ms + 10 ms = 14 milliseconds

RESULT:
 Therefore, the total time = 4ms + 10 ms = 14 milliseconds
 The delay does not depend on packet length.
 The delay does not depend on the transmission.

Page | 4
Computer Networking theory 2020F-BCS-068 Assignment no.1

Q#9: Suppose end system A wants to send a large file to end system B. At a very high
level, describe how end system A creates packets from the file. When HOMEWORK
PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS 69one of these packets arrives to a packet switch, what
information in the packet does the switch use to determine the link onto which the packet
is forwarded? Why is packet switching in the Internet analogous to driving from one city
to another and asking directions along the way?

ANSWER:

An end system A first separates a file into chunks before sending it to an end system B.It
then assigns a header to each chunk creating a packet. Each packet contains the address of
the destination in its header. Thus, multiple packets are generated from the file.

When a packet reaches the packet switch, the switch uses the destination address that is in
the header to know on to which link the packet has to be forwarded.

Each packet's header includes the destination address. The destination address on the
packet's header indicates which outbound link it should be sent to when it arrives. It's like
asking which path to go down while driving from one city to another.

Q#10: What are the five layers in the Internet protocol stack? What are the principal
responsibilities of each of these layers?

ANSWER: The following are the five layers in the Internet protocol stack:

1. Application layer
2. Transport layer
3. Network layer
4. Data link layer
5. Physical layer.

Principal responsibilities:

Application layer: HTTP, SMTP, and FTP protocols

are used in application layer. it is used to send data over multiple end systems.

Transport layer: Transfer the content between two endpoints mainly. TCP and UDP
protocols are used in transport layer.

Network layer: Move the packets between any two hosts in the network. IP protocol is
used in network layer.

Data link layer: Move the packets from one node to the next another node. Point-to-point
protocol (ppp) used in data link layer.

Physical layer: Transfer the individual bits from one node to the next node with in the
frame.

Page | 5