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 When a column is near or right next to a

property limit, a square or rectangular
footing concentrically loaded under the
column would extend into the adjoining
property.
Combined Footing and  The footings must be constructed within
Mat Foundation the property. In such cases, there are three
alternatives.

1 2

Use:
a.) Combined footing - is a long footing
supporting two or more columns in one row.
b.) Cantilever or strap footing – normally
comprises two footings connected by a beam called a
strap. A strap footing is a special case of a combined
footing.
c.) Mat or raft foundation - is a large footing,
usually supporting several columns in two or more
rows.

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Combined Footings
 The choice between these types depends primarily
Combined footing is preferred when
upon the relative cost.
 The columns are spaced too closely that if
 In the majority of cases, mat foundations are
normally used where the soil has low bearing isolated footing is provided the soil
capacity and where the total area occupied by beneath may have a part of common
individual footings is not less than 50 per cent influence zone.
of the loaded area of the building.  The bearing capacity of soil is such that
isolated footing design will require
extension of the column foundation to go
beyond the property line.
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Combined Footings Rectangular Combined Footings

 If the load to be carried by a column and the soil bearing
Combined footings can be classified generally capacity are such that the standard spread footing design will
require extension of the column foundation beyond the
under the following categories:
property line, two or more columns can be supported on a
a. Rectangular combined footing single rectangular foundation.
b. Trapezoidal combined footing
c. Strap footing

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Rectangular Combined Footings Rectangular Combined Footings

 Proportioning of foundation will involve the following  c. For a uniform distribution of soil pressure under the
steps: foundation, the resultant of the column loads should pass
 a. Determine the area of the foundation through the centroid of the foundation.
Q1  Q2 where Length of Foundation, L  2( L2  X )
A Q1 , Q2 = column loads
 d. Once the length L is determined, the value of L1 can be
qnet ( all ) qnet(all) = net allowable soil bearing capacity
obtained as follows: L1 = L - L2 - L3
 b. Determine the location of the resultant of the column  e. The width of the foundation, B = A/L
loads
Q2 L3
X 
Q1  Q2

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Trapezoidal Combined Footing Trapezoidal Combined Footing

 is sometimes used as an isolated spread foundation of
columns carrying large loads where space is tight.  Proportioning of foundation will involve the following
steps:
 a. If the net allowable soil pressure is known, determine
the area of the foundation:

 b. Determine the location of the resultant for the column

loads

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Trapezoidal Combined Footing Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing

 c. From the property of a trapezoid,  Cantilever footings may be used in place of trapezoidal or
rectangular combined footings when the allowable soil
bearing capacity is high and the distances between the
columns are large.
 Cantilever footing construction uses a strap beam to
 Area of footing, connect an eccentrically loaded column foundation to the
foundation of an interior column.
 Strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically
 Solutions of these 2 equations give B1 and B2 loaded column footing to an interior column so
that the moment can be transferred through the
beam and have uniform stress distribution
beneath both the foundations.

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Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing

 Strap or cantilever footings are
designed on the basis of the
following assumptions:
 1. The strap is infinitely stiff. It
serves to transfer the column
loads to the soil with equal
and uniform soil pressure
under both the footings.
2. The strap is a pure flexural member and does not
take soil reaction. To avoid bearing on the bottom of the
strap a few centimeters of the underlying soil may be
loosened prior to the placement of concrete
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Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing

 Principles of cantilever or strap footing design  3. The tentative footing areas are equal to the reactions
1. Start with a trial value of e R1 and R2 divided by the allowable bearing pressure qa
 4. With tentative footing sizes, the value of e is computed.
2. The reactions Rl and R2 are computed by the principle of
These steps are repeated until the trial value of e is
statics identical with the final one.
 5. The shears and moments in the strap are determined,
and the straps designed to withstand the shear and
moments.
 6. The footings are assumed to be subjected to uniform
soil pressure and designed as simple spread footings. The
resultants of the column loads Ql and Q2 would coincide
with the center of gravity of the two footing areas.

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Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing Mat Foundation

 The reactions R1 and R2:

 The mat foundation, which is sometimes referred to as a

raft foundation, is a combined footing that may cover the
entire area under a structure supporting several columns
and walls.

Where: Rl and R2 = reactions for the column loads Ql and Q2

respectively
e = distance of Rl from Ql
𝐿R = distance between Rl and R2.

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Mat Foundation Mat Foundation

Where is it needed? General Considerations for Mat Foundation
 Structures like chimneys, silos, cooling towers, buildings  The depth of foundation shall not be less than 1.0 m.
with basements where continuous water proofing is  Punching shear failure for raft foundation on cohesionless
needed soils is not an option so it shall not be considered for analysis.
 For foundations where differential settlement can be a The design is mostly governed by settlement criteria.
major concern  For raft foundations on cohesive soils, stability against deep
seated failure shall be analyzed. The effect of long term
 For soft soils strata or site with pockets of weak soil settlement due to consolidation shall also be considered.
 In situations where individual footings may touch or  The uplift due to sub-soil water shall be considered in design.
overlap each other. The construction below water table shall be checked for
 Under some conditions, spread footings would have to floatation
cover more than half the building area, and mat  Foundations subjected to heavy vibratory loading should
foundations might be more economical. preferably be isolated

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Mat Foundation Mat Foundation

 Common Types 3. Beams and slab. The 4. Flat plates with pedestals
1. Flat plate. 2. Flat plate thickened beams run both ways, and
The mat is of uniform under columns the columns are located at
thickness. the intersection of the
beams.

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Mat Foundation Mat Foundation

 5. Slab with basement walls as a part of the mat. The  Mats may be supported by piles, which help reduce the
walls act as stiffeners for the mat. settlement of a structure built over highly compressible
soil.
 Where the water table is high, mats are often placed over
piles to control buoyancy

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Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations

 The gross ultimate bearing capacity of a mat foundation can  A suitable factor of safety should be used to calculate the
be determined by the same equation used for shallow net allowable bearing capacity.
foundations  For mats on clay, the factor of safety should not be
less than 3 under dead load or maximum live load.
However, under the most extreme conditions, the factor
Where: B is the smallest dimension of the mat. of safety should be at least 1.75 to 2.
 The net ultimate capacity of a mat foundation is  For mats constructed over sand, a factor of safety
of 3 should normally be used.

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Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations

 The ultimate bearing capacity for saturated clays with  The net allowable bearing capacity for mats constructed
 = 0 and a vertical loading condition: over granular soil deposits

 The net ultimate bearing capacity is

Where:
N60 = standard penetration resistance
Fd = 1 + 0.33(Df/B) < 1.33
Se = settlement, (mm)
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Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations

 The customary assumption:  The net pressure applied on a foundation
maximum raft settlement = 50 mm (2 in.)
differential settlement = 19 mm (0.75 in.).

The net ultimate bearing capacity (with Fd =1) can be

assumed as:

 In all cases, q should be less than or equal to

allowable qnet(all)

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FLOATING FOUNDATION FLOATING FOUNDATION

 A floating foundation (compensated foundation)  Principle of a floating foundation:
for a building can be defined as a foundation in which the
weight of the building is approximately equal to An exact balance of weight removed against weight
the full weight of water and soil removed from the imposed. The obtained result is zero settlement of
site of the building the building

 There may occur cases where we cannot have a

fully floating foundation.
 The foundations of this type are called “partly
compensated foundations”
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FLOATING FOUNDATION FLOATING FOUNDATION

 While dealing with floating foundations, it is important  Type 2: The shear strength of the foundation soil is so
that we consider the following two types of soils. low that rupture of the soil would occur if the building
 Type 1: The foundation soils are of such strength that were to be founded at ground level. At a reasonable
shear failure of soil will not occur under the building load. depth, in the absence of a strong layer the building can
But the settlements, differential settlements in particular only be built on a floating foundation. This reduces the
are so large that they constitute the failure of the shear stresses to an acceptable value. In the above
structure. In such cases a floating foundation is used to mentioned cases, a rigid raft or box type of foundation is
reduce settlements to an acceptable value. required for the floating foundation

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FLOATING FOUNDATION FLOATING FOUNDATION

 The net average applied pressure on soil is

 For saturated clays, the factor of safety against bearing

capacity failure

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Coefficient of subgrade reaction, k

 The structural design of mat foundations can be carried The coefficient of subgrade reaction, k
out by two conventional methods: the conventional rigid  If a foundation of width B is subjected to a load per unit
method and the approximate flexible method.
area of q, it will undergo a settlement . The coefficient of
 According to the American Concrete Institute subgrade reaction can be defined as:
Committee 336 (1988), mats should be designed by the
conventional rigid method if the spacing of
The unit of k is kN/m3 (or lb/in3).
columns in a strip is less than 1.75/β.
 If the spacing of columns is larger than 1.75/β, the The value of the coefficient of subgrade
approximate flexible method may be used. reaction is not a constant for a given
soil, but rather depends on several
EF = modulus of elasticity of foundation material factors, such as the length L and width B
IF = moment of inertia of the cross section of the of the foundation and also the depth of
beam strip of foundation = (1/12) B1h3 embedment of the foundation
k = coefficient of subgrade reaction

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Coefficient of subgrade reaction, k

Coefficient of subgrade reaction, k
 Foundations on Clays
 Foundations on Sandy Soils
Eq. (3)

Eq. (1)
The definitions of k and k0.3 in Eq. are the same as in Eq. (1).

Eq. (4)
Eq. (1)

The definitions of k and k1 are the same as in Eq. (2).

Eq. (2)

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Coefficient of subgrade reaction, k Coefficient of subgrade reaction, k

 For long beams, Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for
estimating subgrade reaction, namely, Table 1

Eq. (6)

Eq. (6)

Eq. (7)

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Conventional Rigid Method
 Conventional Rigid Method - the mat is assumed to  The conventional rigid
be infinitely rigid. The soil pressure is distributed in a method of mat foundation
straight line, and the centroid of the soil pressure is design can be explained
coincident with the line of action of the resultant column step by step with
loads. reference to Figure 1.

Fig. 1
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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Conventional Rigid Method
Step 1. Calculate the total column load as
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ....
 Step 2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q, below the
mat at points A, B, C, D, … by using the equation

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Conventional Rigid Method
 Step 3. Compare the values of the soil pressures  The total soil reaction is equal to qavB1B.
determined in Step 2 with the net allowable soil pressure  Obtain the total column load on the strip as Q1 + Q2 + Q3
to determine whether q ≤ qall(net) + Q4
 Step 4. Divide the mat into several strips in the x and y  The sum of the column loads on the strip will not equal
directions. Let the width of any strip be B1 . qavB1B, because the shear between the adjacent strips has
 Step 5. Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams not been taken into account. For this reason, the soil
for each individual strip (in the x and y directions). For reaction and the column loads need to be adjusted,
example, the average soil pressure of the bottom strip in
the x direction is

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Structural Design of Mat Foundations
 The column load modification factor is  Step 6. Determine the effective depth d of the mat by
checking for diagonal tension shear near various columns.
For the critical section,
Vc ≥ U
 The modified column loads are FQ1 , FQ2 , FQ3 , and FQ4  Where:
 The shear and the moment diagram for this strip can now U = factored column load
be drawn, and the procedure is repeated in the x and y Vc = shear capacity at the column location
directions for all strips

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Conventional Rigid Method
Vc shall be the smallest of the following equations:
 The expression for b0 in terms of d, which depends on
the location of the column with respect to the plan of the
mat, can be calculated as:

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Conventional Rigid Method Conventional Rigid Method
 Step 7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one
direction (x or y), obtain the maximum positive and
negative moments per unit width (i.e., Mu = M/B1). Since
factored column loads are used in accordance with ACI
Code 318-11 (see Step 6), Mu is the factored moment.
 Step 8. Determine the area of steel per unit width for
positive and negative reinforcement in the x and y
directions.

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Approximate Flexible Method Approximate Flexible Method
 Approximate Flexible Method - the soil is assumed  Step 1. Assume a thickness h for the mat, according to
to be equivalent to an infinite number of elastic springs. Step 6 of the conventional rigid method. (Note: h is the
total thickness of the mat.)
 Step 2. Determine the flexural rigidity R of the mat as
given by the formula

 This assumption is sometimes referred to as the Winkler

foundation.
 The elastic constant of these assumed springs is referred
to as the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k.

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Approximate Flexible Method Approximate Flexible Method
 Step 3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness  The moment in Cartesian coordinates can be obtained
using the following relationship:

 Step 4. Determine the moment (in polar coordinates at a

point) caused by a column load . The formulas to use are:

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Structural Design of Mat Foundations

Approximate Flexible Method Approximate Flexible Method
 The variations of A1 and A2 with r/L’ are shown in Figure  Step 5. For the unit width of the mat, determine the
shear force V caused by a column load:

The variation of A3 with r/L’ is shown in Figure 2.

 Step 6. The deflection at any point is given by

The variation of A4 is presented in Figure 2

Fig. 2

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Structural Design of Mat Foundations Assignment:

Approximate Flexible Method  The plan of a mat foundation is
shown in Figure. Calculate the soil
 Step 7. If the edge of the mat is located in the zone of pressure at points A, B, C, D, E, and F.
influence of a column, determine the moment and shear using the Conventional Rigid method
(Note: All column sections are
force at the edges assuming the mat to be continuous and planned to be (0.5 m x 0.5 m.) All
apply the same magnitude in opposite direction to satisfy loads shown are factored loads.
the known boundary conditions. Determine the reinforcement
requirements and the thickness of
the mat. fc’ = 20.7 MN/m2,
 The moments, shear force, and deflection calculated for  fy = 413.7 MN/m2 ,  = 1 (normal
each column are superimposed to find their resultant weight concrete)
values at each location.
 The reinforcement calculations can be performed
assuming the raft as an inverted beam or slab.

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