Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

College: Industrial Technology

Campus: Bambang, Nueva
Vizcaya
DEGREE BSHM COURSE NO. LM 2
PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION Hospitality COURSE TITLE Data Analytic in the Hospitality Industry with
Management Spreadsheet
YEAR LEVEL BSHM 3 TIME FRAME 9 hrs WK NO. 1-3 IM NO. 01

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

DATA MANAGEMENT FOR HOSPITALITY AND GAMING

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Data Management Challenge and Opportunity
2. Data Storage
3. Data Integration
4. Data Quality
5. Benefits of Data Management
6. Responsible Use of Data

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This course prepares students to gather, describe, and analyze data, and
use advanced statistical tools to make decisions on operations, risk
management, finance, marketing, etc. Analysis is done targeting economic and
financial decisions in complex systems that involve multiple partners. Topics
include probability, statistics, hypothesis testing, regression, clustering, decision
trees, and forecasting.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. discuss data management, challenge and opportunity in hospitality and gaming;
2. develop the use of data in hospitality management.

V. LESSON CONTENT

1. DATA MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY

What is data management?

Data management is the practice of collecting, organizing, protecting, and
storing an organization’s data so it can be analyzed for business decisions. As
organizations create and consume data at unprecedented rates, data
management solutions become essential for making sense of the vast quantities
of data. Today’s leading data management software ensures that reliable, up-to-
date data is always used to drive decisions. The software helps with everything
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

from data preparation to cataloging, search, and governance, allowing people to

quickly find the information they need for analysis.

Types of Data Management

Data management plays several roles in an organization’s data
environment, making essential functions easier and less time intensive. These
data management techniques include the following:

 Data preparation is used to clean and transform raw data into the right
shape and format for analysis, including making corrections and
combining data sets.
 Data pipelines enable the automated transfer of data from one system to
another.
 ETLs (Extract, Transform, Load) are built to take the data from one
system, transform it, and load it into the organization’s data warehouse.
 Data catalogs help manage metadata to create a complete picture of the
data, providing a summary of its changes, locations, and quality while
also making the data easy to find.
 Data warehouses are places to consolidate various data sources,
contend with the many data types of businesses store, and provide a
clear route for data analysis.
 Data governance defines standards, processes, and policies to maintain
data security and integrity.
 Data architecture provides a formal approach for creating and managing
data flow.
 Data security protects data from unauthorized access and corruption.
 Data modeling documents the flow of data through an application or
organization.

Why data management is important

Data management is a crucial first step to employing effective data
analysis at scale, which leads to important insights that add value to your
customers and improve your bottom line. With effective data management,
people across an organization can find and access trusted data for their queries.
Some benefits of an effective data management solution include:

Visibility
Data management can increase the visibility of your organization’s data
assets, making it easier for people to quickly and confidently find the right data
for their analysis. Data visibility allows your company to be more organized and
productive, allowing employees to find the data they need to better do their jobs.

Reliability
Data management helps minimize potential errors by establishing
processes and policies for usage and building trust in the data being used to
make decisions across your organization. With reliable, up-to-date data,
companies can respond more efficiently to market changes and customer needs.
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

Security
Data management protects your organization and its employees from data
losses, thefts, and breaches with authentication and encryption tools. Strong
data security ensures that vital company information is backed up and retrievable
should the primary source become unavailable. Additionally, security becomes
more and more important if your data contains any personally identifiable
information that needs to be carefully managed to comply with consumer
protection laws.

Scalability
Data management allows organizations to effectively scale data and usage
occasions with repeatable processes to keep data and metadata up to date.
When processes are easy to repeat, your organization can avoid the
unnecessary costs of duplication, such as employees conducting the same
research over and over again or re-running costly queries unnecessarily.

Data Management Challenges

Most of the challenges in data management today stem from the faster
pace of business and the increasing proliferation of data. The ever-expanding
variety, velocity, and volume of data available to organizations is pushing them to
seek more-effective management tools to keep up. Some of the top challenges
organizations face include the following:

Lack of data insight Data from an increasing number and variety of sources
such as sensors, smart devices, social media, and video
cameras is being collected and stored. But none of that
data is useful if the organization doesn’t know what data it
has, where it is, and how to use it. Data management
solutions need scale and performance to deliver meaningful
insights in a timely manner.

Difficulty maintaining Organizations are capturing, storing, and using more data
data-management all the time. To maintain peak response times across this
performance levels expanding tier, organizations need to continuously monitor
the type of questions the database is answering and
change the indexes as the queries change—without
affecting performance.

Challenges complying Compliance regulations are complex and multijurisdictional,

with changing data and they change constantly. Organizations need to be able
requirements to easily review their data and identify anything that falls
under new or modified requirements. In particular,
personally identifiable information (PII) must be detected,

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

tracked, and monitored for compliance with increasingly

strict global privacy regulations.

Need to easily Collecting and identifying the data itself doesn’t provide any
process and convert value—the organization needs to process it. If it takes a lot
data of time and effort to convert the data into what they need
for analysis, that analysis won’t happen. As a result, the
potential value of that data is lost.

Constant need to In the new world of data management, organizations store

store data effectively data in multiple systems, including data warehouses and
unstructured data lakes that store any data in any format in
a single repository. An organization’s data scientists need a
way to quickly and easily transform data from its original
format into the shape, format, or model they need it to be in
for a wide array of analyses.

Demand to With the availability of cloud data management systems,

continually optimize organizations can now choose whether keep and analyze
IT agility and costs data in on-premises environments, in the cloud, or in a
hybrid mixture of the two. IT organizations need to evaluate
the level of identicality between on-premises and cloud
environments in order to maintain maximum IT agility and
lower costs.

Though many hotel systems have built-in analytics tools, their capabilities
may be restricted to solving narrow tasks in a particular niche. As a rule,
software like the PMS provides you with basic business KPIs but doesn’t explain
trends and their causes. If you see that the occupancy rate is lower than
expected, you often can’t respond adequately without additional insights.

To dive deeper into available information and turn it into effective

decisions, you need tailored business intelligence (BI) solutions that work with
different data sources and present results in a convenient visual form. Let’s see
how hotels can get a boost from modern BI-fueled software.

Better demand forecasting and price optimization

Demand forecasting and price optimization are the main tasks of revenue
management (RM) that aims at maximizing profitability for hotels. Often the
concept of RM is described as “selling rooms via the right distribution channels to
the right clients at the right time and for the right price.”

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

The biggest key to solving this equation with numerous unknowns is the
right technology. It should take into account multiple factors (from weather to
upcoming events) impacting booking decisions and support real-time or dynamic
pricing — a set of practices for aligning room rates with shifts in demand.

The US economy hotel chain used analytical tools to predict that 3 percent
of flight cancelations will lead to nearly 90,000 passengers stranded in airports
near their hotels every day. Next, revenue managers reached publicly available
weather reports and datasets on flight cancellations to forecast when and where
delays and cancellations would likely hit the 3 percent limit.

Then, knowing that most passengers would use mobile phones to search
for nearby lodging options the company launched a marketing campaign aimed
at mobile device users in the geographical areas affected by the bad weather.
This resulted in a 10 percent increase in revenue in regions where the strategy
was employed.

Estimating channel profitability

To learn the demand level for each of your distribution channels, you can just
look through your PMS reports. However, for understanding a channel’s true
value, you need to consider far more facts and figures such as:

 commissions and advertising costs.

 average income per day, month, and year.
 cancellation rate; and
 days of the week when the channel in question attracts most bookings.

After feeding this data to business intelligence, you can identify OTAs or booking
engines that attract most deluxe room reservations, design optimal channel mix
and turn down sources that don’t generate profits.

Improving customer experience

A recent survey by the Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) shows
that only one in five hospitality companies have implemented customer
satisfaction programs. It’s no wonder as the guest-first approach requires extra
investments, including spending on new technologies. Yet, saving money now
risks losing demanding clients to competitors soon.

The core of a profitable client-centric strategy is guest data, captured by

hotel software and external sources. Business intelligence can turn fragmented
information into recommendations on what should be improved to keep guests
happy and how to enhance the customer experience at every step of their hotel
journey, from the booking phase to checkout.

Identifying the total guest value

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

From a revenue manager’s point of view, not all guests are equal. Some
visitors limit themselves to using hotel rooms only, not ordering additional
services, while others splurge on dining, fitness activities, spa treatments, hotel
casino, celebrating special occasions, and so on.

By using BI tools, revenue managers can go beyond the standard

performance metrics such as RevPAR (revenue per available room) and spot the
most profitable customers along with their behavior patterns and preferences.
This information is essential for targeting high-rolling clients with tailored,
personalized offers and turning them into repeat guests.

Optimizing housekeeping expenses

As mentioned before, cleanliness is the primary factor affecting booking
decisions. Meanwhile, when hotels spend more on keeping rooms clean, guests
all too often don’t notice positive changes. Regarding these facts and the rising
cost of labor, many hospitality companies took an analytical approach to
understand how they can minimize expenses without sacrificing quality.

How to make sense of data chaos

Data is worthless and, worse yet, can disorient or drive to wrong
conclusions. Without implementing a data management culture, hotel
administrators and other employees can be buried in heaps of diversified and
often conflicting facts and figures. Here are some final tips to harness your data
and make it priceless.

 Don’t collect more than necessary. Decide why you need particular data
and how it can help you reach your business goals. Don’t waste time and
storage space on information you are not going to utilize.
 Integrate. Hotels often tend to operate isolated applications for different
functional areas. Ideally, all your systems and tools should be integrated
with each other for seamless data exchange.
 Centralize. If possible, use a single dashboard connected with different
systems. This way, you will have a centralized view of your business and
bring all departments together.
 Invest in training. Teach your staff to collect, unify, and organize data in
the hotel software, using different sources of information — both physical
and digital.
 Keep it in a data warehouse. This will ensure that the data you need is
cleansed, structured, conveniently packaged, always at hand, and ready
to use by analytical tools.
 Analyze it. Perhaps, your PMS can calculate key hotel KPIs, based on
booking data it operates. Yet, you need more powerful analytics tools to
extract valuable insights. There are many ready-to-use BI solutions on
the market. However, chances are that none of them will perfectly fit your
specific business needs. Custom BI solutions offer more flexibility and will
accurately meet your requirements. But, it takes time, money and tech
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

skills to develop them. Anyway, consult with BI analysts first to balance

cost, quality, and efficiency.
 Visualize it. Your business intelligence may apply extremely complex
algorithms to endless rows and columns of data. However, the results
should be presented in a comprehensible and helpful form so your hotel
managers can use it to track trends, tweak their daily workflow, and make
better decisions. At the end of the day, the data should make everybody’s
life and work easier rather than the reverse.

2. DATA STORAGE
Data storage describes what type of, where, and how hardware or software
holds, deletes, backs up, organizes, and secures information. This includes
keeping data in temporary or permanent storage. The digitization of
manufacturing, known as Industry 4.0, is a good example of how the enormous
volumes of data, real-time analysis, and quickness drive innovation and increase
data storage demands. 

The simplicity of using a paper punch card to hold data has long gone by the
wayside. Today data can be stored not only on hard disks, memory cards, and
DVDs but also in the cloud, and on atoms and DNA. Consider these questions to
better understand what data storage is:

Image Credit: Sublime gate

What type of thing holds the data? For example, data can sit on hard disks,
flash drives, Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) systems, and DNA. A virtual
software-defined infrastructure also may hold data.
Where is the data stored? For example, data can be stored on-premise, in
server farms, on the Internet of Things (IoT), or through a data storage service,
as a cloud provider.
How is the data stored? For example, solid-state drives use “electronically
programmable and erasable memory microchips” to store data. Other storage
devices may use Light Store, an environmentally friendly technology, or flash
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

memory, an” electronic, non-volatile data storage medium that is erased and
reprogrammed electrically” to store data.

Other Definitions of Data Storage Include:

 “The ability to keep all potentially valuable data assets around,
organized, and protected as information volumes explode.” (Jennifer
Zaino)
 The infrastructure needed to deal with the information wished to be
kept. (Amber Lee Dennis)
 “Information storage-related hardware and software technologies.”
(Gartner)
 An architecture delivering “high I/O throughput and data
availability.” (Forbes)
 “Making data readily available to users in real-time.” (TechRepublic)

Data Storage Use Cases Include:

Image Credit: Science X

 Increasing the capacity for deep learning datasets

 Adding data storage to a military drone so that it can use edge
computing
 Using online data storage for more valuable marketing and sales
data
 Keeping high volumes of video data for analysis
 Preserving readable information on a strand of DNA

Businesses Use Data Storage to:

 Hold large quantities of data
 Secure information
 Transport data from one location to another
 Keep from losing data
 Enable artificial intelligence (AI)

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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
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2022

Image Credit: TechCrunch

3. DATA INTEGRATION

Data integration refers to the technical and business processes used to

combine data from multiple sources to provide a unified, single view of the data.
‍

Data integration is the practice of consolidating data from disparate

sources into a single dataset with the ultimate goal of providing users with
consistent access and delivery of data across the spectrum of subjects and
structure types, and to meet the information needs of all applications and
business processes. The data integration process is one of the main
components in the overall data management process, employed with increasing
frequency as big data integration and the need to share existing data continues
to grow.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

Data integration architects develop data integration software programs and

data integration platforms that facilitate an automated data integration process
for connecting and routing data from source systems to target systems. This can
be achieved through a variety of data integration techniques, including:

 Extract, Transform and Load: copies of datasets from disparate

sources are gathered together, harmonized, and loaded into a data
warehouse or database
 Extract, Load and Transform: data is loaded as is into a big data
system and transformed at a later time for particular analytics uses
 Change Data Capture: identifies data changes in databases in real-
time and applies them to a data warehouse or other repositories
 Data Replication: data in one database is replicated to other
databases to keep the information the information synchronized to
operational uses and for backup
 Data Virtualization: data from different systems are virtually
combined to create a unified view rather than loading data into a
new repository
 Streaming Data Integration: a real time data integration method in
which different streams of data are continuously integrated and fed
into analytics systems and data stores

4. DATA QUALITY
Data quality is the measure of how well suited a data set is to serve its
specific purpose. Measures of data quality are based on data quality
characteristics such as accuracy, completeness, consistency, validity,
uniqueness, and timeliness.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-LM2-1ST-2021-
2022

‍
Data quality refers to the development and implementation of activities that
apply quality management techniques to data in order to ensure the data is fit to
serve the specific needs of an organization in a particular context. Data that is
deemed fit for its intended purpose is considered high quality data.

Examples of data quality issues include duplicated data, incomplete data,

inconsistent data, incorrect data, poorly defined data, poorly organized data, and
poor data security.

Data quality assessments are executed by data quality analysts, who

assess and interpret each individual data quality metric, aggregate a score for
the overall quality of the data, and provide organizations with a percentage to
represent the accuracy of their data. A low data quality scorecard indicates poor
data quality, which is of low value, is misleading, and can lead to poor decision
making that may harm the organization.

Data quality rules are an integral component of data governance, which is

the process of developing and establishing a defined, agreed-upon set of rules
and standards by which all data across an organization is governed. Effective
data governance should harmonize data from various data sources, create and
monitor data usage policies, and eliminate inconsistencies and inaccuracies that
would otherwise negatively impact data analytics accuracy and regulatory
compliance.

Data Quality Dimension

By which metrics do we measure data quality? There are six main
dimensions of data quality: accuracy, completeness, consistency, validity,
uniqueness, and timeliness.

 Accuracy: The data should reflect actual, real-world scenarios; the

measure of accuracy can be confirmed with a verifiable source.
 Completeness: Completeness is a measure of the data’s ability to
effectively deliver all the required values that are available.
 Consistency: Data consistency refers to the uniformity of data as it
moves across networks and applications. The same data values
stored in difference locations should not conflict with one another.
 Validity: Data should be collected according to defined business
rules and parameters and should conform to the right format and
fall within the right range.
 Uniqueness: Uniqueness ensures there are no duplications or
overlapping of values across all data sets. Data cleansing and
deduplication can help remedy a low uniqueness score.
 Timeliness: Timely data is data that is available when it is required.
Data may be updated in real time to ensure that it is readily
available and accessible.

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How to improve Data Quality

Data quality measures can be accomplished with data quality tools, which
typically provide data quality management capabilities such as: 
 Data profiling - The first step in the data quality improvement
process is understanding your data. Data profiling is the initial
assessment of the current state of the data sets. 
 Data Standardization - Disparate data sets are conformed to a
common data format.
 Geocoding - The description of a location is transformed into
coordinates that conform to U.S. and worldwide geographic
standards
 Matching or Linking - Data matching identifies and merges
matching pieces of information in big data sets. 
 Data Quality Monitoring - Frequent data quality checks are
essential. Data quality software in combination with machine
learning can automatically detect, report, and correct data
variations based on predefined business rules and parameters. 
 Batch and Real time - Once the data is initially cleansed, an
effective data quality framework should be able to deploy the same
rules and processes across all applications and data types at scale.

A good data quality service should provide a data quality dashboard that
delivers a flexible user experience and can be tailored to the specific needs of
the data quality stewards and data scientists running data quality oversight.
These tools and solutions can provide data quality testing but cannot fix
completely broken and incomplete data. A solid data management framework
should be in place to develop, execute, and manage the policies, strategies, and
programs that govern, secure, and enhance the value of data collected by an
organization.

‍5. BENEFITS OF DATA MANAGEMENT

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Now, when you are familiar with its basics, let us move forward to how the
data management system benefits businesses.

1. Eliminate Data Redundancy

Often while processing data in file-based data management systems,
duplicate files are created. Even multiple copies of the same file are stored in
different locations in a system or across multiple systems. This leads to data
redundancy. However, to resolve or reduce these files you require additional
manpower and space.

DMS allows you to reduce such repetitions by integrating all the files in a
single database. While the scattered data is getting converted into a single
database, the system deletes all the duplicate values. Besides, any change or
duplicate entries are reflected almost immediately. Controlling data redundancy
through DMS results in more accurate data and huge savings on resources and
productive time.

2. Data Sharing and Privacy

DMS allows you to share the data among the authorized users of the
database. In a database, complete access belongs to the management and only
the authorized person can assign the level of access to other users after verifying
all the protocols. As the users have permission, they can view and modify the
data files on their own as per their tasks.

3. Data Integrity and Security

DMS ensures the integrity and safety of your data. Data integrity relates to
data accuracy and consistency which play a major role as there are large
volumes of data in multiple databases. These databases are visible to different
users who use the information available to make business-related decisions.
Thus, it gets essential to only include correct and consistent data for all users.

Besides, safety is another aspect that is important to organizations. DMS

allows only authorized users to access the database, ensuring that your data is
tamperproof, secure and theft free. It verifies your identity by assigning a
username and password to you.

4. Backup and Recovery

Data loss is one of the major concerns for organizations. In the usual file
processing system, you need to regularly backup the database that wastes lots of
time and resources. And, if you have large volumes of data then the process
takes a lot of time.

With DMS, you don’t need to back up your data frequently. It duly takes
care of the backup and recovery process by automatically backing up your data at
regular intervals. Besides, you don’t even need to worry even if your system
crashes in the middle of a process, or you have a system failure. DMS restores
the database to its last saved condition.

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5. Data Consistency
There are multiple users who access the data for their respective tasks.
Thus, data consistency is a must for accurate business decisions. As DMS
ensures no data redundancy, data consistency is fairly easy to maintain.
All the data remains consistent for all the users. Even the minutest change
to the database is reflected in the database and visible to all who are using the
database.

6. RESPONSIBLE USE OF DATA

Using data in a responsible manner is an integral part of any Digital

Society. Responsible data science promotes best practices that maximize the
availability of high-quality data while limiting the potential for misuse that could
erode fundamental rights and undermine the public trust in digital technologies.

Responsible Data (RD) is a concept outlining our collective duty to

prioritize and respond to the ethical, legal, social and privacy-related challenges
that come from using data in new and different ways in advocacy and social
change.

RD encompasses a variety of issues which are sometimes thought about

separately, like data privacy and data protection, or ethical challenges. We
believe that in order for any of them to be truly addressed, they need to be
considered together.

Key elements of Responsible Data include:

 Power dynamics: who are the least powerful actors in any
situation, how are they affected by the data, and what do they make
of the situation? How powerful are the people making decisions
about data and technology in relation to those whose data is being
collected and used?
 Unknown unknowns: we can’t see into the future, but we can build
in checks and balances to alert us if something unexpected is
happening.
 Precautionary principle: just because we can, doesn’t mean we
should. If we can’t sufficiently evaluate the risk and understand the
harms, then perhaps we should pause for a minute, and re-evaluate
what we’re doing, and why.
 Thoughtful innovation: for new ideas to have the best possible
chance of succeeding – and for everyone to benefit from those new
ideas and projects – innovation needs to be approached with care
and thought, not just speed.
 Holding ourselves high: in many cases, legal and regulatory
frameworks have not yet caught up to the real-world effects of data
and technology. How can we push ourselves to have higher
standards and to lead by example?
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 Diversity and bias: who makes the decisions? What perspectives

are missing, and how can we include a diversity of thought and
approach to ensure that a wide range of approaches are included?
 Building better behaviors: there is no one-size-fits-all for RD.
Existing culture, context and behaviors change the implications and
ways in which data is used.

Within social change work, there is usually a stark power asymmetry. From
humanitarian work, to campaigning, documenting human rights violations to
movement building, advocacy organizations are often led by – and work with –
vulnerable or marginalized communities. We often approach social change work
through a critical lens, prioritizing how to mitigate power asymmetries. We
believe we need to do the same thing when it comes to the data we work with –
question it, understand its limitations, and learn from it in responsible ways.

In one way or another, all data is shaped by people and their decisions.
How we treat data, how we think about what it tells us (or what it doesn’t), how
we choose what to collect and what not to collect all have impacts upon people.
Responsible Data practices are a way of bringing those considerations to the
fore to ensure we use data in a way that strengthens our work and mitigates the
unintended consequences of our work.

There are very few formulas to addressing responsible data challenges,

and resources the community develops will encourage structured confrontation
of the complexity inherent in responsible data. These resources also will propose
ways to identify and address blind spots before they directly threaten the
effectiveness of social change aims.

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VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ASSIGNMENT. 1.What are the data management software used in the

hospitality industry? Explain the functions and benefits of each software.

2. What is Big Data? And what is its relation to the hospitality industry?

VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

ESSAY: DIRECTION: Answer each question comprehensively, concisely, and

creatively.

1. How does the data management affects the operation in the hotel industry?

IX. References

A. Book/Printed Resources

Jones, P., (2008). Handbook of Hospitality Operations and IT. Oxford, UK:

Butterworth
Heinemann.

Lea R Dopson; David K Hayes (2018), Food And Beverage Cost Control,
Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

Schroder, K.E., Carey, M.P., Venable, P.A. (2003). Methodological challenges in

research
on sexual risk behavior: I. Item content, scaling, and data analytic options. Ann
Behav Med, 26(2): 76-103.Shamoo, A.E., Resnik, B.R. (2003). Responsible
Conduct of Research. Oxford University Press.

Shamoo, A.E. (1989). Principles of Research Data Audit. Gordon and Breach,
New York.
Shepard, R.J. (2002). Ethics in exercise science research. Sports Med, 32 (3):
169-183.
Silverman, S., Manson, M. (2003). Research on teaching in physical education
doctoral
dissertations: a detailed investigation of focus, method, and analysis. Journal of
Teaching in Physical Education, 22(3): 280-297.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)” In Accordance with Section. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Works of Republic Act 8293, the
copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
distribution”.
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Smeeton, N., Goda, D. (2003). Conducting and presenting social work research:
some basic
statistical considerations. Br J Soc Work, 33: 567-573.

Thompson, B., Noferi, G. 2002. Statistical, practical, clinical: How many types of
significance
should be considered in counseling research? Journal of Counseling &
Development,
80(4):64-71.

Resnik, D. (2000). Statistics, ethics, and research: an agenda for educations and
reform.
Accountability in Research. 8: 163-88

B. e-Resources

Dopson, L. R., Hayes, D. K., Food and beverage cost control. 6th edition.
(2016), Retrieved
January, 2020 from http://www.cotr.bc.ca/bookstore/cotr_web.asp?
IDNumber=164 for
a complete list of the currently required textbooks.

Harley-Davidson Inc., Financial Statements, Retrieved January, 2020 from

http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE
%3AHOG&fstype=ii&ei=jIKsqfrAHHp4GoCA

Harding, R. (2014, June 30). The productivity puzzles. Financial Times.

Retrieved January,
2020 from http://www.ft.com/

Financial Management (2019). HOG historical prices, Harley Davidson, Inc.

common stock.
(n.d.). Retrieved January, 2020 from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?
s=HOG+Historical+Prices

Jack E. Miller, Lea R. Dopson and David K. Hayes (2014), Food and Beverage
Cost Control
Third Edition, Retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.scribd.com/document/364370774/Food-and-Beverage-Cost-Control-
pdf

Lea R. Dopson, David K. Hayes, Food and Beverage Cost Control, 7th Edition
(2016),
Retrieved January, 2020 from
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)” In Accordance with Section. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Works of Republic Act 8293, the
copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
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https://www.wiley.com/enus/Food+and+Beveragentrol%2C+7th+Edition

Marina Bay Sands, (2015). Media Centre | Company Information | Marina Bay

Sands. [online]
Marinabaysands.com, Retrieved January, 2020
<http://www.marinabaysands.com/company-information/media-
centre.html>

Noble, D.F. (2012), Gallery of best resumes: A collection of quality resumes by

professional
resume writer, Retrieved January, 2020,
http://login.library.sheridanc.on.ca/login?

Odom, Clement K., "Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Hotel
Industry: Impact
on Hotel Performance in Service Delivery" (2012). UNLV Theses,
Dissertations,
Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1339. Retrieved January, 2020,
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/1339

Partridge, A.R (2011) Foodservice Logistics Brings Value to The Table.

Retrieved January,
2020 http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/foodservice-ticsvalue-to-the
table/

Peter Briscoe and Griff Tripp (2016), Chapter 4. Food and Beverage Services,
Retrieved
January, 2020 from https://opentextbc.ca/ir-4-food-and-beverage-services/

STR Global (2012). Hotel types. Retrieved January, 2020 from

http://www.strglobal.com/Resources/Glossary.aspx#H

Stuart-Hill, T (2013) A practical guide to competitive set selection: hotel business

review,
Retrieved January, 2020 from
http://hotelexecutive.com/business_tical-guideto- competitive-set-
selection

Terry, L. (2007) Hospitality Logistics: Supply Chains Made to Order, Retrieved

January,
2020 from http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/hospitality-
logistics--order/

WILL KENTON, Cost Control. Updated Apr 9, 2019 retrieved January, 2020 from
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)” In Accordance with Section. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Works of Republic Act 8293, the
copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cost-control.asp

Wyndham Hotels & Resorts 2012 Corporate Information. (2012), Retrieved

January, 2020
from http://www.wyndham.com/corporate/recruiting/disciplines/corporateoffice/
main.wnt

Zhang, X., Song, H. and Huang, G., 2009. Tourism supply chain management: A
new research
agenda. Tourism Management, [online] 30(3), pp.345-358, Retrieved January,
2020 from
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517708002161>

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College: Industrial Technology

Campus: Bambang, Nueva
Vizcaya
DEGREE BSHM COURSE NO. LM 2
PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION Hospitality COURSE TITLE Data Analytic in the Hospitality Industry with
Management Spreadsheet
YEAR LEVEL BSHM 3 TIME FRAME 9 hrs WK NO. 4-5 IM NO. 02

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

DATA ANALYSIS

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Data Mining
2. Business Intelligence
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Predictive Analytics
5. Text Analytics

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This course prepares students to gather, describe, and analyze data, and
use advanced statistical tools to make decisions on operations, risk
management, finance, marketing, etc. Analysis is done targeting economic and
financial decisions in complex systems that involve multiple partners. Topics
include probability, statistics, hypothesis testing, regression, clustering, decision
trees, and forecasting.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. discuss data and its role in data analytics.
2. forecast the different analytics in hospitality management.

V. LESSON CONTENT

DATA ANALYSIS

What is Data Analysis?

Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and
modeling data to discover useful information for business decision-making. The
purpose of Data Analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the
decision based upon the data analysis.

Data Analysis Tools

Data analysis tools make it easier for users to process and manipulate
data, analyze the relationships and correlations between data sets, and it also

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helps to identify patterns and trends for interpretation. Here is a complete list
of tools.

1. DATA MINING
Data mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within
large data sets to predict outcomes. Using a broad range of techniques, you can use this
information to increase revenues, cut costs, improve customer relationships, reduce risks
and more.

the process of digging through data to discover hidden connections and predict
future trends has a long history. Sometimes referred to as "knowledge discovery in
databases," the term "data mining" wasn’t coined until the 1990s. But its foundation
comprises three intertwined scientific disciplines: statistics (the numeric study of data
relationships), artificial intelligence (human-like intelligence displayed by software and/or
machines) and machine learning (algorithms that can learn from data to make
predictions). What was old is new again, as data mining technology keeps evolving to
keep pace with the limitless potential of big data and affordable computing power.

Over the last decade, advances in processing power and speed have enabled us
to move beyond manual, tedious and time-consuming practices to quick, easy and
automated data analysis. The more complex the data sets collected, the more potential
there is to uncover relevant insights. Retailers, banks, manufacturers,
telecommunications providers and insurers, among others, are using data mining to
discover relationships among everything from price optimization, promotions and
demographics to how the economy, risk, competition and social media are affecting their
business models, revenues, operations and customer relationships.

Data mining, or knowledge discovery from data (KDD), is the process of

uncovering trends, common themes or patterns in “big data”. Uncovering
patterns in data isn’t anything new — it’s been around for decades, in various
guises. The term “Data Mining” appeared in academic journals as early as 1970.
But it only really migrated into popular use in the 1990s, after the advent of the
internet.
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Knowledge from data mining can help companies and governments cut
costs or increase revenue. For example, an early form of data mining was used
by companies to analyze huge amounts of scanner data from supermarkets. This
analysis revealed when people were most likely to shop, and when they were
most likely to buy certain products, like wine or baby products. This enabled the
retailer to maximize revenue by ensuring they always had enough product at the
right time in the right place. One of the first bestselling systems was A.C.
Nielson’s best-selling Spotlight, which broke down supermarket sales data into
multiple dimensions including volume by region and product type.

Who uses Data Mining?

Data mining is primarily used by industries that cater to the consumer, like
retail, financial and marketing companies. If you’ve ever shopped at a retail store
and received customized coupons, that’s a result of mining. Your individual
purchase history was analyzed to find out what products you’ve been buying and
what promotions you’re likely to be interested in. Netflix uses data mining to
recommend movies to its customers, Google uses mining to tailor
advertisements to internet users and Walmart uses data mining to manage
inventory and identify areas where new products are likely to be successful.
Mining is more likely to be used by larger companies, as enormous computers
are required to sift through data.

Key Data Mining Concepts

Achieving the best results from data mining requires an array of tools and
techniques. Some of the most commonly used functions include:

 Data cleansing and preparation — A step in which data is

transformed into a form suitable for further analysis and processing,
such as identifying and removing errors and missing data.
 Artificial intelligence (AI) — These systems perform analytical
activities associated with human intelligence such as planning,
learning, reasoning, and problem solving.
 Association rule learning — These tools, also known as market
basket analysis, search for relationships among variables in a
dataset, such as determining which products are typically purchased
together.
 Clustering — A process of partitioning a dataset into a set of
meaningful sub-classes, called clusters, to help users understand the
natural grouping or structure in the data.
 Classification — This technique assigns items in a dataset to target
categories or classes with the goal of accurately predicting the target
class for each case in the data.
 Data analytics — The process of evaluating digital information into
useful business intelligence.

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 Data warehousing — A large collection of business data used to

help an organization make decisions. It is the foundational
component of most large-scale data mining efforts.
 Machine learning — A computer programming technique that uses
statistical probabilities to give computers the ability to “learn” without
being explicitly programmed.
 Regression — A technique used to predict a range of numeric
values, such as sales, temperatures, or stock prices, based on a
particular data set.

How Data Mining Works

A typical data mining project starts with asking the right business question,
collecting the right data to answer it, and preparing the data for analysis.
Success in the later phases is dependent on what occurs in the earlier phases.
Poor data quality will lead to poor results, which is why data miners must ensure
the quality of the data they use as input for analysis.

Data mining practitioners typically achieve timely, reliable results by

following a structured, repeatable process that involves these six steps:
 Business understanding — Developing a thorough understanding of
the project parameters, including the current business situation, the
primary business objective of the project, and the criteria for success.
 Data understanding — Determining the data that will be needed to solve
the problem and gathering it from all available sources.
 Data preparation — Preparing the data in the appropriate format to
answer the business question, fixing any data quality problems such as
missing or duplicate data.
 Modeling — Using algorithms to identify patterns within the data.
 Evaluation — Determining whether and how well the results delivered by
a given model will help achieve the business goal. There is often an
iterative phase to find the best algorithm in order to achieve the best
result.
 Deployment — Making the results of the project available to decision
makers.

Throughout this process, close collaboration between domain experts and

data miners is essential to understand the significance of data mining results to
the business question being explored.

2. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

Business intelligence (BI) combines business analytics, data mining, data

visualization, data tools and infrastructure, and best practices to help
organizations to make more data-driven decisions. In practice, you know you’ve
got modern business intelligence when you have a comprehensive view of your
organization’s data and use that data to drive change, eliminate inefficiencies,
and quickly adapt to market or supply changes.
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It’s important to note that this is a very modern definition of BI—and BI has
had a strangled history as a buzzword. Traditional Business Intelligence, capital
letters and all, originally emerged in the 1960s as a system of sharing
information across organizations. It further developed in the 1980s alongside
computer models for decision-making and turning data into insights before
becoming specific offering from BI teams with IT-reliant service solutions.
Modern BI solutions prioritize flexible self-service analysis, governed data on
trusted platforms, empowered business users, and speed to insight.

Business intelligence depends on the process of business research to

gather data. Analysis of the collected data by using comprehensive technological
tools helps in getting actionable insights. The business intelligence comprises of
collection, analysis, and presentation of business-related information and is more
often considered as an outcome of business research enabling smarter business
actions.

For example, A restaurant owner wants to understand the preference of his

customers, type of cuisine they like, and why they like that specific cuisine. The
restaurant went on to conduct a survey using business intelligence software and
feedback is collected from customers about different types of cuisines. The
restaurant owner using prominent features in the software analyzes the customer
mindset and derives valuable insights about cuisines served in the restaurant.
Empowered with information about what cuisine is liked by what people and what
cuisine is ordered most on what day, etc., he then creates business strategies
that are appealing as well as satisfying for his customers and profitable for his
business.

The goal of business intelligence is to collect information and analyze it; so

that a forward-thinking organization like yours can make better business
decisions. Some of the trends related to business intelligence shortly are as
follows:

 Increased investment in AI technology

 Big data
 The increasing importance of data governance
 Increase in self-service business intelligence software and tools
 Data interpretation through storytelling
 Collaborative business intelligence
 Embedded business intelligence
 Cloud analytics

Undoubtedly, in today’s competitive business world, the ability to use data

and technology in real-time is one of the most important parameters to succeed.
It doesn’t matter what industry you represent, but what matters is the access to
quick information. Such access to intelligent insights helps organizations to make
productive, analytical and impactful decisions. Although, what needs to be clear

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is that data collection alone is not enough for insights; processing and analyzing
that data is what leads to actionable insights that drive business decisions.

Advantages of business intelligence

Business Intelligence has a direct impact on an organization’s strategic,
tactical and operational business decisions. It supports fact-based decision
making using historical data rather than assumptions and gut feelings. These
tools perform data analysis and create reports, summaries, dashboards, maps,
graphs, and charts to provide users with detailed intelligence about the nature of
the business. Following are some advantages of Business Intelligence:

 A right Business Intelligence software helps to boost productivity in

the organization by displaying the gathered data using reports,
analytical dashboards, and infographics.
 It provides an organization with a holistic view of the company,
segmented into various departments, products, services, etc.,
making it easier to identify areas that need attention or
improvement.
 Complex processes in an organization can be streamlined using
advanced automated analytics, enabling a company to reduce time
and effort leading to faster and efficient business processes.
 Visual infographics and easy to understand reports can be
generated using BI software allowing even non-technical individuals
to understand the meaning of their metrics.

Importance of business intelligence in an organization

In today’s ever-changing business environment, there is a need for
business intelligence to enjoy a competitive advantage. Business intelligence
helps an organization to evaluate customer opinions, the market and customer
behavior, which gives them an upper hand in winning higher market shares and
reaping higher revenues. Following are some reasons why business intelligence
is an asset to any organization:

1. Gather actionable insights – Business intelligence is transforming

business-oriented raw data into usable information. Raw data will
not give you actionable insights about your business parameters
but BI will provide an organization with a comprehensive analysis of
data to identify pain points or opportunities that can be used to
devise more customer-centric strategies.

2. In-depth understanding of the organization – It is difficult to

understand the business as a whole if you don’t know each
component of the business, including those that are often
overlooked. Business intelligence enables an organization to
identify each component that requires attention and make
improvements accordingly.
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3. Achieve sales and marketing targets – Achieving those sales

and marketing goals are difficult if the company does not
understand the target market, the trends or the ever-changing
customer needs. Business intelligence delivers in-depth analysis to
kickstart an organization’s sales, boost the performance of the
marketing function and help in synchronizing both the teams to
achieve those sales and marketing goals.

4. Anticipate buyer behavior and trends – Customer engagement is

a buzzword often discussed in today’s business world. Hence,
drawing prospective customers to you is essential, rather than
relying on old, outdated techniques based on a hard sell. A
business intelligence software enables a company to create holistic
customer profiles based on their every interaction or every
feedback during the customer journey. This allows them to gather
valuable intelligence, which provides them with detailed insights on
buyer behavior and trends, thus allowing them to improve sales,
marketing, or growth strategies accordingly.

5. Boost overall productivity – Many organizations have inefficient

bottlenecks, old traditional processes and manual routine tasks that
hinder the growth of an organization. Business intelligence software
can release these bottlenecks, automate routine tasks and refine
processes bringing new levels of organization and prioritization to
everybody’s work. This enables efficient and highly responsive
customer service, better use of human resources, accurate
measurement of marketing campaigns thereby boosting the overall
productivity across the organization.

6. Data governance and regulations – The new GDPR law has put
many restrictions on the way personal data is being collected, used,
stored, processed, and shared. The new laws include requirements
to keep data accurate and up to date, to demonstrate grounds for
processing data and formulate a clear privacy policy for improved
transparency. A GDPR compliant business intelligence software e
helps you to centralize all the data which in turn improves
transparency and exposes inaccuracies and gaps. Furthermore, it
enables a company to be in a position of meeting the global
regulations and laws to avoid being blacklisted by the regulators
and the customers as well.

7. Accelerated ROI – Last but not the least, business intelligence

helps an organization to accelerate ROI by managing day-to-day
efficiency, sales conversion metrics and customer experience
through analysis and modeling. It also enables a company to get
valuable insights into consumer buying behavior, customer

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experience, and customer needs, putting the organization on a path

of success.

Business intelligence empowers organizations with accurate data and

updates in real-time. It also explored the upcoming market trends, and
forecasting means and even at times allowing to predict “what-if” scenarios to
eradicate the need to guess or estimate.

3. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistics (or statistical analysis) is the process of collecting and analyzing

data to identify patterns and trends. It's a method of using numbers to try to
remove any bias when reviewing information. It can also be thought of as a
scientific tool that can inform decision making.

They point to specific ways in which statistical analysis is completed. They

said five steps are taken during the process, including:
 Describe the nature of the data to be analyzed.
 Explore the relation of the data to the underlying population.
 Create a model to summarize understanding of how the data
relates to the underlying population.
 Prove (or disprove) the validity of the model.
 Employ predictive analytics to anticipate future trends.

Traditional methods for statistical analysis – from sampling data to

interpreting results – have been used by scientists for thousands of years. But
today’s data volumes make statistics ever more valuable and powerful.
Affordable storage, powerful computers and advanced algorithms have all led to
an increased use of computational statistics.

Whether you are working with large data volumes or running multiple
permutations of your calculations, statistical computing has become essential for
today’s statistician. Popular statistical computing practices include:

 Statistical programming – From traditional analysis of variance and

linear regression to exact methods and statistical visualization
techniques, statistical programming is essential for making data-based
decisions in every field.
 Econometrics – Modeling, forecasting and simulating business
processes for improved strategic and tactical planning. This method
applies statistics to economics to forecast future trends.
 Operations research – Identify the actions that will produce the best
results – based on many possible options and outcomes. Scheduling,
simulation, and related modeling processes are used to optimize
business processes and management challenges.

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 Matrix programming – Powerful computer techniques for implementing

your own statistical methods and exploratory data analysis using row
operation algorithms.
 Statistical visualization – Fast, interactive statistical analysis and
exploratory capabilities in a visual interface can be used to understand
data and build models.
 Statistical quality improvement – A mathematical approach to
reviewing the quality and safety characteristics for all aspects of
production.

The statistical analysis processes

According to online textbook provider Boundless, the conclusions of a
statistical inference are a statistical proposition. Some common forms of
statistical proposition they point to include:
 Estimates: A particular value that best approximates some parameter
of interest is called an estimate.
 Confidence interval: An interval constructed using a data set drawn
from a population so that, under repeated sampling of such data sets,
such intervals would contain the true parameter value with the
probability at the stated confidence level is defined as a confidence
interval. In other words, the confidence interval is a measure of how
well the model predicts the data that is actually recorded.
 Credible intervals: A set of values containing, for example, 95% of
posterior belief is referred to as a credible interval. It’s a way of
standardizing confidence intervals. When you read about a study with
95% confidence, they are referencing a credible interval.

In the end, descriptive statistics are used to describe the data, while
inferential statistics are used to infer conclusions and hypotheses about the
same information.

4 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS

Predictive analytics is a category of data analytics aimed at making

predictions about future outcomes based on historical data and analytics
techniques such as statistical modeling and machine learning. The science of
predictive analytics can generate future insights with a significant degree of
precision. With the help of sophisticated predictive analytics tools and models,
any organization can now use past and current data to reliably forecast trends
and behaviors milliseconds, days, or years into the future.

Predictive analytics has captured the support of wide range of

organizations, with a global market projected to reach approximately $10.95
billion by 2022, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 21
percent between 2016 and 2022, according to a 2017 report issued by Zion
Market Research.

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Predictive analytics utilizes a variety of statistical techniques, such as

automated machine learning algorithms, deep learning, data mining, and AI, to
create predictive models, which extract information from datasets, identify
patterns, and provide a predictive score for an array of organizational outcomes.
There are three types of predictive analytics techniques: predictive models,
descriptive models, and decision models.

The predictive analytics method begins with defining business objectives

and the datasets to be used, followed by the development of a statistical model
that is trained to validate assumptions and run them against selected data to
generate predictions. Predictive analytics techniques are not always linear --
once a predictive model is developed, deployed, and starts producing actionable
results, teams of data scientists, data analysts, data engineers, statisticians,
software developers, and business analysts may be involved in its management
and maintenance. A myriad of industries and fields use predictive analytics is an
important decision-making tool, evaluating patterns in data to identify
opportunities and risks.

Predictive analytics examples

Organizations today use predictive analytics in a virtually endless number
of ways. The technology helps adopters in fields as diverse as finance,
healthcare, retailing, hospitality, pharmaceuticals, automotive, aerospace and
manufacturing.

Here are a few examples of how organizations are making use of

predictive analytics:

 Aerospace: Predict the impact of specific maintenance operations on

aircraft reliability, fuel use, availability and uptime.
 Automotive: Incorporate records of component sturdiness and failure
into upcoming vehicle manufacturing plans. Study driver behavior to
develop better driver assistance technologies and, eventually,
autonomous vehicles.
 Energy: Forecast long-term price and demand ratios. Determine the
impact of weather events, equipment failure, regulations and other
variables on service costs.
 Financial services: Develop credit risk models. Forecast financial
market trends. Predict the impact of new policies, laws and regulations
on businesses and markets.
 Manufacturing: Predict the location and rate of machine failures.
Optimize raw material deliveries based on projected future demands.
 Law enforcement: Use crime trend data to define neighborhoods that
may need additional protection at certain times of the year.
 Retail: Follow an online customer in real-time to determine whether
providing additional product information or incentives will increase the
likelihood of a completed transaction.

5. TEXT ANALYTICS
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What is Text Analytics?

 Text Analytics is the process of drawing meaning out of written
communication.

 In a customer experience context, text analytics means examining

text that was written by, or about, customers. You find patterns and
topics of interest, and then take practical action based on what you
learn.

 Text analytics can be performed manually, but it is an inefficient

process. Therefore, text analytics software has been created that
uses text mining and natural language processing algorithms to find
meaning in huge amounts of text.

 Text analytics is the process of transforming unstructured text

documents into usable, structured data. Text analysis works by
breaking apart sentences and phrases into their components, and
then evaluating each part’s role and meaning using complex
software rules and machine learning algorithms.

Text analytics forms the foundation of numerous natural language

processing (NLP) features, including named entity recognition, categorization,
and sentiment analysis. In broad terms, these NLP features aim to answer four
questions:

 Who is talking?
 What are they talking about?
 What are they saying about those subjects?
 How do they feel?

Data analysts and other professionals use text mining tools to derive useful
information and context-rich insights from large volumes of raw text, such as
social media comments, online reviews, and news articles. In this way, text
analytics software forms the backbone of business intelligence programs,
including voice of customer/customer experience management, social listening
and media monitoring, and voice of employee/workforce analytics.

Why do you need Text Analytics?

Emails, online reviews, tweets, call center agent notes, survey results, and
other types of written feedback all hold insight into your customers. There is also
a wealth of information in recorded interactions that can easily be turned into
text.

Text analytics is the way to unlock the meaning from all of this unstructured
text. It lets you uncover patterns and themes, so you know what customers are
thinking about. It reveals their wants and needs.
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In addition, text analytics software can provide an early warning of trouble,

because it shows what customers are complaining about. Using text analytics
tools gives you valuable information from data that isn’t easily quantified in any
other way. It turns the unstructured thoughts of customers into structured data
that can be used by business.

Companies use Text Analysis to set the stage for a data-driven approach
towards managing content. The moment textual sources are sliced into easy-to-
automate data pieces, a whole new set of opportunities opens for processes like
decision making, product development, marketing optimization, business
intelligence and more.

In a business context, analyzing texts to capture data from them supports

the broader tasks of:

 content management;
 semantic search;
 content recommendation;
 regulatory compliance.

When turned into data, textual sources can be further used for deriving
valuable information, discovering patterns, automatically managing, using, and
reusing content, searching beyond keywords and more.

Using Text Analysis is one of the first steps in many data-driven

approaches, as the process extracts machine-readable facts from large bodies of
texts and allows these facts to be further entered automatically into a database
or a spreadsheet. The database or the spreadsheet are then used to analyze the
data for trends, to give a natural language summary, or may be used for indexing
purposes in Information Retrieval applications.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1. Create a diagram of the following analysis and explain its process.
• Text Analysis
• Statistical Analysis
• Diagnostic Analysis
• Predictive Analysis
• Data Mining
**(PORTFOLIO)

VII. EVALUATION
ESSAY: DIRECTION: Answer each question comprehensively, concisely,
and creatively.

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1. Among all the different types of Data Analysis? What do you think
is best suited for the housekeeping operations? Front Office operations, and
back-office operations?

VIII. REFERENCES

C. Book/Printed Resources

Jones, P., (2008). Handbook of Hospitality Operations and IT. Oxford, UK:

Butterworth
Heinemann.

Lea R Dopson; David K Hayes (2018), Food And Beverage Cost Control,
Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

Schroder, K.E., Carey, M.P., Venable, P.A. (2003). Methodological challenges in

research
on sexual risk behavior: I. Item content, scaling, and data analytic options. Ann
Behav Med, 26(2): 76-103.Shamoo, A.E., Resnik, B.R. (2003). Responsible
Conduct of Research. Oxford University Press.

Shamoo, A.E. (1989). Principles of Research Data Audit. Gordon and Breach,
New York.
Shepard, R.J. (2002). Ethics in exercise science research. Sports Med, 32 (3):
169-183.
Silverman, S., Manson, M. (2003). Research on teaching in physical education
doctoral
dissertations: a detailed investigation of focus, method, and analysis. Journal of
Teaching in Physical Education, 22(3): 280-297.

Smeeton, N., Goda, D. (2003). Conducting and presenting social work research:
some basic
statistical considerations. Br J Soc Work, 33: 567-573.

Thompson, B., Noferi, G. 2002. Statistical, practical, clinical: How many types of
significance
should be considered in counseling research? Journal of Counseling &
Development,
80(4):64-71.

Resnik, D. (2000). Statistics, ethics, and research: an agenda for educations and
reform.
Accountability in Research. 8: 163-88
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D. e-Resources

Dopson, L. R., Hayes, D. K., Food and beverage cost control. 6th edition.
(2016), Retrieved
January, 2020 from http://www.cotr.bc.ca/bookstore/cotr_web.asp?
IDNumber=164 for
a complete list of the currently required textbooks.

Harley-Davidson Inc., Financial Statements, Retrieved January, 2020 from

http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE
%3AHOG&fstype=ii&ei=jIKsqfrAHHp4GoCA

Harding, R. (2014, June 30). The productivity puzzles. Financial Times.

Retrieved January,
2020 from http://www.ft.com/

Financial Management (2019). HOG historical prices, Harley Davidson, Inc.

common stock.
(n.d.). Retrieved January, 2020 from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?
s=HOG+Historical+Prices

Jack E. Miller, Lea R. Dopson and David K. Hayes (2014), Food and Beverage
Cost Control
Third Edition, Retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.scribd.com/document/364370774/Food-and-Beverage-Cost-Control-
pdf

Lea R. Dopson, David K. Hayes, Food and Beverage Cost Control, 7th Edition
(2016),
Retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.wiley.com/enus/Food+and+Beveragentrol%2C+7th+Edition

Marina Bay Sands, (2015). Media Centre | Company Information | Marina Bay

Sands. [online]
Marinabaysands.com, Retrieved January, 2020
<http://www.marinabaysands.com/company-information/media-
centre.html>

Noble, D.F. (2012), Gallery of best resumes: A collection of quality resumes by

professional
resume writer, Retrieved January, 2020,
http://login.library.sheridanc.on.ca/login?

Odom, Clement K., "Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Hotel
Industry: Impact
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220)” In Accordance with Section. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Works of Republic Act 8293, the
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on Hotel Performance in Service Delivery" (2012). UNLV Theses,

Dissertations,
Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1339. Retrieved January, 2020,
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/1339

Partridge, A.R (2011) Foodservice Logistics Brings Value to The Table.

Retrieved January,
2020 http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/foodservice-ticsvalue-to-the
table/

Peter Briscoe and Griff Tripp (2016), Chapter 4. Food and Beverage Services,
Retrieved
January, 2020 from https://opentextbc.ca/ir-4-food-and-beverage-services/

STR Global (2012). Hotel types. Retrieved January, 2020 from

http://www.strglobal.com/Resources/Glossary.aspx#H

Stuart-Hill, T (2013) A practical guide to competitive set selection: hotel business

review, Retrieved January, 2020 from
http://hotelexecutive.com/business_tical-guideto- competitive-set-
selection

Terry, L. (2007) Hospitality Logistics: Supply Chains Made to Order, Retrieved

January,
2020 from http://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/hospitality-logistics--
order/

WILL KENTON, Cost Control. Updated Apr 9, 2019 retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cost-control.asp

Wyndham Hotels & Resorts 2012 Corporate Information. (2012), Retrieved

January, 2020
from http://www.wyndham.com/corporate/recruiting/disciplines/corporateoffice/
main.wnt

Zhang, X., Song, H. and Huang, G., 2009. Tourism supply chain management: A
new research
agenda. Tourism Management, [online] 30(3), pp.345-358, Retrieved January,
2020 from
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517708002161
>

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College: Industrial Technology

Campus: Bambang, Nueva
Vizcaya
DEGREE BSHM COURSE NO. LM 2
PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION Hospitality COURSE TITLE Data Analytic in the Hospitality Industry with
Management Spreadsheet
YEAR LEVEL BSHM 3 TIME FRAME 27 ho. WK NO. 6-8 IM NO. 03

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS (PART I: OVERVIEW)

II. LESSON TITLE

1. Data Analysis Process
2. Excel Data Analysis Overview
3. Working with Range Names
4. Excel Data Analysis Table
5. Cleaning Data with Text Functions
6. Cleaning Data Containing Date Values
7. Working the Time Values
8. Excel Data Analysis- Conditional Formatting

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This course prepares students to gather, describe, and analyze data, and
use advanced statistical tools to make decisions on operations, risk management,
finance, marketing, etc. Analysis is done targeting economic and financial
decisions in complex systems that involve multiple partners. Topics include
probability, statistics, hypothesis testing, regression, clustering, decision trees,
and forecasting.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. discuss data analysis process in Microsoft excel;
2. organize data analysis process in hospitality management
V. LESSON CONTENT

1. DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS

Data Analysis is defined by the statistician John Tukey in 1961 as

"Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such
procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier,
more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of
(mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data.”

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Thus, data analysis is a process for obtaining large, unstructured data from
various sources and converting it into information that is useful for −

 Answering questions
 Test hypotheses
 Decision-making
 Disproving theories

Microsoft Excel provides several means and ways to analyze and interpret
data. The data can be from various sources. The data can be converted and
formatted in several ways. It can be analyzed with the relevant Excel commands,
functions and tools - encompassing Conditional Formatting, Ranges, Tables,
Text functions, Date functions, Time functions, Financial functions, Subtotals,
Quick Analysis, Formula Auditing, Inquire Tool, What-if Analysis, Solvers, Data
Model, PowerPivot, Power View, Power Map, etc.

You will be learning these data analysis techniques with Excel as part of
two parts −

 Data Analysis with Excel and

 Advanced Data Analysis with Excel

Data Analysis is a process of collecting, transforming, cleaning, and

modeling data with the goal of discovering the required information. The results
so obtained are communicated, suggesting conclusions, and supporting
decision-making. Data visualization is at times used to portray the data for the
ease of discovering the useful patterns in the data. The terms Data Modeling and
Data Analysis mean the same.

Data Analysis Process consists of the following phases that are iterative
in nature −
 Data Requirements Specification
 Data Collection
 Data Processing
 Data Cleaning
 Data Analysis
 Communication

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Data Requirements Specification

The data required for analysis is based on a question or an experiment.
Based on the requirements of those directing the analysis, the data necessary as
inputs to the analysis is identified (e.g., Population of people). Specific variables
regarding a population (e.g., Age and Income) may be specified and obtained.
Data may be numerical or categorical.

Data Collection
Data Collection is the process of gathering information on targeted
variables identified as data requirements. The emphasis is on ensuring accurate
and honest collection of data. Data Collection ensures that data gathered is
accurate such that the related decisions are valid. Data Collection provides both
a baseline to measure and a target to improve.
Data is collected from various sources ranging from organizational databases to
the information in web pages. The data thus obtained, may not be structured and
may contain irrelevant information. Hence, the collected data is required to be
subjected to Data Processing and Data Cleaning.

Data Processing
The data that is collected must be processed or organized for analysis.
This includes structuring the data as required for the relevant Analysis Tools. For
example, the data might have to be placed into rows and columns in a table
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within a Spreadsheet or Statistical Application. A Data Model might have to be

created.

Data Cleaning

The processed and organized data may be incomplete, contain

duplicates, or contain errors. Data Cleaning is the process of preventing and
correcting these errors. There are several types of Data Cleaning that depend on
the type of data. For example, while cleaning the financial data, certain totals
might be compared against reliable published numbers or defined thresholds.
Likewise, quantitative data methods can be used for outlier detection that would
be subsequently excluded in analysis.

Data Analysis
Data that is processed, organized and cleaned would be ready for the
analysis. Various data analysis techniques are available to understand, interpret,
and derive conclusions based on the requirements. Data Visualization may also
be used to examine the data in graphical format, to obtain additional insight
regarding the messages within the data.

Statistical Data Models such as Correlation, Regression Analysis can be

used to identify the relations among the data variables. These models that are
descriptive of the data are helpful in simplifying analysis and communicate
results.
The process might require additional Data Cleaning or additional Data Collection,
and hence these activities are iterative in nature.

Communication
The results of the data analysis are to be reported in a format as required
by the users to support their decisions and further action. The feedback from the
users might result in additional analysis.

The data analysts can choose data visualization techniques, such as

tables and charts, which help in communicating the message clearly and
efficiently to the users. The analysis tools provide facility to highlight the required
information with color codes and formatting in tables and charts.

2. EXCEL DATA ANALYSIS

Excel provide commands, functions and tools that make your data
analysis tasks easy. You can avoid many times consuming and/or complex
calculations using Excel. In this tutorial, you will get a head start on how you can
perform data analysis with Excel. You will understand with relevant examples,
step by step usage of Excel commands and screen shots at every step.

Ranges and Tables

The data that you have can be in a range or in a table. Certain operations
on data can be performed whether the data is in a range or in a table.

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However, there are certain operations that are more effective when data
is in tables rather than in ranges. There are also operations that are exclusively
for tables.

You will understand the ways of analyzing data in ranges and tables as
well. You will understand how to name ranges, use the names and manage the
names. The same would apply for names in the tables.

Data Cleaning – Text Functions, Dates and Times

You need to clean the data obtained from various sources and structure it
before proceeding to data analysis. You will learn how you can clean the data.
 With Text Functions
 Containing Date Values
 Containing Time Values

Conditional Formatting

Excel provides you conditional formatting commands that allow you to

color the cells or font, have symbols next to values in the cells based on
predefined criteria. This helps one in visualizing the prominent values. You will
understand the various commands for conditionally formatting the cells.

Sorting and Filtering

During the preparation of data analysis and/or to display certain important
data, you might have to sort and/or filter your data. You can do the same with
the easy-to-use sorting and filtering options that you have in Excel.

Subtotals with Ranges

As you are aware, PivotTable is normally used to summarize data.
However, Subtotals with Ranges is another feature provided by Excel that will
allow you to group / ungroup data and summarize the data present in ranges
with easy steps.

Quick Analysis
With Quick Analysis tool in Excel, you can quickly perform various data
analysis tasks and make quick visualizations of the results.

Understanding Lookup Functions

Excel Lookup Functions enable you to find the data values that match a
defined criterion from a huge amount of data.
PivotTables

With PivotTables you can summarize the data, prepare reports

dynamically by changing the contents of the PivotTable.

Data Visualization

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You will learn several Data Visualization techniques using Excel Charts.
You will also learn how to create Band Chart, Thermometer Chart, Gantt chart,
Waterfall Chart, Sparklines and Pivot Charts.

Data Validation
It might be required that only valid values be entered into certain cells.
Otherwise, they may lead to incorrect calculations. With data validation
commands, you can easily set up data validation values for a cell, an input
message prompting the user on what is expected to be entered in the cell,
validate the values entered with the defined criteria and display an error
message in case of incorrect entries.

Financial Analysis
Excel provides you several financial functions. However, for commonly
occurring problems that require financial analysis, you can learn how to use a
combination of these functions.

Working with Multiple Worksheets

You might have to perform several identical calculations in more than one
worksheet. Instead of repeating these calculations in each worksheet, you can
do it one worksheet and have it appeared in the other selected worksheets as
well. You can also summarize the data from the various worksheets into a report
worksheet.

Formula Auditing
When you use formulas, you might want to check whether the formulas
are working as expected. In Excel, Formula Auditing commands help you in
tracing the precedent and dependent values and error checking.

Inquire
Excel also provides Inquire add-in that enables you compare two
workbooks to identify changes, create interactive reports, and view the
relationships among workbooks, worksheets, and cells. You can also clean the
excessive formatting in a worksheet that makes Excel slow or makes the file
size huge.

3. WORKING WITH RANGE NAMES

While doing Data Analysis, referring to various data will be more

meaningful and easier if the reference is by Names rather than cell references –
either a single cell or a range of cells. For example, if you are calculating Net
Present Value based on a Discount Rate and a series of Cash Flows, the
formula
Net_Present_Value = NPV (Discount_Rate, Cash_Flows)
is more meaningful than
C10 = NPV (C2, C6:C8)

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With Excel, you can create and use meaningful names to various parts of
your data. The advantages of using range names include −

 A meaningful Range name (such as Cashflows) is much easier to

remember than a Range address (such as C6:C8).
 Entering a name is less error prone than entering a cell or range
address.
 If you type a name incorrectly in a formula, Excel will display
a #NAME? error.
 You can quickly move to areas of your worksheet by using the defined
names.
 With Names, your formulas will be more understandable and easier to
use. For example, a formula Net Income = Gross Income –
Deductions is more intuitive than C40 = C20 – B18.
 Creating formulas with range names is easier than with cell or range
addresses. You can copy a cell or range name into a formula by using
formula Autocomplete.

Copying Name using Formula Autocomplete

Type the first letter of the name in the formula. A drop-down box appears
with function names and range names. Select the required name. It is copied into
your formula.

Range Name Syntax Rules

Excel has the following syntax rules for names −
 You can use any combination of letters, numbers and the symbols -
underscores, backslashes, and periods. Other symbols are not
allowed.
 A name can begin with a character, underscore or backslash.
 A name cannot begin with a number (example - 1stQuarter) or
resemble a cell address (example - QTR1).
 If you prefer to use such names, precede the name with an
underscore or a backslash (example - \1stQuarter, _QTR1).
 Names cannot contain spaces. If you want to distinguish two words
in a name, you can use underscore (example- Cash_Flows
instead of Cash Flows)
 Your defined names should not clash with Excel’s internally defined
names, such as Print_Area, Print_Titles, Consolidate_Area,
and Sheet_Title. If you define the same names, they will override
the Excel’s internal names and you will not get any error
message. However, it is advised not to do so.
 Keep the names short but understandable, though you can use up
to 255 characters

Creating Range Names

You can create Range Names in two ways
 Using the Name box.
 Using the New Name dialog box.
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 Using the Selection dialog box.

Create a Range Name using the Name Box

To create a Range name, using the Name box that is to the left of formula bar is
the fastest way. Follow the steps given below:
Step 1 − Select the range for which you want to define a Name.
Step 2 − Click on the Name box.
Step 3 − Type the name and press Enter to create the Name.

Create a Range Name using the New Name dialog box

You can also create Range Names using the New Name dialog box from
Formulas tab.
Step 1 − Select the range for which you want to define a name.
Step 2 − Click the Formulas tab.
Step 3 − Click Define Name in the Defined Names group. The New
Name dialog box appears.
Step 4 − Type the name in the box next to Name
Step 5 − Check that the range that is selected and displayed in the Refers
box is correct. Click OK.

Create a Range Name using the Create Names from Selection dialog box

You can also create Range names using the Create Names from the Selection
dialog box from Formulas tab, when you have Text values that are adjacent to
your range.
Step 1 − Select the range for which you want to define a name along with
the row / column that contains the name.
Step 2 − Click the Formulas tab.
Step 3 − Click Create from Selection in the Defined Names group.
The Create Names from Selection dialog box appears.
Step 4 − Select top row as the Text appears in the top row of the selection.
Step 5 − Check the range that got selected and displayed in the box next
to Refers to be correct. Click OK.

Now, you can find the largest value in the range with =Sum(Student
Name), as shown below

You can create names with multiple selection also. In the example given
below, you can name the row of marks of each student with the student’s name.

Now, you can find the total marks for each student with =Sum (student
name), as shown below.

Creating Names for Constants

Suppose you have a constant that will be used throughout your workbook.
You can assign a name to it directly, without placing it in a cell.

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In the example below, Savings Bank Interest Rate is set to 5%.

 Click Define Name.

 In the New Name dialog box, type Savings_Bank_Interest_Rate in
the Name box.
 In Scope, select Workbook.
 In Refers to box, clear the contents and type 5%.
 Click OK.

The Name Savings_Bank_Interest_Rate is set to a constant 5%. You can

verify this in Name Manager. You can see that the value is set to 0.05 and in
the Refers to =0.05 is placed.

Managing Names
An Excel Workbook can have any number of named cells and ranges. You
can manage these names with the Name Manager.
 Click the Formulas tab.
 Click Name Manager in the Defined Names group. The Name

Manager dialog box appears. All the names defined in the current

workbook are displayed.

The List of Names are displayed with the defined Values, Cell

Reference (including Sheet Name), Scope and Comment.
The Name Manager has the options to:
 Define a New Name with the New Button.
 Edit a Defined Name.
 Delete a Defined Name.
 Filter the Defined Names by Category.
 Modify the Range of a Defined Name that it Refers to.

Scope of a Name

The Scope of a name by default is the workbook. You can find

the Scope of a defined names from the list of names under the Scope column
in the Name Manager.

You can define the Scope of a New Name when you define the name
using New Name dialog box. For example, you are defining the name
Interest_Rate. Then you can see that the Scope of the New
Name Interest_Rate is the Workbook.

Suppose you want the Scope of this interest rate restricted to

this Worksheet only.
Step 1 − Click the down-arrow in the Scope Box. The available Scope options
appear in the drop-down list.

The Scope options include Workbook, and the sheet names in the workbook.
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Step 2 − Click the current worksheet name, in this case NPV and click OK.
You can define / find the sheet name in the worksheet tab.
Step 3 − To verify that Scope is worksheet, click Name Manager. In the Scope
column, you will find NPV for Interest_Rate. This means you can use the
Name Interest_Rate only in the Worksheet NPV, but not in the other
Worksheets.

Note − Once you define the Scope of a Name, it cannot be modified later.
Deleting Names with Error Values

Sometimes, it may so happen that Name definition may have errors for
various reasons. You can delete such names as follows:
Step 1 − Click Filter in the Name Manager dialog box.

The following filtering options appear:

 Clear Filter
 Names Scoped to Worksheet
 Names Scoped to Workbook
 Names with Errors
 Names without Errors
 Defined Names
 Table Names

You can apply Filter to the defined Names by selecting one or more of these

options.
Step 2 − Select Names with Errors. Names that contain error values will be
displayed.

Step 3 − From the obtained list of Names, select the ones you want to delete
and click Delete.

You will get a message, confirming delete. Click OK.

Editing Names

You can use the Edit option in the Name Manager dialog box to −

 Change the Name.
 Modify the Refers to range
 Edit the Comment in a Name.

Change the Name

Step 1 − Click the cell containing the function Large.

You can see, two more values are added in the array, but are not
included in the function as they are not part of Array1.
Step 2 − Click the Name you want to edit in the Name Manager dialog box. In
this case, Array1.
Step 3 − Click Edit. The Edit Name dialog box appears.

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Step 4 − Change the Name by typing the new name that you want in
the Name Box.
Step 5 − Click the Range button to the right of Refers to Box and include the
new cell references.
Step 6 − Add a Comment (Optional)
Notice that Scope is deactive and hence cannot be changed.
Click OK. You will observe the changes made.

Applying Names

Consider the following example:

As you observe, names are not defined and used in PMT function. If you place
this function somewhere else in the worksheet, you also need to remember
where exactly the parameter values are. You know that using names is a better
option.
In this case, the function is already defined with cell references that do not have
names. You can still define names and apply them.
Step 1 − Using Create from Selection, define the names.
Step 2 − Select the cell containing the formula. Click   next to Define Name in
the Defined Names group on the Formulas tab. From the drop-down list,
click Apply Names.
Step 3 − The Apply Names dialog box appears. Select the Names that you
want to Apply and click OK.
The selected names will be applied to the selected cells.

You can also Apply Names to an entire worksheet, by selecting the worksheet

and repeating the above steps.
Using Names in a Formula
You can use a Name in a Formula in the following ways −
 Typing the Name if you remember it, or
 Typing first one or two letters and using the Excel Formula
Autocomplete feature.
 Clicking Use in Formula in the Defined Names group on the
Formulas tab.
o Select the required Name from the drop-down list of defined names.
o Double-click on that name.

 Using the Paste Name dialog box.

o Select the Paste Names option from the drop-down list of
defined names. The Paste Name dialog box appears.
o Select the Name in the Paste Names dialog box and double-
click it.

Viewing Names in a Workbook

You can get all the Names in your workbook along with
their References and Save them or Print them.
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 Click an empty Cell where you want to copy the Names in your

workbook.
 Click Use in Formula in the Defined Names group.
 Click Paste Names from the drop-down list.
 Click Paste List in the Paste Name dialog box that appears.

The list of names and their corresponding references are copied at the
specified location on your worksheet as shown in the screen shot given below −

Using Names for Range Intersections

Range Intersections are those individual cells that have two Ranges in

common.

For example, in the data given below, the Range B6:F6 and the Range
C3:C8 have Cell C6 in common, which actually represents the marks scored by
the student Kodeda, Adam in Exam 1.

You can make this more meaningful with the Range Names.

 Create Names with Create from Selection for both Students and
Exams.
 Your Names will look as follows −
 Type =Kodeda_Adam Exam_1 in B11.

Here, you are using the Range Intersection operation, space between the two
ranges.
This will display marks of Kodeda, Adam in Exam 1, that are given in Cell C6.

Copying Formulas with Names

You can copy a formula with names by Copy and Paste within the same
worksheet. You can also copy a formula with names to a different worksheet
by copy and paste, provided all the names in
the formula have workbook as Scope. Otherwise, you will get a #VALUE error.

4. EXCEL DATA ANALYSIS TABLE

A Table is a rectangular range of structured data. The key features are −
 Each row in the table corresponds to a single record of the data. Example -
Employee information.
 Each column contains a specific piece of information. Example - The
columns can contain data such as name, employee number, hire date,
salary, department, etc.
 The top row describes the information contained in each column and is
referred to as header row.
 Each entry in the top row is referred to as column header.

You can create and use an Excel table to manage and analyze data
easily. Further, with Excel Tables you get built-in Filtering, Sorting, and Row
Shading that ease your reporting activities.
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Further, Excel responds to the actions performed on a table intelligently.

For example, you have a formula in a column or you have created a chart based
on the data in the table. When you add more data to the table (i.e., more rows),
Excel extends the formula to the new data and the chart expands automatically.

Difference between Tables and Ranges

Following are the differences between a table and range −
 A table is a more structured way of working with data than a range.
 You can convert a range into a table and Excel automatically
provides −
o a Table Name
o Column Header Names
o Formatting to the Data (Cell Color and Font Color) for better
Visualization

Tables provide additional features that are not available for ranges. These
are −
 Excel provides table tools in the ribbon ranging from properties to
styles.
 Excel automatically provides a Filter button in each column header to
sort the data or filter the table such that only rows that meet your
defined criteria are displayed.
 If you have multiple rows in a table, and you scroll down the sheet so
that the header row disappears, the column letters in the worksheet
are replaced by the table headers.
 When you place a formula in any cell in a column of the table, it gets
propagated to all the cells in that column.
 You can use table name and column header names in the formulas,
without having to use cell references or creating range names.
 You can extend the table size by adding more rows or more columns
by clicking and dragging the small triangular control at the lower-right
corner of the lower-right cell.
 You can create and use slicers for a table for filtering data.

Create Table
To create a table from the data you have on the worksheet, follow the
given steps −
Step 1 − Select the Range of Cells that you want to include in the Table. Cells
can contain data or can be empty. The following Range has 290
rows of employee data. The top row of the data has headers.
Step 2 − Under the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Tables. The Create
Table dialog box appears. Check that the data range selected in
the Where is the data for your table? Box is correct.
Step 3 − Check the My table has headers box if the top row of the selected
Range contains data that you want to use as the Table Headers.
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Note − If you do not check this box, your table will have Headers – Column1,
Column2, …
Step 4 − Click OK.
Range is converted to Table with the default Style.
Step 5 − You can also convert a range to a table by clicking anywhere on the
range and pressing Ctrl+T. A Create Table dialog box appears and
then you can repeat the steps as given above.

Table Name

Excel assigns a name to every table that is created.

Step 1 − To look at the name of the table you just created, click table, click
on table tools – design tab on the Ribbon.
Step 2 − In the Properties group, in the Table Name box, your Table Name
will be displayed.
Step 3 − You can edit this Table Name to make it more meaningful to your
data.
Step 4 − Click the Table Name box. Clear the Name and type Emp_Data.
Note − The syntax rules of range names are applicable to table names.

Managing Names in a Table

You can manage table names just like how you manage range names
with Name Manager.
 Click the Table.
 Click Name Manager in the Defined Names group
on Formulas tab.

The Name Manager dialog box appears, and you can find the Table

Names in your workbook.

You can Edit a Table Name or add a comment with new option in

the Name Manager dialog box. However, you cannot change the range
in Refers to.

You can Create Names with column headers to use them in formulas, charts,

etc.
 Click the Column Header EmployeeID in the Table.
 Click Name Manager.
 Click New in the Name Manager dialog box
.
The New Name dialog box appears.
In the Name box, you can find the Column Header, and in the Refers to box,you
will find Emp_Data[[#Headers],[EmployeeID]].

As you observe, this is a quick way of defining Names in a Table.

Table Headers replacing Column Letters

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When you are working with a greater number of rows of data in a table,
you may have to scroll down to look at the data in those rows.

However, while doing so, you also require the table headers to identify
which value belongs to which column. Excel automatically provides a smooth
way of doing this. As you scroll down your data, the column letters of the
worksheet themselves get converted to table headers.

In the worksheet given below, the column letters are appearing as they
are and the table headers are in row 2. 21 rows of 290 rows of data are visible.
Scroll down to see the table rows 25 – 35. The table headers will replace
the column letters for the table columns. Other column letters remain as they are.

Propagation of a Formula in a Table

In the table given below, suppose you want to include the age of each employee.
Step 1 − Insert a column to the right of the column Birthdate. Type Age in the
Column Header.
Step 2 − In any of the Cells in that empty column, type the Formula, =DAYS
([@BirthDate], TODAY ()) and Press Enter.
The formula propagates automatically to the other cells in that column of the
table.

Resize Table

You can resize a table to add or remove rows/columns.

Consider the following table Student Marks that contains Total Marks for
Batches 1 - 15.
Suppose you want to add three more batches 16 – 18 and a column
containing pass percentage.
 Click the table.
 Drag the blue-color control at the lower-right, downwards to include
three more rows in the table.
 Again, drag the blue-color control at the lower-right, sideways to
include one more column in the table.
Your table looks as follows. You can also check the range included in the
table in the Name Manager dialog box.

Remove Duplicates
When you gather data from different sources, you probably can have
duplicate values. You need to remove the duplicate values before going further
with analysis.
Look at the following data where you have information about various
products of various brands. Suppose, you want to remove duplicates from this
data.
 Click the table.

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 On the DESIGN tab, click Remove Duplicates in the Tools group on

the Ribbon. The Remove Duplicates dialog box appears.
The column headers appear under columns in the Remove Duplicates dialog
box.
 Check the column headers depending on which column you want to
remove the duplicates and click OK.

You will get a message on how many rows with duplicate values are
removed and how many unique values remain. The cleaned data will be
displayed in the table.

You can also remove duplicates with Remove Duplicates in the Data

Tools group under DATA tab on the Ribbon.

Convert to Range

You can convert a table to a Range.

 Click the table.
 Click Convert to Range in the Tools group, under the Design tab on
the Ribbon.
You will get a message asking you if you want to convert the table to a
Range. After you confirm with Yes, the table will be converted to Range.

Table Style Options

You have several options of Table Styles to choose. These options can
be used if you need to highlight a Row / Column.

You can check / uncheck these boxes to see how your table looks.
Finally, you can decide on what options suit your data.
It is advised that the Table Style Options be used only to project important
information in your data rather than making it colorful, which is not needed in
data analysis.

Table Styles
You have several table styles to choose from. These styles can be used
depending on what color and pattern you want to display your data in the table.

Move your mouse on these styles to have a preview of your table with the
styles. Finally, you can decide on what style suit your data.

It is advised that the Table Styles be used only to project important

information in your data in a presentable way rather than making it colorful,
which is not needed in data analysis.
Slicers for Tables

If you are using Excel 2013 or Excel 2016, you can use Slicers for
filtering data in your table.
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For details on how to use Slicers for Tables, refer the chapter on Filtering in this
tutorial.

5. CLEANING DATA WITH TEXT FUNCTIONS

The data that you obtain from different sources many not be in a form
ready for analysis. In this chapter, you will understand how to prepare your data
that is in the form of text for analysis.

Initially, you need to clean the data. Data cleaning includes removing
unwanted characters from text. Next, you need to structure the data in the form
you require for further analysis. You can do the same by:
 Finding required text patterns with the text functions.
 Extracting data values from text.
 Formatting data with text functions.
 Executing data operations with the text functions.

Removing Unwanted Characters from Text

When you import data from another application, it can have nonprintable
characters and/or excess spaces. The excess spaces can be:
 leading spaces, and/or
 extra spaces between words.

If you sort or analyze such data, you will get erroneous results.

This is the raw data that you have obtained on product information
containing the Product ID, Product description and the price. The character “|”
separates the field in each row.
As you observe, the entire data is in a single column. You need to
structure this data to perform data analysis. However, initially you need to clean
the data.

You need to remove any nonprintable characters and excess spaces that
might be present in the data. You can use the CLEAN function and TRIM
function for this purpose.

No. Function & Description

CLEAN
1.
Removes all nonprintable characters from text

TRIM
2.
Removes spaces from text

 Select the Cells C3 – C11.

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 Type =TRIM (CLEAN (B3)) and then press CTRL + Enter.

The formula is filled in the cells C3 – C11.

Finding required Text Patterns with the Text Functions

To structure your data, you might have to do certain Text Pattern

matching based on which you can extract the Data Values. Some of the Text
Functions that are useful for this purpose are:

No. Function & Description

EXACT
1.
Checks to see if two text values are identical

FIND
2. Finds one text value within another (case-
sensitive)

SEARCH
3. Finds one text value within another (not case-
sensitive)

Extracting Data Values from Text

You need to extract the required data from text in order to structure the same. In
the above example, say, you need to place the data in three columns –
ProductID, Product_Description and Price.

You can extract data in one of the following ways:

 Extracting Data Values with Convert Text to Columns Wizard
 Extracting Data Values with Text Functions
 Extracting Data Values with Flash Fill

Extracting Data Values with Convert Text to Columns Wizard

You can use the Convert Text to Columns Wizard to extract Data

Values into Excel columns if your fields are:
 Delimited by a character, or
 Aligned in columns with spaces between each field.
In the above example, the fields are delimited by the character “|”. Hence,
you can use the Convert Text to Columns wizard.
 Select the data.
 Copy and paste values in the same place. Otherwise, Convert Text to
Columns takes the functions rather than the data itself as the input.
 Select the data.
 Click on Text to Columns in the Data Tools group under Data Tab on the
Ribbon.
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Step 1 − Convert Text to Columns Wizard - Step 1 of 3 appears.

 Select Delimited.
 Click Next.
Step 2 − Convert Text to Columns Wizard - Step 2 of 3 appears.
 Under Delimiters, select Other.
 In the box next to Other, type the character |
 Click Next.
Step 3 − Convert Text to Columns Wizard - Step 3 of 3 appears.
In this screen, you can select each column of your data in the wizard and set the
format for that column.
 For Destination, select the cell D3.
 You can click Advanced, and set Decimal Separator and Thousands
Separator in the Advanced Text Import Settings dialog box that appears.
 Click Finish.

Your data, which is converted to columns appears in the three Columns – D, E

and F.
 Name the Column headers as ProductID, Product_Description and Price.

Extracting Data Values with Text Functions

Suppose the fields in your data neither are delimited by a character nor
are aligned in columns with spaces between each field, you can use text
functions to extract data values. Even in the case the fields are delimited, you
can still use text functions to extract data.
Some of the text functions that are useful for this purpose are:

No. Function & Description

LEFT
1.
Returns the leftmost characters from a text value

RIGHT
2.
Returns the rightmost characters from a text value

MID
3. Returns a specific number of characters from a text string
starting at the position you specify

LEN
4.
Returns the number of characters in a text string

You can also combine two or more of these text functions as per the data
you have at hand, to extract the required data values. For example, using a
combination of LEFT, RIGHT and VALUE functions or using a combination of
FIND, LEFT, LEN and MID functions.
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In the above example,

 All the characters left to the first | give the name ProductID.
 All the characters right to the second | give the name Price.
 All the characters that lie between the first | and second | give the
name Product_Description.
 Each | has a space before and after.

Observing this information, you can extract the data values with the following
steps −
 Find the Position of First | - First | Position
o You can use FIND function
 Find the Position of Second | - Second | Position
o You can use FIND function again
 Beginning to (First | Position – 2) Characters of the Text give
ProductID
o You can use LEFT Function
 (First | Position + 2) to (Second | Position - 2) Characters of the
Text give Product_Description
o You can use MID Function
 (Second | Position + 2) to End Characters of the Text give Price
o You can use RIGHT Function

You can observe that the values in the price column are text values. To
perform calculations on these values, you have to format the corresponding
cells. You can look at the section given below to understand formatting text.

Extracting Data Values with Flash Fill

Using Excel Flash Fill is another way to extract data values from text.
However, this works only when Excel is able to find a pattern in the data.
Step 1 − Create three columns for ProductID, Product_Description and Price
next to the data.
Step 2 − Copy and paste the values for C3, D3 and E3 from B3.
Step 3 − Select cell C3 and click Flash Fill in the Data Tools group on
the Data tab. All the values for ProductID get filled.
Step 4 − Repeat the above given steps for Product_Description and Price. The
data is filled.

Formatting Data with Text Functions

Excel has several built-in text functions that you can use for formatting
data containing text. These include −
Functions that format the Text as per your need:
No Function & Description
.

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LOWER
1.
Converts text to lowercase

No Function & Description

.

UPPER
1.
Converts text to uppercase

PROPER
2. Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text
value

Functions that convert and/or format the Numbers as Text:

No. Function & Description

DOLLAR
1.
Converts a number to text, using the $ (dollar) currency format

FIXED
2.
Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals

TEXT
3.
Formats a number and converts it to text

Functions that convert the Text to Numbers:

No. Function & Description

VALUE
1.
Converts a text argument to a number

Executing Data Operations with the Text Functions

You might have to perform certain Text Operations on your Data. For
example, if Login-IDs for the Employees are changed to a New Format in an
Organization, based on the Format Change, Text Replacements might have to
be done.

Following Text Functions help you in performing Text Operations on your

data containing Text:

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No. Function & Description

REPLACE
1.
Replaces characters within text

SUBSTITUTE
2.
Substitutes new text for old text in a text string

CONCATENATE
3.
Joins several text items into one text item

CONCAT
4. Combines the text from multiple ranges and/or strings, but it does not
provide the delimiter or IgnoreEmpty arguments.

TEXTJOIN
Combines the text from multiple ranges and/or strings and includes a
5. delimiter you specify between each text value that will be combined. If the
delimiter is an empty text string, this function will effectively concatenate
the ranges.

REPT
6.
Repeats text a given number of times

6. CLEANING DATA CONTAINING DATE VALUES

The data that you obtain from different sources might contain date values.
In this chapter, you will understand how to prepare your data that contains data
values for analysis.
You will learn about:
 Date Formats
o Date in Serial Format
o Date in different Month-Day-Year Formats
 Converting Dates in Serial Format to Month-Day-Year Format
 Converting Dates in Month-Day-Year Format to Serial Format
 Obtaining Today's Date
 Finding a Workday after specified Days
 Customizing the Definition of a Weekend
 Number of Workdays between two given Dates
 Extracting Year, Month, Day from Date
 Extracting Day of the Week from Date
 Obtaining Date from Year, Month and Day
 Calculating Number of Years, Months and Days between two Dates

Date Formats
Excel supports Date values in two ways:
 Serial Format
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 In different Year-Month-Day Formats

You can convert:

 A Date in Serial Format to a Date in Year-Month-Day Format
 A Date in Year-Month-Day Format to a Date in Serial Format

Date in Serial Format

A Date in serial format is a positive integer that represents the number of
days between the given date and January 1, 1900. Both the current Date and
January 1, 1900 are included in the count. For example, 42354 is a Date that
represents 12/16/2015.

Date in Month-Day-Year Formats

Excel supports different Date Formats based on the Locale (Location) you
choose. Hence, you need to first determine the compatibility of
your Date formats and the Data Analysis at hand. Note that certain Date formats
are prefixed with *(asterisk) −
 Date formats that begin with *(asterisk) respond to changes in
regional date and time settings that are specified for the operating
system
 Date formats without an *(asterisk) are not affected by operating
system settings

For understanding purpose, you can assume United States as the Locale.
You find the following Date formats to choose for the Date - 8th June, 2016 −
 *6/8/2016 (affected by operating system settings)
 *Wednesday, June 8, 2016 (affected by operating system settings)
 6/8
 6/8/16
 06/08/16
 8-Jun
 8-Jun-16
 08-Jun-16
 Jun-16
 June-16
 J
 J-16
 6/8/2016
 8-Jun-2016

If you enter only two digits to represent a year and if −

 The digits are 30 or higher, Excel assumes the digits represent years
in the twentieth century.
 The digits are lower than 30, Excel assumes the digits represent
years in the twenty-first century.
For example, 1/1/29 is treated as January 1, 2029 and 1/1/30 is treated as
January 1, 1930.

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Converting Dates in Serial Format to Month-Day-Year Format

To convert dates from serial format to Month-Day-Year format, follow the
steps given below:
 Click the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box.
 Click Date under Category.
 Select Locale. The available Date formats will be displayed as a list
under Type.
 Click on a Format under Type to look at the preview in the box
adjacent to Sample.
After choosing the Format, click OK.

Converting Dates in Month-Day-Year Format to Serial Format

You can convert dates in Month-Day-Year format to Serial format in two
ways −
 Using Format Cells dialog box
 Using Excel DATEVALUE function

Using Format Cells dialog box

 Click the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box.
 Click General under Category.

Using Excel DATEVALUE Function

You can use Excel DATEVALUE function to convert a Date to Serial
Number format. You need to enclose the Date argument in “”. For example,
=DATEVALUE ("6/8/2016") results in 42529

Obtaining Today's Date

If you need to perform calculations based on today’s date, simply use the
Excel function TODAY (). The result reflects the date when it is used.
The following screenshot of TODAY () function usage has been taken on
16th May, 2016 −

Finding a Workday after Specified Days

You might have to perform certain calculations based on your workdays.

Workdays exclude weekend days and any holidays. This means if you can
define your weekend and holidays, whatever calculations you do will be based
on workdays. For example, you can calculate invoice due dates, expected
delivery times, the next meeting date, etc.

You can use Excel WORKDAY and WORKDAY.INTL functions for such

operations.

No Function & Description

.

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WORKDAY
1. Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of
workdays

WORKDAY.INTL
Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of
2.
workdays using parameters to indicate which and how many days are weekend
days

For example, you can specify the 15th working day from today (the
screenshot below is taken on 16th May 2016) using the Functions TODAY and
WORKDAY.

Customizing the Definition of a Weekend

By default, weekend is Saturday and Sunday, i.e. two days. You can also
optionally define your weekend with the WORKDAY.INTL function. You can
specify your own weekend by a weekend-number that corresponds to the
weekend days as given in the table below. You need not remember these
numbers, because when you start typing the function, you get a list of numbers
and the weekend days in the drop-down list.

Weekend Days Weekend-number

Saturday, Sunday 1 or omitted

Sunday, Monday 2

Monday, Tuesday 3

Tuesday, Wednesday 4

Wednesday, Thursday 5

Thursday, Friday 6

Friday, Saturday 7

Sunday only 11

Monday only 12

Tuesday only 13

Wednesday only 14

Thursday only 15
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Friday only 16

Saturday only 17

Suppose if weekend is Friday only, you need to use the number 16 in the
WORKDAY.INTL function.

Number of Workdays between two given Dates

There might be a requirement to calculate the number of workdays
between two dates, for example, in the case of calculating payment to a contract
employee who is paid on per day basis.

You can find the number of workdays between two dates with the Excel
functions NETWORKDAYS and NETWORKDAYS.INTL. Just as in the case of
WORKDAYS and WORKDAYS.INTL, NETWORKDAYS and
NETWORKDAYS.INTL allow you to specify holidays and with
NETWORKDAYS.INTL you can additionally specify the weekend.

No Function & Description

.

NETWORKDAYS
1.
Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates

NETWORKDAYS.INTL
Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates
2.
using parameters to indicate which and how many days are
weekend days

You can calculate the number of workdays between today and another
date with the functions TODAY and NETWORKDAYS. In the screen shot given
below, today is 16th May 2016 and end date is 16th June 2016. 25th May 2016
and 1st June 2016 are holidays.

Again, the weekend is assumed to be Saturday and Sunday. You can

have your own definition for weekend and calculate the number of workdays
between two dates with the NETWORKDAYS.INTL function. In the screen shot
given below, only Friday is defined as weekend.

Extracting Year, Month, Day from Date

You can extract from each date in a list of dates, the corresponding day,
month and year using the excel functions DAY, MONTH and YEAR.

Extracting Day of the Week from Date

You can extract from each date in a list of dates, the corresponding day of
the week with Excel WEEKDAY function.
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Consider the same example given above.

Obtaining Date from Year, Month and Day

Your data might have the information about Year, Month and Day
separately. You need to get the date combining these three values to perform
any calculation. You can use the DATE function for getting the date values.

Use the DATE function to obtain DATE values.

Calculating Years, Months and Days between two Dates

You might have to calculate the time lapsed from a given date. You might
need this information in the form of years, months and days. A simple example
would be calculating the current age of a person. It is effectively the difference
between the birth date and today. You can use Excel DATEDIF, TODAY and
CONCATENATE functions for this purpose.

7. Working with Time Values

The data that you obtain from different sources might contain time values.
In this chapter, you will understand how to prepare your data that contains time
values for analysis.

You will learn about:

 Time Formats
o Time in Serial Format
o Time in Hour-Minute-Second Format
 Converting Times in Serial Format to Hour-Minute-Second Format
 Converting Times in Hour-Minute-Second Format to Serial Format
 Obtaining the Current Time
 Obtaining Time from Hour, Minute and Second
 Extracting Hour, Minute and Second from Time
 Number of hours between Start Time and End Time

Time Formats
Excel supports Time Values in two ways:
 Serial Format
 In various Hour-Minute-Second Formats

You can convert:

 Time in Serial Format to Time in Hour-Minute-Second Format
 Time in Hour-Minute-Second Format to Time in Serial Format

Time in Serial Format

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Time in serial format is a positive number that represents the Time as a

fraction of a 24-hour day, the starting point being midnight. For example, 0.29
represents 7 AM and 0.5 represents 12 PM.

You can also combine Date and Time in the same cell. The serial

number is the number of days after January 1, 1900, and the time fraction
associated with the given time. For example, if you type May 17, 2016 6 AM, it
gets converted to 42507.25 when you format the cell as General.
Time in Hour-Minute-Second Format

Excel allows you to specify time in Hour-Minute-Second Format with a

colon (:) after the hour and another colon before the seconds. Example, 8:50
AM, 8:50 PM or just 8:50 using the 12-Hour Format or as 8:50, 20:50 in 24-Hour
format. The time 8:50:55 AM represents 8 hours, 50 minutes and 55 seconds.

You can also specify date and time together. For example, if you type
May 17, 2016 7:25 in a cell, it will be displayed as 5/17/2016 7:25 and it
represents 5/17/2016 7:25:00 AM.

Excel supports different Time formats based on the Locale (Location)

you choose. Hence, you need to first determine the compatibility of
your Time formats and data analysis at hand.

For understanding purpose, you can assume United States as the

Locale. You find the following Time formats to choose for Date and Time –
17th May, 2016 4 PM.
 4:00:00 PM
 16:00
 4:00 PM
 16:00:00
 5/17/16 4:00 PM
 5/17/16 16:00

Converting Times in Serial Format to Hour-Minute-Second Format

To convert serial time format to hour-min-sec format follow the steps given
below:
 Click the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box
 Click Time under Category.
 Select the Locale. Available Time formats will be displayed as a list
under Type.
 Click on a Format under Type to look at the Preview in the box
adjacent to Sample.
After choosing the Format, click OK

Converting Times in Hour-Minute-Second Format to Serial Format

You can convert Time in Hour-Minute-Second format to serial format in two
ways:
 Using Format Cells dialog box
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 Using Excel TIMEVALUE function
Using Format Cells dialog box
 Click the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box.
 Click General under Category.

Using Excel TIMEVALUE Function

You can use Excel TIMEVALUE function to convert Time to Serial
Number format. You need to enclose the Time argument in “”. For example,
TIMEVALUE ("16:55:15") results in 0.70503472
Obtaining the Current Time

If you need to perform calculations based on current time, simply use the
Excel function NOW (). The result reflects the date and time when it is used.
The following screen shot of Now () function usage has been taken on 17 th May,
2016 at 12:22 PM.

Obtaining Time from Hour, Minute and Second

Your data might have the information about hours, minutes and seconds
separately. Suppose, you need to get the Time combining these 3 values to
perform any calculation. You can use Excel Function Time for getting the Time
values.

Extracting Hour, Minute and Second from Time

You can extract hour, minute and second from a given time using the
Excel functions HOUR, MINUTE and SECOND.

Number of hours between Start Time and End Time

When you perform computations on Time values, the result displayed
depends on the format used in the cell. For example, you can compute the
number of hours between 9:30 AM and 6 PM as follows:

o C4 is formatted as Time
o C5 and C6 are formatted as Number.
You get the time difference as days. To convert to hours, you need to
multiply by 24.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY. Screen Record on how to

E. Book/Printed Resources

Jones, P., (2008). Handbook of Hospitality Operations and IT. Oxford, UK:

Butterworth
Heinemann.
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Lea R Dopson; David K Hayes (2018), Food And Beverage Cost Control,
Hoboken, New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

Schroder, K.E., Carey, M.P., Venable, P.A. (2003). Methodological challenges in

research
on sexual risk behavior: I. Item content, scaling, and data analytic options.
Ann
Behav Med, 26(2): 76-103.Shamoo, A.E., Resnik, B.R. (2003). Responsible Conduct
of Research. Oxford University Press.

Shamoo, A.E. (1989). Principles of Research Data Audit. Gordon and Breach, New York.
Shepard, R.J. (2002). Ethics in exercise science research. Sports Med, 32 (3): 169-183.
Silverman, S., Manson, M. (2003). Research on teaching in physical education
doctoral
dissertations: a detailed investigation of focus, method, and analysis.
Journal of
Teaching in Physical Education, 22(3): 280-297.

Smeeton, N., Goda, D. (2003). Conducting and presenting social work research:
some basic
statistical considerations. Br J Soc Work, 33: 567-573.

Thompson, B., Noferi, G. 2002. Statistical, practical, clinical: How many types of
significance
should be considered in counseling research? Journal of Counseling &
Development,
80(4):64-71.

Resnik, D. (2000). Statistics, ethics, and research: an agenda for educations and
reform.
Accountability in Research. 8: 163-88

F. e-Resources

Dopson, L. R., Hayes, D. K., Food and beverage cost control. 6th edition. (2016), Retrieved
January, 2020 from http://www.cotr.bc.ca/bookstore/cotr_web.asp?IDNumber=164
for
a complete list of the currently required textbooks.

Harley-Davidson Inc., Financial Statements, Retrieved January, 2020 from

http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE
%3AHOG&fstype=ii&ei=jIKsqfrAHHp4GoCA
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Harding, R. (2014, June 30). The productivity puzzles. Financial Times. Retrieved January,
2020 from http://www.ft.com/

Financial Management (2019). HOG historical prices, Harley Davidson, Inc. common stock.
(n.d.). Retrieved January, 2020 from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?
s=HOG+Historical+Prices

Jack E. Miller, Lea R. Dopson and David K. Hayes (2014), Food and Beverage Cost Control
Third Edition, Retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.scribd.com/document/364370774/Food-and-Beverage-Cost-Control-pdf

Lea R. Dopson, David K. Hayes, Food and Beverage Cost Control, 7th Edition
(2016),
Retrieved January, 2020 from
https://www.wiley.com/enus/Food+and+Beveragentrol%2C+7th+Edition

Marina Bay Sands, (2015). Media Centre | Company Information | Marina Bay Sands.
[online]
Marinabaysands.com, Retrieved January, 2020
<http://www.marinabaysands.com/company-information/media-centre.html>

Noble, D.F. (2012), Gallery of best resumes: A collection of quality resumes by professional
resume writer, Retrieved January, 2020, http://login.library.sheridanc.on.ca/login?

Odom, Clement K., "Logistics and Supply Chain Management in the Hotel
Industry: Impact
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
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