ERS! F NATAI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DNCV2DE2 DESIGN SYLLABUS (STEEL SECTION) 1. STEEL TYPES ) ) REF HANDBOOK 2. STEEL SECTIONS ) 3. FASTENERS (BOLTS & WELDS) 4. CONNECTIONS 5. TENSION MEMBERS oe 6. COMPRESSION MEMBERS 7. BENDING MEMBERSsl STRUCTURAL STEEL. INTRODUCTION. Steel is one of the most important structural materials. The main reasons .. for its importance are as follows :~ i) The raw materials are readily available, hence the product is abundant and reasonably priced. ii) It is a material with high strength in all stress conditions and has é fairly high strength/mass ratio. f iii) It has uniformly good quality and strength in all directions. = iv) It has a high modulus of elasticity. Mes woe v) Manufacture and machining can be to fine tolerances and any shape. vi) Large variety of standard sections available. -hi..".0~ F vii) The composition can be varied to suit a particular application. It is not difficult to make efficient joints. Well-made welded joints are not unsightly. COMPOSITION. Chemically, steel may be defined as an alloy of iron and carbon. Other | elements are introduced in varying amounts depending on the properties desired. C There are two main types of steel :~ a) Garbon steel - properties mainly due to carbon content. [ b) Alloy steel - has distinctive properties due to addition of certain element or elements in addition to carbon. In structural steel the most important elements are iron, carbon and - manganese. An increase of carbon and/or manganese increases the tensile | strength but also reduces ductility (i.e. makes steel more brittle), so the content of these two elements is limited to about 0,3% Carbon and 1,5% Manganese.i SECTIONS AVATLABLE: Generally made by hot-rolling between rollers >= ~ eng: Angle section. fhe FiesT eorees ~~ —~ Red-hot plate passes through several sets of rollers which in stages, press the metal into the final desired shape. SHAPES: yy iy PLaTé Aare CHANNEL wee I-eeam (Joist) a) epixe oma CE) Lie OF SST) "1 edveseic sem uid coum crcune note — SoUARE of nucrmne ~ (U8) (ue) Bection (tose) HoLLow Secrion (sTRUETVE AL RoLLow SECTIONS sus.) — J 2 cous roemed secrions. mie eee ca berets on eee a ceae) beams" (R.S.J's) which have tapered flanges were for many years hu the most widely used beam section. b) "Universal beams" (U.B's) or "I-sections, parallel flange" have F almost constant thickness flanges which give greater I, and I, than equivalent R.S.J's for the same depth and éross-sectional area. They are therefore more economical to use than R,S.J's. (U.c's) or "H-sections parallel flange” are ¢) "Universal column: similar to UB's but squatter, often square proportions to give high I about both axes. @) "Tees" are not rolled in South Africa. They are obtained by cutting a-U.B. or U.C. in half on the x-axis, and are often used for top and bottom chord members for trusses and lattice girders.83 - ©) Deeper beam sections can be obtained by castellating joists, U.B's or U.C's i= Standerd section (0] Cestelta member (6) - — SES ele \¥ = Signe ane) es TRO ARK \ Line of cut i snd costeltetion — -weld i £) Plate thicknesses :- = Thicknesses (mm): r 45 5 6 8 10 12 S# 16 H& 20 = a 25 Be 30 BA 35 Be 40 45 50 i '55 to 90 in increments of 5 L 100 to 150 in increments of 10 [ ( - Non-preferred sizes. g) Length - Most sections uswally available up to 13 m length. a h) Sectional properties of all the above sections are given i = various handbooks and manualsee & naval Cel Uacdonnse He Poccinee fre, pas | | s| ty 2| t 1 (b) Welded girder, 9 | Jo Lays (c) Hot-rolled channel (d) Hot-rolled angle co tt ES 7 : (e) Rectangular hollow section (f) Round hollow section [| f Org 10117/7€ {g) Cold-formed section example: lipped zed) Fig. 1 - Symbols for Dimensions of Sections (see 2.2.1lal)Fics Sy a oteblee SABS 0162-1:1992 8 eter Ve Bolts 22.5 Minimum pitch Fastnes S ‘The minimum distance between centres of bott holes should not be less than 3 times the bolt diameter ‘and shall in no case be less than 2,7 times the bolt diameter. 22.6 Minimum edge distance ‘The distance from the centre of a bott hole to any edge shall be not less than the applicable value given in table 6. Table 6 — Minimum edge distance for bolt holes 1 2 3 pons Minimum edge distance La At sheared sdgee At rolled, sawn or gas-cut edges 1210.36 184 tad over 36 1s 1254 NOTES 1 dis the dameter of the bol. 2 Gas-cut edges shall be smooth and fr from notches. Edge distances in column 3 may be decreased by 3 mm when the hola is at a point where calculated stress under ultimate loads ie not more than 0.3 mes the yield stross, 22.7 Maximum edge distance The distance from the centre of any bott hole to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be not more than 12 times the thickness of the outside connected part, nor shall it be more than 150 mm, 22.8 Minimum end distance In the connection of tension members having more than two botts in a line parallel to the direction of load, the end distance (from the centre of the end bott hole to the nearest end of the connected part shall be govemed by the edge distance values given in table 6. in members having either one or two botts in the line of load, the end distance shall be not less than 1.5 d. = 22.9 Slotted and oversize noles Maximum and minimum edge distances for slotted or oversize holes (as permitted in 23.3.2) shall conform to the requirements given in 22.6, 22.7 and 22.8. 98| -F2 SABS 0162-1:1992 12 Gross and net areas 12.1 Application Members in compression and members without holes shall be proportioned on the basis oftheir gross areas. Members in tension or in combined tension and shear, with holes, shall be proportioned on the basis a of the effective aS associated with the potential failure modes. For beams and girders, see clause 15 12.2. Gross area J Gross area shail be calculated by summing the products of the thickness and the gross width of each clement (flange, web, leg or plate), as measured normal to the direction of force. 12.3 Effective net area 12.3.1 The effective net area A, shal be determined by summing the critical net areas A, of each Segment of an element along a potential path of minimum resistance. The net areas shall be calculated = as follows: owe net lh ih bolas = a) for a segment normal to the force (i.e. in direct tension), fares Ane tal ae Ho row aes Fb tense! pluie Lat ‘ Usdvceen tlt lode Ay = 06 iit ~f ©) for a segment inclined to the force, : aaa =< $+ pele Aye wits #14 9. ~ pee argo 12.3.2 In computing w, and ,, the width of a bolt hole shall be taken as mm larger than the & Specified hole diameter for a pi ched hole] and as the" specified hole diameter for a drilled hole?’ (including holes subpunched or subdrilled and reamed in accordance with 28.2). 12.3.3 , . 12.3.3.1 When fasteners transmit load to each of the cross-sectional elements of a member in tension - iN proportion to their respective areas, the reduced effective net area is equal to the effective net area: Ane = Ane | ite aloe cay ‘ inet oeFS = SABS 0162-1:1992 12.3.3.2 ‘When bots transmit load to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements and only when {he ertical net area includes the net area of the unconnected elements, the reduced etfective net area shall be taken as follows 8) for, H- or welded I-sections with flange widths not less than two-thirds the depth, and for structural ‘ees cut from these sections, when only the flanges are connected with three or more transverse lines of fasteners: Ane 090 Ag alee ) for all other structural sections connected with three or more transverse lines of fasteners: alla 7 Bhat hel - A, is calculated in accordance with 12.3.1(a) and (c) Seay pe : ae - Aine #085 Angi and cc Rea Rhee a i 6) for all members connected with one or two transverse lines of fasteners : 3 qos Ane = 0.75 Ang a dew esas ~ 4 latm THOR . x where Tes ORs 6A neFa 12.3.3.3 When transverse welds transmit load to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements, the effective net area shall be taken as the area of the connected elements. & Shrebelas fos woeln 12.3.3.4 When longitudinal welds transmit load, the reduced effective net area of connected parts shall Ay gee aren be taken as follows: a fr @ contin — cam Lulte steel lo yur-s ee : i b) when2woletSw, Ac, mane 4 % a o + ©) when 1S w>Lew, Aine = 0,75 A, - : : : i 3 Provided tw 3 : 2) Toure Gpeiby, T+ 086 © Bre fi. 7 were Oem) oes loaVlaSiehs g 295 (0,aV( g wis the distance between welds Th. eraga fn NOTE — See also 12.3.1. 39 12.3.3.5 Larger values of the reduced etfective net area may be used if justified by test or rational analysis. pica 12.3.4 For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs minus the thickness. The Gauge for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of the gauges from the heel of the angle minus the i ie : thickness. gues ae At —4 30 = Saye Mage secknn sponed ot |re SABS 0162-1:1992 Meee, J b) 2 - $ 1,0 for class 1 and class 2 sections; and Ms _ Tu Ze i a < 1,0 for class 3 and class 4 sections, WU, A where i M, is as defined in 13.5 or 13.6. L 13.10 Load bearing 1.10.1 The factored bearing resistance 8, developed by a member or portion of a member subject to bearing shall be taken as follows: a) on the contact area of machined, accurately sawn or titted parts, B, = 1,50 oAt,: 'b) on expansion rollers or rockers, 6, = 0000 19 oau(? “ where —B, is in newtons: Bs is taken as 0,90; and L are the diameter and length, respectively, of roller or rocker; and tis the specitied minimum yield stress of the weaker part in contact; and ¢) in, bearing type botted connections, the lesser of. per oot, BA tbe clinker 39 tof, and ais the end distance; ¢/is taken as 0,67; and seat we {, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the plate. dinule sow , {=a , G = som NOTE ~ ifthe member is a tension member designed in accordance with 12.2, then only 13.10.1(¢\() apples. 13.10.2 The ratio of end distance to bolt diameter shall meet the requirements of 22.8. 13.11 Bolts in shear, bearing and tension 13.11.1 General : For bolts in shear, bearing and tension, ¢, shall be taken as 0.67 to ensure that the connection will not fail before the member. a1FS SABS 0162-1:1992 19.11.2_Bolts In shear and bearing Snot Crickion yr oles ‘The factored resistance developed by a bolt subject to shear and bearing shall be taken as the lesser of a) the factored bearing resistance 8, given in 13.10.1(c): and ») the factored shear resistance of the bolt, which shall be taken as V, 0.60 amas.) 30/75 : . - Caseads) where {, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bot, in megapascals When the bott threads are intercepted by a shear plane, the factored shear resistance of the joint shail be taken as 0,75 V;, —— : values. 13.1.3. Bolts in tension ' The factored tensile resistance T, developed by a bolt subject to tension shall be taken as. ¥,_ = 0,78 wht hy oe {, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bot, in megapascals. 13.11.4 Bolts In combined shear and tension A bolt that is required to develop resistance to both tension and shear shall be proportioned so that the following relationship is satisfied: and that neither V, nor T, exceeds the values of V, and 7, given in 13.11.2(b) and 13.113 respectively. et ay 4A io Cee i eG 8 | Wh, TRE 42 i a Tension of loolt + ays, farce = Fe, om belt 25 Teens Sa] 02 = 25 KW Nite dA pea AA ZYun ooy s 204, @ aay Guyer ge wrree 3 S RI ern (2b "E20 yo Ws yom i ; T soe | ry vee | ee | ee zi zi 160 a oz [os [sce [ae | oe | xs | aor az | est ray x00 3x00 (uu) pub ee ss oe ToReayRED apORA ee st tt Pien aut tz eh ‘SpI9M Olly Jo SooUE}SISe1 por0IDeY :42"9 8142) | vee | see | oz aioe | sow see | uz | ae wou | oon Pouojeduou a7 nayoegu sens tie | sat eer | pam st we | oan | woz | ow | | eu | zw (@azs Savs) sea sea 10 (901 Sa¥s) 5108 #8 ePeI0 rnoeg = Say | 961 ez Joa | siz seu om | y 2 Py CH Arody os, six | evs | $95 ven pent eee Prat | | so | eee | coo oan (ean) pt we sos | 552 | ver an oa | te dev et 982 er eee 2 (zw) SHOR By OPED eon [eroos ea a [| esnea | aus Tuy ry) e (uaa) see Oa eee camseny | von” a aves | coe | ‘ah seoumiser PRIDE news |_| “oq dk’ — uonota Swe 9pe25 J0 “erg aiee, ‘syloqGulzeaq jo seaueysisai paioyoed :22'9 aI ete tical t t ‘ Mee eeea] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 2 DEZ Name: Page No. ‘| LL ols OF NATAL ExAMP Le Date: FS i: Item Calculations Result DETERMING THE sHEAR, 5 BERRING AND TENSILE RKESISTHPCES - OF & MO (#8) BOLT. IN le | with SPACINGS OF 3a AND END DISTANCE JA =ISo (4) SHEARING — RESISTANCE . (i) SHeAm® IN SHANE: a Ve = 06 , Ay fn WHERE @, = RestANcEe 2 FoR bats = 0,67 AY = Bout AREA ee See = yy £. = ULT. stTRENRTH OF Bo GRADE 8-8 fu = Boo [Mia Peer innee ee 2) ON = 0,b $067. 314,280 /43 = | LoL len ] QW) SHEAR IN THREADS: J MEA = O75 Ay 7 Ne = 0,95. \01,1 = | 75,74 bs 1 ()) Beveusn esiotarce Z oe a: 2 1 Breage fet ate |yre WHERE ® = RESISTANCE FACTOR =0.47 th oF PLATS THICKNESS = [Gu A = oT Dikm = Zomn fu = ULT, STRENGTH OF PLATE Gtape S00wTo OBTKIN TALE VALUE FOR Iw i Ac Pe ee le ie oe iy sprciny = 15d by = 0,67. 1b, (LS. 20), 450/93 = To O}TAIN FROM 8 be TABLE , TAKE VALUE FoRIny xt ¥ x : ce Usa 7 bg b= 18, tte, ori (E>) TENSION Resistance oF bout ee ee Te? 0,75 OAL ty WhERE! QO) = RESISTANCE FACTOR FoR borts = 0,67 Ay F ort et ei = Tw = 34, t wm fu = ULT. STRENGTH OF el Genre SS, Re Peom H/BK, THBLE 6-22/7 [DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING course: ZDEZ Name: Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMILE Date: FSi Item Catculations Result “a Uy) sPacinn = 3A oF By = 3-067. Ib. 20. eSe/os = | 259 EN |. fs ues bv Ota ce re too). BSSABS 0162-1:1992 13.12 Bolts in ion-grip (Slip-resistant) connections 13.12.1 General ‘The requirement for a friction-grip connection is that under the forces and moments produced by wer vnfectored serviceability loads, slip of the assembly shall not occur. In addition, the ettect of ultimate loads shall ot exceed the resistances of the connection as given in 13.11 1.12.2 Shear connection: The slip resistance V, of a bolted joint subject to shear V shall be taken as Ve = 0.530,k,mnAgt, Saas ee Vs et ke mal, TAy (aire Fe) 4 No sGiks where + ‘k, is the mean slip coetticient as determined trom table 2 or by tests carried out in accordance with the specitication for structural joints using ASTM A 325 or A 490 bolts by the Research Council on ‘Structural Connections, and ©; 1S a coetticient that relates the specified inital tension and mean slip to a 5 % probability of slip for bolts installed by turn-of-nut procedures. Table 2 gives values of ¢, NOTE ~The specification is endorsed by the American Insttute of Steel Construction ands printed in their Manual of stoe! construction Table 2 — Values of c, and k, 1 2 3 4 8 Gaetocim ane | « Se ae * [soonest [om | ow 7 ed ee = * [iesmmenem [om [oe Ga NOTES. {1 Slass A and ciass B coatings are defined as those coatings that provide a mean slp coetisont of not loss than 0,33 and 0,50 respectively 2 Values ofc, for § % probability of sip for values of k, other than those ksted in table 2 may be found in the Research Council on Structural Connectons's Guide to design ertana fo bolted and rita joints, listed therein as values of the slip factor D.F7 H.S.F.G. Bours. Table 1: Typical slip coefficients Steel type Treatment ‘Average | Standard | Number of deviation | __tests Grade 43 |Clean mill scale 0,322 0,062 180 Grade 50 | Clean mill scale 0,336 0,070 312 Red lead paint - | 0,065 - 6 Grit blasted 0,493 0,074 168 Grade 43 | Grit blasted, exposed 0,527 0,056 51 (short period) VHYS Grit blasted 0,331 0,043 19 Grade 43 | Hot dip galvanised 0,184 0,041 ar Vinyl treated 0,275 0,023 15 Cold zinc painted 0,30 - 3 Metallised 0,48 - 2 Rust preventing paint 0,60 - 3 Galvanised-and sandblasted | 0,34 - 1 Sand blasted and treated with | 0,26 0,01 3 linseed oil (exposed) Sand blasted 0,47 - 3 It should be noted that most of the friction develops in the immediate vicinity of each bolt hole as the region of high bearing pressure is generally limited to en annular ring of extemal radius 1,0d to 1,20 (see Fig 3). Because of the high strength of the bolts and the limited bearing area, the bearing pressure is likely to approach yield in compression. It is thought that this bearing pressure gives @ maximum value of the coefficient of friction. There is certainly some experimental evidence that, if through imperfections or severe surface pitting the bearing area varies significantly from the norm, a lower coefficient of friction will be achieved BOLT BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN The primary funetion of a friction-grip bolt is to transfer a shear force by means of friction between the connected components in the plane of contact. In what follows, however, the behaviour of bolts in tension is considered first, as it is by reason of en3l4 feel eee ee teat Derecho Sere 0 ceed te erred teleceelFa SABS 0162-1:1992 13.12.3 Connections In combined shear and tension Solts in a jpint that is required to develop resistance to both tension and shear shall be proportioned 0 that the following relationship is satisfied for the serviceability loads: eee Auf | Pretancge V, is the slip resistance as defined in 13.12.2. 13.13 Welds 9 13.1.1 The factored resistance of weld metal and parent metal of weided joints shall be as given in table 3 13.13.2 The factored compressive resistance of joints that utilize partial joint penetration groove welds Shall be based on the effective throat area of the welds plus the area of the parent metal itted in contact bearing oints in compression that depend on contact bearing shall, when assembled during fabrication, have at least 75 % of the entire contact area in full bearing, defined as a separation not exceeding 0.5 mm, 2nd the separation at the edges of the joint shall not exceed 1,0 mm, unless otherwise stipulated by the Engineer. 13.13.3 The vector sum of utimate longitudinal and transverse shear forces shall not exceed the factored resistances given in table 3, unless an ultimate strength analysis is used that is acceptable to the Engineer. 13-13.4 The resuitant uitimate force on any element of a filet weld shall be taken as the vector sum Of the ultimate forces on the element due to the forces and moments transmitted by the weld. 15-13.5 Plug and slot welds shall be considered to provide shear resistance only in the plane of the connected parts, 13.13.6 Intermittent groove welds shall be used to resist shear only, and the effective length of any Svch weld shall be not less than four times, and the longitucinal space between the effective lengths of welds not more than 12 times, the thickness of the thinner part joined. 44 9 ——__FQ SABS 0162- 1992 13.13.7 Where fatigue is a critical design criterion, partial joint penetration groove welds shall not be used. Faas come 6 alelem uate wells ‘A partial joint penetration groove weld that is welded from one side only shall be so restrained against rotation that the weld is not subject to any bending moment about its longitudinal axis that would cause the root of the weld to be in tension, other than that resulting from the eccentricity of the weld relative to the parts joined. Table 3 — Factored resistance of welds 1 2 3 Type of wold Type of stress Factored resistance Lesser of ‘Tension or compression 2} wold metal: T= C, = Ag lrg and roove welds, com. | mal © aus of weld ») parent metal, = ©, = @Aaie plate pont penevation imse a Shear 2) wold metal V,= 0.87 Ayla and b) parent metal: V, = 0,67 Ani Lesser of 2} weld metal: T,= C, = Ay fw: and ) parent metal 7, = C; = @Aafy ‘Tension or compression" normal to axis of wold Groove welds, partial joint penetration Lessor of Shea a) weld metal: V, = 0.87 GyAyhiye and ») paront metal: V, = 0.67 ¢Ay Lesser of Fillot welds Shear 2) wold metal: V, = 0.87 GAghyys and ) parent metal: V, = 0.87 nh Lesser of Plug and slot welds?) | Shear 1} weld metal: V; = 0.87 &Ayyys an ») parant metal: V, = 0.67 6A 1) See 13.132, 2) See 13.135, NoTEs 1 Areas designated A, A, and A, have the folowing significance: Ag: a) for filet woids, A, isthe effectve size of the weld x effective length of the weld; 744 ~~ b) for completa joint penetration groove weids, |) in but joints, A, isthe thickness of the parent metal x effective length of the wakd: and iy in T joints and comer joints, Ay is the wicth ofthe fusion face in the parent metal x effective length of the wal >’ ¢} for partial joint penetration groove welds, A. is the width of the fusion face in the parent motal x ctfectve length of the weld; But the width of the fusion face is not to be taken as greater than the thickness of the parent metal: and 4) for plug and slot welds, A, is the nominal area of a hole or slot inthe plane of a faying surface,Filo SABS 0162-1:1992 “A Table 3 (conctuded) at for paral int ponevaton groove welds, A, {ensie or comprassive fore, 's the applicable aroa of the parent matal normal to the ‘A, @) for all types of wold excapt plug and slot welds, A, is the elfective throat thickness of the weld x ‘tfectve length of the wold. and for plug and slot wolds, A, isthe nominal area ofa hole or slot in tho plane ofa fayng surtac. ra 4,5 the specified minimum weld stress of the pavent metal pected minimum ylimate suength ofthe electrode ees © = 0.90 for parant matt 2 = 0.87 for weld metal 2 For lension or compression parallel © the axis ofthe wel, it shear foreo is ransfored between compo: ents, the resistance taken is the lesser of that for wold metal and that for parent mota! For the sake of convonionce. the requirements for etfectve tz, throat thickness and length ofthe more Common types of weld, a5 gen in AWS D1.t, are reproduced in (a) 10 (g) below For all oer poe of weld, relorence should be made to AWS DI 1 2) The effective length cf a groove weld, square or skewed to the diection of stress, shal bo the width of the an joined perpendicular tthe drection of svess. ) The ettecave throat thickness of a complete jint penetration groove weld shal be the thickness of tho thinner part joined, No increase Is permitted for weld reinforcement, 1 The eitectve throat thickness of a paral joint penetration groowe weld shall be the dpth of chamtor loss 3 mm for grooves having an includes angle atthe root ol tre groove loss than 60" but not less than 45" when deposited by skiled metal ac or submerged arc welding. or when deposited in the verieal or overnead welding postions by gas metal are or fix cored ae weleing. ‘The sttactve throat thickness of a partial joint penctration groove wold shall be the depth of chamfer, without redueten, for grooves, "1 having an included angle at the root of the groove of 62° or greater when deposited by any of the {ellowing welding processes: shielded metal arc, submerged are, gas metal ar, flux cored arc, or ‘slectrogas welding: or ') having an included angle at the root of the groove not less than 45° when deposited in fat or horizontal Positions by gas metal arc ar Fux cored arc welding. ©) The ottactve langth of a filet weld shall be the overall length ofthe ful-size filet, including end retums. No ‘eduction in effective length need be made for ether the stator rater of the weld tthe weld is fll sare throughout its length, ©) The effective length of a curved filet weld shall be measured along the containe ofthe effective throat. 1) The nominal size et a filet wold shal not bo assumed to be more than one fourth of its effective length. 9) The effective throat thickness ofa flat wold shall be tha shortst distance rom the root to the taco of the agrammate weld 14 Fatigue 14.1. General 14.1.1 In addition to meeting the requirements of clause 14 for fatigue, any member or connect Shall also meet the requirements for the static load conditions using the ul 46 See lett cea guta TENSION IN PLATES 4.2.3. EXAMPLES 4.2.3.1 Bolted flat bar Calculete the tensile resistance of the three flat bar ties shown in figures a) »b) and c) below. Consider rupture of the net effective area only-end-tgnore-the serengeh-of-che-belts. The thickness of each tie is 10 mm, and M20 bolts are used. (4:8) te cag 5 vgs x © ae 140,401 a Le O20 ee ee | For M20 bolts, the required hole size is 22 mm. Assuming that the holes are punched, the hole should be taken as 24 mm. (12.3.2) a) The failure plane is obviously along the line 1-1 as shown below: 35, 70, ey i } | ° Y 0 9 eae a i sat +5 /40 ame [35 j S.A.BS 12.3.1 a) | Ane = Yat Let [140 - (2 x 24)] 10 = 920mm? 085 6 A, fy 0.85 x 0.9 x 920 x 450 x10? = 3ITN 13.2 b) of ule ome 9 Cite. syol! ae Tay 300 he ap et 4) 308 efalee b) In this case there are two possible failure planes, viz along lines 1-1 and 2-3-3-2, the latter representing the teer-out failure. 35: 70 eee 7 panne T ~ 5 he vo 8 2 = ae: Mk) 3 i et) i ee S.ABS ' . Line 1-1 12.3.1. a) | Ane = at [180 - (2 x 24)] 10 = 1320mm? Line 2-3-3-2 This is made up of a segment normal to the force on line 3-3 and two segments parallel to the force (shear) on lines 2-3 eae ae so 12.3.1) | de = Yt + 20061, “7 &b) = [(10 - 2x0.5x24) + 2x06 (105 - 1.5x24)] 10 = 1288mm The net effective area on line 2-3-3-2 governs : 13.2 b) = 085 6 AL fy 0.85 x 0.9 x 1288 x 450 x10? 433 ENTR E c) In this case there are two possible failure planes, represented by lines 1-2 [ and 3+2, S.A.B.S z Line 3-2 [ 12.3.1 a) a = [140 - (1 x 24)] 10 = 1160 mn? E Line 1-2 i; This is made up of two segments normal to the force, and a ‘segment inclined to the force. : [ ae a &b) | ne : are 40x10 { = 2(5 ~.0.5x24)10 + |(70 - 24)10 + 4x70 = 977 mm? i The net effective area on line 1-2 governs : [ 13.2 b) 0.85 6 Ay fh, i 085 x 09 x 977 x 450 x10 336 kV r hie sere in gouts: Resistance of | Bor (4-8) west Vp = 078. 0,6. by. ms Aye fa [ a 2,78. 0,6.0,67. 1, 314. Ype / io? pate ae c= 37,9 EN (on REF. TABLE 6.22) r (sa now sto Me ca ee ence Co 4 bouts vy = & ~37,9 = ISI CEN eee (om20) tee utr. st (ee OF Joint Bearing ? - rare Threawac boits; B= 2No. x3btal = 23.067. 10.20. uso, = 2, 18t 2. 0,07. 10, 35 WSO/ 5 = emp BOUTS! bes Ze. x'Gtah, 2. BERRING RESISTANCE OF Bertsmebsek ta DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING Course: 2)E7 DESIGN|Name: Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: i Item Calculations Result WHAT US Tere ULTIMATE CaP Ret No T OF THE FoLLOWING DOUBLE Cover| 2 25x16 bortedD Butt Toinr 7 MAIN Patel S0,, 80 80 ,50 AA ee + Mt¥(s-8) Bouts 2no. ee 4 : Cover PLATES CONSIDER Toit To RIGHT oF xX-xK IM | == —>T LomD PrrTH i ~ %| geen Tove Cover RL Bout Yicip | | TENSION BEARING SHERR (62 ie 2466 ee 0 Wr, oe | fact foe COVER Bour TS20 USS to& 4 1, Pirexrbion Bene, SHEAR oe (A ConsIDER Bory SsrEeAwe BAS we mn chert” Chen Mi AL ete ee Pa aolnat Y= 9,98. 0,6 OL m Ay f. (ia.2! 878. 0)6.0,67. 2. usta. boo/, 93 = 218.2 EN (ev deveuk trom bike G22 Vy = 28 es)iL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 2DE2 DESIGN| Name: Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: ts L. item Calculations Rest Fie bel T= ser = if (by | ConsiDER BEARING t : 7 [ tll | CN PLATES - 2 BA = 3. Up Tam a ge 80% = FO wn Pi Sel Hh IF. we = Bou trizk - I 2) = + 2y =| 33,6 iE Te Pm ead Fhe 2H " Eur bdk by & tame ds + be adta f, = 3.06712. 2. bSo/ 9% “by eg eee 12.50. 4se/os Ott bulls , By = 260, 5 bw ae fol Lepierreen I TWed vance) T 2 y.rbo,y +1. 1604] = [rad pev Covey pole ce ie tt ben ples Te anes |e que AT a ST ie tre 6.22. ae Yasin bene 2 217.12 = 2bo Ju |v 5 oo oe = 2604.44, = 20,4, 804 | = wan (U)) Maw PuaTé bee E 2 Ll 2 Evd r belts fi foe 2H Basins, | Erk bell + ine m(0,07. 16.80 weet?) =] 482. kn -[> Yemen Softy H = 3Ne (3.067. 1b- 2H. “50/) = loyr Te : Ww7,3 + lk WA rDEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING |Course: 2 DED DESIGN| Name: ' Page No. = | UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: Te . Item Calculations Result . (e) CONSIDER PLATE Tension (Yo Cove® Plates : eee went | @, . > (sm 2.08) 12] = 2376 om 2 2y t +r0ente 2m te st) 4g = 2(o-%) 2 42.96(fo-20) 1 io a Fr(se)iet Dey " ie PWaE +2. 0,64, 1 = (120-26) 12 +2.2,6f200- 15.26) é F yok wu Care 1-1 3 ee fu ~ = 0,85. 0,9, 237. 4So/o® =| $18 lw _ Sb sber: i‘ Yeeldinney 4, plate onty E te Ay fy = 99,250.12. 349/63 = B10 kN Wiy} Main eeate ee pee en "0 Go tet i ee See ; (A 0? " = (avo-ve). le |= Begun x sit - Ane = 2 Wat raat fae t i + iole s ! = 2 (4o- Zig +2(Gh-e)et Ts rk bo = 335b mm”DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 2DE2 PESIAN |name: UNIVERSITY OF NATAL ae Date tem Calculations yo 89 $0 2 ‘ : Aye 2 2-06b,¢ +2(m) 3 Goma ae Gi oe _ ois = 2 iro 15,26 ie 2 Ble ( ) Seok ie Care 2-2 T = 0,85 ¢ ee L. . = 085,09, B54. evo/o% =| SE ENT field lake only T= ,9.(250-16) 300/35 a 2 a plate only 4-50.18) Bo0/,3 = 1082 YS ; Weadioy alent wr Ure pata nel i OWrinnt mot ulbinnle vest |T j Rurrobames bk year {091 ken Benin toed plodes UE lA ~ wen piave wey kw Temas ter phabes 1622 kN ‘aa 1080 all - yar « — Le man PLATE =T = 1080 [en v man T emma dh ooLua ep aeeebes ! Ts 1.3. ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS S 1 Shear and torsion’ Moment is applied in the plane of the connection and rotates the plate about the centre-of-gravity of the bolt group. Linear variation of loading due to moment (P e) may be assumed with the bolt farthest from the c.g. of the group taking the most load. Consider the group of bolts shown below: Tangential force on extreme bolt due to moment: + Dy Vertical force on each bolt due to load: Fe 2 . ” where: applied load e = eccentricity of applied load Tmax = distance from centroid to extreme bolt n = umber of bolts The resultant of the tangential force Fy and the vertical force F, will give the maximum shear force V, for which each bolt should be designed. This resultant force may be found by a parallelogram of forces or by the following formulae: + vee @ wonton miterRAR METI? Mpy MH TE 5.1.5.2 Shear and tension Moment is applied perpendicular to the plane of the connection and rotation is assumed about the bottom line of the group. Linear variation of the loading due to the moment may be assumed, with the uppermost line of bolts taking the most load. Consider the elevation on a group of bolts in shear and tension shown below: Fy axe The maximum tension will occur in the top row of bolts ang is given by the equation: Remember to divide this force by the number of bolts in 2 row to obtain the tension force on a single bolt. én) pe aw of nls Fate oud > s vw ergig face fl. cmbrel Sheer € Torin Nett Page bese etal “ r ae eae eclectic5.1.6.1 T10 Calculate the maximum live load tension force that could be applied to the tie connection detailed below. The flat bars are grade 300W with a class C contact surface, the ends of the bars are sheared. Grade 8.85 M20 bolts are to be used which will be pre-tensioned during installation to produce a slip~ resistant connection. It may be assumed that the threads will not be in the shear plane. _ WE. Rh = a a a a | i [ee] €. } - 6-92 | “| | g) ( lie { S.A.BS 225 Meare pitch = 3x20 = 6 2.6 Minimum edge distance = 15x20 = 30 » OK! Minimum end distance = 15x20 = 30 . OK!13.11.2 13.10.1 Table 2 13.12.2 Ltimate Limi B, fleet tate (Table 6.11 06 o, m A, f, Cie ) 0.6 x 0.67 x 1 x 314.2 x a6 x07 # 101.05 KN per bolt 3ords, 3 x 0.67 x 18 x 20 x 450 x10 325.6 KN per bolt otaf, 0.67 x 18 x 30 x 450 x10 162.81 EN per bolt Maximum ultimate load per bolt = 101.05 kN vy, = : Pea 101057416 maximum live load on connection = WUE XS = 3789 IV 053 ck mn Ash s30 0.53 x 0.90 x 0.40 x 1 x 6 x 314.2 x 880 x10% 287.8 kN The slip resistance governs in this case: Maximum live load = _287.8 kN NOTE: ‘The resistance of the member itself should still be checked. (see module 4.2)a . 5.1.6.2 Shear and tensi Check the eccentric connection shown below which comprises a corbel o manufactured from 12 mm plates bolted with 10-M24 grade 4.8 bolts to the flange of a 305 x 165 x 46 I-section. It must be assumed that the threads may be in the shear plane. The point load consists of a dead load of 60 KN together ~ with a live load of 80 KN. P = i2:450mm if} bet S.A.B.S = . Py = (12 x 60) + (1.6 x 80) = 200 kV a ie = 200 x 450 x 320 = “ 2 (80 + 160? + 240? + 320%) a = ous of - cana fotakion 5 vy, = © = 200 ev 10 - Sup 13113 | Te = 075 4,4 “wo Vee = 0.75 x 0.67 x 452.4 x 488 x10 = 90.93kN > T, . OK! 1 Sd ee | abegent cas oee ey Mande) 20 0.75 x 0.60 x 0.67 x 1 x 452.4 x 468x107 546kN > V, 2 OK!5.1.6.3, T 13 v, TSE 4 | eee sce + = 119 <14 2 OK! Vises Te aa 6 00.03 ie 13.10. ootah | 3 x 0.67 x 11.8 x 24 x 450x107 | * 2562 MN >¥, 2 OK! Shear and torsion ,, ** 315 Choose a suitable diameter and grade of bolt for the eccentric connection comprising a 12 mm grade 300W steel plate bolted to two 100 x 100 x 15 equal angles as shown. The plate will carry an ultimate load of 140 kN applied at an eccentricity to the centroid of the bolt group of 375 S.A.B.S Tag = V9S + 1K = 95 1 — = #4. : 140 : Pe Tase ny eae Ore Breet 6 169.2 mm e ee ¥ 16° é Poss x Seeee aM: _ 140 x 375 x 1692 (6 x 1407) + (4 x 954) = S78 EN 23.3 kN seco Uoeed ee Weeder ee at[RED EI UO aes = Ff + FP +2 F, F, cos8 /23.3° + 57.8? + (2 x 23.3 x 57.8 x cos 34.16) 78.2 kN V, = 0.75 [0.60 4, m A, f] Let V, = V, and assume grade 48 bolts : (wo | 78.2 «103 = 0.75 x 0.60 x 0.67 x 1 x A, x 480 =A = 648.4 mm? et = Try M30 grade 48 bolts (area = 706.8 mm?) But for 100 x 100 x 15 angle, max bolt dia. = 24 7 de 88 bolt: ry grade jolts ss 78.2 x10° = 0.75 x 0.60 x 0.67 x 1 x A, x 860 Ayr = 324.2 mm Adopt M24 grade 88 bolts (area = 452.4 mm?) The above answer could have been obtained directly from page 6.47 of the South African steel construction handbook.wi WELDING Most widely used type of joint in Structural steelwork. Is usually carried out using metal-are methods. (Ref R/Beck 629) Advantages (G) Good appearance. (ii) Economical relative to other methods of jointing. (iii) Gives a very tight and rigid joint. (iv) Easy to maintain. Disadvantages: (i) Technique of making a good weld requires much skill and practice. a (i) The heating and cooling of a menber during welding can cause serious distortions. Special methods are required to reduce this. ana, Cesena There are two basic types of welds:~ a) Butt Welds. (Groove welds) Two pieces of steel joined without overlap. Preparation of weld faces is important. Thick plates require the faces to be specially shaped. bs pares tuck PaTes = v x SINGLE BEVEL SINGLE V Dovere Vv GSP 2 = sincte JT snare U Dovale U CRef. H'Book pg 6.23-34-35)) ‘ALL important welds should be fully tested by radiography or ultraq sonics to show that they are free from defects. Welds type (ii) form sounder joints but are more expensive to prepare. A properly made butt weld is as ‘strong as the parent material and no calculations have to be carried out. However, refer to SABS 0162-1: 1992 for strengths of partial-penetration butt welds. ‘Two different thicknesses of plate should not be butt welded directly together. The thicker plate should be given a taper of } in 5 to meet = the thinner plate. us -b) “Fillet Welds. o Joint for'two pieces of steel that overlap or intersect at an angle between 60° and 120°, Se Ee 4 : e The size of a fillet weld is given by its “leg” 7 length shown 'e’ in the sketch. yee . The critical stress, however, occurs across the "throat" shown 'a' in the sketch. fe . é 2 ee bS—-4 IN a = € Cos Ss (8 < 90°, USE a= 0,707€) FACTORED RESISTANCE nlo - LESSER OF (A> WELD METAL Vr = 0,67 bw Aw Faw . (6) PARENT METAL Vr = 0,67 6 Am fy 3 where $2067 5 620,95 A,=a-2 A sek 5 ft ote ee tayeldtcelal shength (Ref below table 6.24) > f= effective weld length Table 6.24: Factored resistances of fillet welds 1 Factored resistance, Vy, | Waa cof weld length (kN) sue Tiecvode dassiicaion | ] (om 60K Ee 5 oss. 087 8 078 1.05 8 04 180 10 ts0 | 178, 2 139 208 | % ‘is 2a = 16 208 219 18 234 314 4 2 2160 349 = Note: EBOXX fw = 410 MPa : ETO f= 480 MPa J EBOXK fe = 550 MPa J Fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides of members shall be Feturned continously around the corners for a distance of not less than - tice the, size of the weld. 7 i ca, -if side fillets alone are used in end connections, the length of J each side fillet should not be less than the distance between the edges.w3 Thickness of thicker Minimum size plate of, fillet weld Up to 12 am Sam 2mm - 20 mm 6, mm. 20mm - 40 um 8 om 40mm — °60 mm 10/ mm 6 412. mm Effective length of discontinuous welds. weld size EFFECTIVE LENGTH) WELD Size | zt pActuar cenam = 1 | 2 = L - (2 x weld size) Intermittent Welds. Sometimes forces are such that continuous welds are not required. In these cases, intermittent welds can be used. Effective 2 = L ~ (twite weld size) u eae] : corr SH te J + 4 Maximum GAP 16t (Compression) t is lesser o: LEAST ” 1 fe of ¥or 24t (Tension) eer ee or 300 mm. Nove: (except for connections between back-to-back menbers) For continuous welds, no reduction in length of weld is required:~ eee +1 tension CONNECTION COLUMN TO BASE PLATE 10 coLuMa BEAM ton Effective length = Actual length. $We De: The velds are assumed to have unit thickness (usually 1 mm). (a) Pure shear or tension. applied Load (mare) Jat Effective weld length (um) Load on weld per mm A size of fillet weld with suitable strength(kn/mm) may be obtained from the table on page W2.0 7s. 7% z z (>) Combined shear and bending. a ee * 4 si pul 2.3: + x— i t Force onveld} ps ? i acts 0 shew V " ifective weld length Ga) Force .on veld MF ud) due to prot RT Ee (kn/om) at top Resultant force} on weld fe = +R Bours eee & PNe Hence read off suitable weld size from strengths given in table (page W2 )- If a tension acts in addition to shear dnd bending, M=VKe \ T=Pcese V=P Sine then, the additional tensile force per mm (F,) from T (as obtained for pure tension) must be added to the tensile bending force F, since > they both act in the same ditection.ws Hence, Resultant force } on weld Le Notes on obtaining T,, 1. The weld is considered to have unit thickness (1 mm). 2. Rolled sections are idealised to rectangular elements: C+ (yeeeteer 3. . The x-x axis passes through the centroid of the effective weld pattern. Height of x-x axis = EZ (moment of weld elements about bottor above bottom of section total effective weld length 4. Calewlation of 1. i- = usually negligible. 2 bey? = ney? (prolllans the oo ay Total I, of pattern = £ I,, of each weld element. mo rc mmWe (c) Gombined shear and torsion. - ! ie : Mav.% ; x P ely = aa centroid of Ly effective weld acts Fore on weld . 1 F : The torsional moment also a causes shear forces(F, .) ae any on the weld. . aie Centroid ol ie ae The value of F,) at a point in the weld effective weld 4 ty oe is equal to :- ly a TP vhere Ip = polar I = 1 +1 p= polar te * Ty The direction of action of F, | is 90° to "r". The values of F,, and F,, must be combined vectorially to obtain { the resultant shear force F, in the weld. = tap ty 4 1 Be Gaya ie. at 2 8a Beet cose) Fava Note that the value and direction of F,.. is constant for whole weld. F,, increases with increasing r and F, increases with reducing 6. Usually it is possible to select by inspection the point in the weld such that the combination of Fy, and F,,, will be a maximum (e.g. point A or B in the above sketch).Page No. |_ DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 2 DE 2 Name: PTY UNIVERSITY OF NATAL ExamPce © Date: w7 Item Calculations Result iso EN (uutimare) steer \ |. GRADE E soow Lxuctdh s ive ove een le Wa DETERMINE Guitrawre etre (wer a WELD SIZE Baca Aim \ caged. cairn we . Seo + 2.200] & 700 mel | Effedwe Ante ao = = ae Take Unrowtauts Foo. =(3o0,100 42. te0}.00 Sh wd woo Ark HF 142,94 wm 74 = Dov - 142,49 = STI ]mn NS Ogee de ‘ t 5, = Re ee (Ver) 150 = Jus. u 6 57,4 |= 305.10 2 we . Ty > Duty 2, (1. wo \ua,arie) + 1.300.871 ee 1e{|S berantmenr oF civit ENGINEERING |course: 2 DE Name: WK Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Examrre Date: w3 iat item Calculations Result 5 c & ¢ = IT, tL, = Wweto” + 308.10 = [1e,3.10 J Tp Fae worst sheds on weld occus here 1 | aN. (uaa iso) = 207, 2mm ] Stun af Ai dw Te 2 Pe + oe “ = 15 0-- 2404 2072} 5 0, 637 taf] 4, 3.10% iaaaeaeaaceeae San eA cet Fr, = —P & v ur ite Ole lorel 4 well Auction L | . = iso = O,rue leh 4 a |, 4 v NG Real ant fie (ony + 0,089 + 2.0;14,0837-244 = 0,800 ball | a) = | From ebte [roe Comm fier] (oi 1 hoot Radel : oe : Duwe To Wwe ent Stee - ot corm Al t= Verient = Pe x/s- = ISo- ata : wasfus, 1p | EO 4e2 kala Heviyadat = fe ym { = Wo 2424, iso/ue,3 FOU BI lerStune : cero | j opsy 3 ory b Ey = 0,800. Sf { | |DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 2 DEL Name: WT Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL, EXxAmMPLe © Date: w4 2 item Calculations Result ALL WELD Summ FILET, DeTeRmimi | MAX. vVALKe OF SP), 2 = | EFF. ( wes A = 2(ns- 2.8) ] 2.12 = | zee we] Lenarns | wers Bo = Z Goo-2.8) = 2.2784 = 1 Ee V4 we | 2 z 3 : Ty f = 2 iit iGo F221 ree Ae ee - | Tews = Pe | - | FE Onion ever lag) % | mere fet Tee paned el! : | Die eee cet oe Seep fo _ \ Wn ere Fat ce Fr. pie fs : Fay ~ a | eee Fy = 5 b = weld Nene : Y; iu | yt a y2\ le ' UR (vanities yh 122 Enns Gwe P= B85,4 ken SeuEi Seibel Geer Marcivees vat tt Ly neebe Mist costar resittowees 0€ loolt5:- Sheer or TENSION MEMBERS “5.4, TENSION MEMBER. Example 6.2: Channel tension member Calculate the tensile resistance, T;, of the Grade 300W single-channel tension member shown in Fig 6.2 35 70 70 1 ; a 65 Bolts M20. 2 3 Holes 22mm 70 > dia,punched dp= 24mm. if 200x75 PFC Fig 6.2 -Ex.6.2 Again, two possible failure planes can be identified, viz along lines 1-1 and 233-2. Line 1-1: On this line shear lag must be allowed for, since the two flanges represent unconnected elements. There are three transverse lines of bolts so Clause 12.3,3.2.b) is used to calculate the reduced effective net area, A ‘ne. The effective net area, Ane , is the sum of the effective net areas of the elements of the cross section; since the flanges are unholed their effective net area equals their gross area. The effective net area of the whole section is thus its gross area less the two holes. ive Ane = 3090-2x24x7,5=2730 mm? 20 38) F°B.75,7 2 eS BO (eB Ho Ae] Gor. 75 A'ne = 0.85 Ane (12.3.3.2d)] = 0,85 x 2730 = 2320 mm? Tr = 0,85A'ne fy [13.20] = 0,85 x 0,90 x 2 320 x 450 x 10°3= 798 kN a Line 2.3.3.2 Ane = Wat +2 0,6Lot [12.3.1a) and b)} =[(70-2x0,5x 244+@ x 0,60 (175 - 2,5 x 24) ]7,5 = 1 380 mm? Tr = 0,856Ane fy [13.2 b)] = 0,85 x 0,90 x 1 380 x 450 x 10° = 475 KN ‘The resistance on line 2-3-3-2 govems, ie Tr = 475kN elk o ° 2158 63 70KExample 6.3: Angle tension members - bolted Calculate the tensile resistance, 7;, of the Grade 300W single-angle tension members shown at a) and b) in Fig 6.3 70x70x6 L : 35,70 70, / Pais 36,70, : ; 40 40} : > = 30 LZ. 30, A ~ T 1,2 ° y 4,2 fe (a) (b) Bolts M20. Holes22dia,punched. dp= 24mm Fig 6.3-Ex.6.3 a a) There are two possible failure planes, along line 1-1 and line 2-2. Line 1-1: Failure on this line is similar to that on line 1-4 of Example 6.2. Shear - lag must be allowed for since the outstanding leg is an unconnected element. There are three transverse lines of bolts, so Clause 12.3.3.2 b) applies. The effective net area, Ane, is the sum of the effective net areas of the connected . and the unconnected legs, but this equals the gross area of the angle less the hole, ie ‘ ve . Ane = 8132 1x24 x6 = 669mm? : = A'ne = 0,85Ane [12.3.3.2b)] . = 0,85 x 669 = 569 mm? s Tr = 0,854A'ne fu [13.2 ¢)] = = 0,85 x 0,90 x 569 x 450 x 10°3 = 195 kN S Line 2-2: * Ane = Wat +0,6 Lot 12.3.1 a) and b)] = = [(80- 0,5 x 24) + 0,6 (175 - 2,5 x 24)] 6 = 522 mm? = Tr = 0,856Ane fu [13.2b)] : = 0,85 x 0,90 x 522 x 450 x 10° = 180 KN The resistance on line 2-2 govems, ie T;= 180 KN The recidowtes oF boollé m~ Sher at heresy , yield tesrtomas of [ we gyrss angle must also be calle ke wd 7 used!© b) The two possible failure lines are 1-1 and 2-2. Line 1 are two This line corresponds with line 1-1 of case a) above, except that there 2rse lines of bolts instead of three, so Clause 12.3.3.2 c) applies Ane = 669 mm? (as in case (a)) A'ne = 0,75Ane = 0,75 x 669 = 502 mm? Tr = 0,854A'ne fy = 0,85 x 0,90 x 502 x 450 x 10°3 = 173 kN 112.3.3.2 0) Line 2-2: Ane = Wt +06 Lnt = [80 - 0,5 x 24) + 0,6 (105 - 1,5 x 24)] 6 = 356 mm2 Tr = 0,856Anefy 0,85 x 0,90 x 356 x 450 x 10°9 = 123 kN ‘The resistance on line 2-2 govems, ie T;= 123 KN [12.3.1 a) and b)} [13.2 b)] The exampie shows how the tensile resistance of a holed angle Varies according to the number of bolts used; this is true of both the net section resistance (line 1-1) and the tear-out resistance (line 2-2). If Grade 4.8 bolts were Used their shear resistance (at 37,9 KN per bolt) would be less than the least resistance of the angles, and so would govern; the variation in angle strength would therefore not influence the overall strength. If Grade 8.8 bolts were used, both the pitch and the end distance would be increases, and the angle resistance on lines 1-1 and 2-2 would be increased; but again, the bolt shear resistance (at 75,7 kN per bolt) would govern@ Example 6.4: Angle tension member -welded Calculate the tensile resistance, 7;, of the welded single-angle Grade 300W tension member shown in Fig 6.4. 100x100x8L. ae | ana lake Le leah of welel 125 Perera eater tra s azentatile, Flows 4 ‘ cy fos Fig 6.4- Ex.6.4 Abe = (1-e/L) Ag = (1- 27,4125) x 1 550) = 1210 mm? and ~ Tr = bAgfy (13.2 a)] = 0,90 x 4550 x 300x10°3= 419 kN or Tr = 0,856 Anefy [13.2 c)] = 0,85 x 0,90 x 1 210x 450 x 10° = 417 kN The tensile resistance of the angle is thus 417 kN. The above calculation is determined. Itis, of Course, necessary also to check the resistance of the welds, as would be 2 x 125 x 0,91 = 228 kN only. CO herrea re elechrade 5 In the tables of factored tensile resis Construction Handbook (Ref 11) the ré: by the above method, hg toon Tent tances for single angles given in the Steel 2 te sistance values for welded angles are derived par qiie!By an * | 2 cl Ce SABS 0162-1:1992 i 11 Width-thickness ratios — Elements in compression 11.1 Classification of sections 11.1.1 Forthe purposes of this part of SABS 0162. structural sections shall be designated as class 1, 2, 9 0° 4, depending on the maximum width-thickness ratios oftheir elements in compression, and as otherwise speciing in 11.1.2 and 11.1.3. The classes are defined as follows: a) clA8S 1 sections (plastic Gesign sections) will permit attainment of the plastic moment and subsequent redistribution of the bending momer b) SIASS.2 sections (compact sections) will permit attainment of the plastic moment but need not allow i for subsequent moment redistribution; ~ 0) £18883 sections (noncompact sections) will permit attainment of the yield moment; and 4) ,1B8S 4 Sections (slender sections) will generally have local buckling of elements in compression as the limit state of structural resistance. a a Cla8S T sections, when subject 10 lloxure, shall have an akis of symmetry in the plane of 1 ci Bciass 2 sections, when Subject to flexure, shall have an axis of symmetry in the plane of vt less, N@ attects of asymmetry of the section are included in the analysis. ) a \80 as follows: tance from the free edge to the first row of fasteners oF line of welds; Ns anges of channels and stems of tees, the fu nominal dimension; and F's and tees, one-half of the full nominal dimension. 25c2 : SABS 0162-1:1992 11.3.2 For elements supported along two edges parallel to the direction of compressive force, the width b, shall be taken as follows: 4) for flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds; ) for flanges of rectangular structural hollow sections, the clear distance between webs less the inside ‘comer radius on each side: ©) for webs of built-up sections, the distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used; and 9) for webs of hot-rolled sections, the clear distance between flanges. 11.3.3 The thickness fof elements is the nominal thickness. For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal thickness haffway between the free edge and the corresponding face of the web. 11.3.4. For circular hollow sections, the diameter d is the outside diameter. 26 =a ori 13.3 Axial compression c3 SABS 0162-1:1992 12.3.5. In calculating the net area across plug or slot welds, the weld metal shal! not be taken as adding to the net area, 13. Member and connect n resistance 13.1 General To meet the strength requirements ofthis part of SABS 0162, all factored resistances, as determined in this clause, shail be equal to or greater than the effect of ultimate loads determined in accordance with 7.2, and @ shall be taken as 0,90 unless otherwise specified. 13.2 Axial tension ‘The factored tensile resistance 7, developed by a member subject to an axial tensile force shall be taken as the least of a) T= At, b) T,= 0.85 9 A,9 13.3.1 The factored axial compressive resistance for doubly symmetric sections and for structural hollow sections manufactured in accordance with SABS 657-1 (cold-formed Non-stress-relieved) and Conforming to the requirements of clause 11 of this part of SABS 0162 for classes 1, 2 oF 8 sections shall be taken as: cure Be cles 6 cre reo a) O. Cr $ Afy (0,009 + 0,877.7) (13.3.1 a) = 0,90 (5,51 x 108) x 300 (0,009 + 0,877 x 2,412) x 10°3 = 238 KN This value of C, could have been read directly from the factored compressive resistance tables in the Steel Construction Handbook. ., ison dour Ue vais ¥e7 th we) )qr fon PD cs Short Maximum strength Intermediate _ Significant inelastic action ‘Yielding Cs Inelastic action= not as significant: 7 - Effective lengths Effective length factors, K, of columns with varying degrees of end fixity are given in Annex B of the code, and are reproduced here in Table 4.3. Table 4.3 Effective lengths of compression members Nv ner! Sol fa) | (b) } (c) | Cd) | (e) — Buckled shape of column is shown by a dashed line ii Theoretical K value 07 1.0 2.0 2.0 Recommended design value when ideal con- ditions are approxi. | 0-65 | 080] 1.0 | 12 | 20} 20 mated Rotation fixed Translation fixed ! Rotation free Translation fixed Rotation fixed Translation free Rotation free Translation free End condition code ~§ 0.67 M, M, = 1.15 6M, (1 - 0,28 M, /M.,) but not greater than @M,; and it) When Mey 0.67 My, aa 040 oe Me OMe, 2 where the critical elastic moment of the unbraced member is given by G2 dadhie Migheles + 200-10" Wham ee shee Maldas © 77 10°Ml conn > Mer * ger VElyGu + (rE J? ea : a Bi tF ak te moot seine pr” 31s Vat Bester const Ces tacepng tenet. tonsk Lis the effective length of the unbraced portion of the beam, in milimetres (see 9.4) . where @, = 1,75 + 1,05 «+ 0.3 x < 2,5, for unbraced lengths subject o end moments a Sete & (J, = 1.0 when the bending moment at any point within the unbfaced length is larger than the larger ‘end moment or when there is no etfective lateral support for the compression flange at one of the ends of the unsupported length: C,, equals 0 for structural hollow sections: and “ x is the ratio of the smaller to the larger utimate moment at opposite ends of the unbraced length, 2 positive for double curvature and negative for single curvature: : ) for doubly symmetric class 3 and class 4 sections and for channels ) when M,, > 0.67 M, lessereti 3 Me — 1.15 oM, (1 - 0.28M,/M,,) but not greater than gM, for class 2 sections and the value he = Oty, = Given in 13.5(c) for class 4 sections: and : it) when Mg, < 0.67 My. My = OMe, = [ Mg, and io, are as defined in 13.6(a)(i; and c ¢) for cantilevers and monosymmetric shapes @ rational method of analysis, such as that given in the ‘commentary on SABS 0162-1 by the South African Institute of Stee! Construction, may be used. [ [ [In ABs - fea TF mm a doula. cvrndate ct[DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING [Course: 2DE2 DESIGN |name: ee UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Date B3 item Calculations Resut EXAMPLE 5.1 PAGE Sul@ wh HANDBOOM cus w LATERAL le i pr | ENPS ony! 7 bio x224 x125T Le : Man M = WE/S WHAT 1S MAX ULT. VALUE OF w UY) Mae wert a witdn gone ebay Bovevol yarbomls 6 1 oy g : . 2 ‘ - ENDS PINWED) Ny} # v Eff ache Ww eee ule on See Aone, J se 5 Why Mp © 2p. fy = tib7e.10. B90 Jot =| Mol knw (om FROM H/BK Pm ¥.45 ) wm T e) Ge Wane et coe ( © ee Whoe. E = 200 oO N/wnt sTece Gz TT rO Nf CONSTANTS: T= 1590-107 went (from trbls) for Ty? 243-10 wnt btox 224 Sas t Cyt BUST. 10" wren! H(BK Pa] 2.44 CW ee: ees ie oe (oe From Hide f4 5.38 HOR Lz lOm)tem UNIVERSITY OF NATAL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING course: 2DEX DESIEN | name (9 0,67 Me (vi Date: Calculations lage Now Mer By Fest Oi a\\0 lees ve 384 $ Mee THEN M (Gan eee ExaAmPeLe 5.2 Max M = Wey = 737,7 4 An, < (oR H/BK] Fe 3.48) < 0,67 Mg 737,7 4. 381,3 ce BY 3,2 kere (ob H/pe te sail) 3u3,2 Ww me = 4. 343,2 PROG 5.14 SAME QUESTION AS YI WHAT 1S MAX VALUE OF we Nee ee yy Mee revere mm Elle dit So oe kb 6,67 Mp = MET ILal LATE 2 supp =e WE Mee le ADDITIONAL LATERM Sup 4 4 oe IN HAND Oc Ie anu pet ENDS + Mhpsean ag Gio ~ 224 x25 T Gut untH PORT AT mid) it SPAM Wo NowDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 2 DEL DESIEN| Name: Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Date: BS Hem Calculations Result eee See et ce ke B,5y,4,7, 6, ae prenms scam [5.1 M, = 1424 leat Now Mey = 1424 PO 0,67 M miceeeee Se Me = UNS $Me Ge 0,26 Me) Mu pS IL 09, vier (1 6,26. Be) = 957,58 ENuw Nee se ages ay 7. mie Wot 9575-410 = {383 kN Lae l-e BY PRovIDING® LATERAL SUPPOLT To THE ComPRessioN Fuernae AT MIDSPAN , THE POINT LOAD AT MiIDoOPAN CfrN BE INCREASED Peon 2 (20 8 el to ses bd 174% a INCREASE134 Shear ~ 13.4.1 Webs of flexural members with two flanges 1341.1 Elastic analysis, Except as noted in 13.412, ne factored shear resisance V, developed by the web ofa fexual a member shall be taken as ¥ Ah : where A, the shear area (fr role Sections and Mgt or plate ies) and : ‘gyi 38 folows (except hat fr girder end panes the tensiontielé component fin (e) ane) shal be taken as ze (see 15.7.1) = ze fey = 088 f — : Zs - moh i ; <2" 500 Basie : iolled 0 |< Fe soo | welt yen 2 500 1, Boe aa Py Thwd = f, = (50 fy ~ 0.866 fen) 4 Y 1+ (sing)? a fey * hese +h . sg «180000 hy , hu Fuel i be, dewlemest : 4 = 1, © (050 fy ~ 0,866 fags) ( - where : the shear bucking coeticient oe : sek. \ a : : (9 seh 4+ S34 wen sity <1 . : bv 5 - : oh Ging} a na 5 ee 4 iiciesssies A = 534 + fae = . “¢ Sthw) a arm” a Bane ee ; wider i: . ‘M16 the aspect ratio, ie. the ratio of the distance between stiteners to web depth = ws # Fino Hifhwss 2 ooane egg _ La ae B7 WEB STIFFENERS BEARING STIFFENERS wir] 15.6] When a load is applied normal to a rolled beam or plate girder, the web of the beam will act as a strut in resisting this load. hy Load bearing stiffeners will be required where the web fails by either yielding or crippling. Web yielding =~ (15.9 i The web in compression bears on the toe of the flange-to-web fillet. We therefore need to be able to calculate the factored bearing resistance and ensure that it is greater than the ultimate bearing stress to prevent yielding failure. A load will disperse into the web from the point of application of the load at approximately 1:2,5, pit some Kapp as presen’ (aS If & is the distance from. the® 3 fc ssssocsisSsadssSsiSSMtsSaUi! outer face of the flange to the * (2 web toe of the flange-to-web © | fillet for a rolled section, or the thichness “ofthe: flange for’ a welded plate girder, then the effective bearing area will extend to 2.5 & from the edge of the stiff bearing lengthy over which the reaction or load is applied. abe At end reactions the effective bearing area will be given by (N + 2.5k), and at interior loads or reactions the load will spread to either side of the loaded wideh giving an effective bearing area of (N + 5k). Where N is the length of the bearing which shall not be taken as less than & for end reactions. [a Gu 25k) {