SS1 FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

SCHEME FIRST TERM

WEEK TOPIC CONTENT
(a) Revision of standard form.
(b) Relationship between indices and standard form.
1 INDICES (c) Laws of indices; (i) ax x ay = ax+y (ii) ax÷ay = ax-y
(iii) (ax)y = axy, etc.
(d) Application of indices, simple indicial equation.

(a) Deducing logarithm from indices and standard form.

(b) Definition of Logarithms.
2 LOGARITHMS 1 (c) Graph of y = 10x.
(d) Reading of logarithm and the antilogarithm tables.
(a) Use of logarithm table and antilogarithm table in
calculation involving (multiplication, division, powers
3 LOGARITHMS 2 and roots.
(b) Application of logarithm in capital market and other
real life problems.
(a) Definition of set.
4 SETS 1 (b) Set Notation – (i) listing or roster method (ii) rule
method (iii) set builder notation.
(c) Types of sets.
(a) Set operations (i) Union (ii) Intersection (iii)
5 SETS 2 Complement.
(b) Venn diagram. (f) Application of Venn diagram up to
3 set problem.
(a) Conversion from other bases to base 10 and vice
6 NUMBER BASE SYSTEM versa.
(b) Conversion of decimal fraction in other bases to base
10 and vice versa.
7 MID-TERM BREAK
(a) Conversion of number from one base to another base.
(b) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of
8 NUMBER BASE SYSTEM number bases.
(c) Application to computer programming.

(a) Formulae, substitution and simple binary operations.

(b) Change of subject of formulae.
(c) Variations (i) Direct and inverse, (ii) joint and partial.
9 SIMPLE EQUATIONS AND (d) Application of variation.
VARIATIONS
10 REVISION
11 EXAMINATION
WEEK 1:
DATE……………………….
Subject: Mathematics
Class: SS 1
TOPIC: Indices
Content:
  Revision of standard form
 Relationship between indices and standard form.
 Laws of indices:(i) ax x ay = ax+y (ii) ax ay = ax-y (iii) (ax)y = axy, etc.
 Application of indices, simple indicial equation.
Revision of standard form
Example 1:Express the following in standard form
(a) 5.37 (b) 53.7 (c) 537 (d) 35.65 (e) 7500 (f) 1403420
Solution:
(a) 5.37 = 5.37 x 1
= 5.37 x 100
(b) 53.7 = 5.37 x 101
(c) 537 = 5.37 x 100
= 5.37 x 10 x 10
= 5.37 x 102
(d) 35.65 = 3.565 x 10
= 3.565 x 101
(e) 7500 = 7.5 x 1000
= 7.5 x 103
(f) 1403420 = 1.403420 x 1000000
= 1.403420 x 106
Example 2; Express the following in standard form
(a) 0.037 (b) 0.00065 (c) 0.0058 (d) 0.61
Solution:
Method 1:
(a) 0.037 = 3.7 x 0.01
= 3.7 x 10−2
(b) 0.00065 = 6.5 x 0.0001
= 6.5 x 10−4
(c) 0.0058 = 5.8 x 0.001
= 5.8 x 10−3
(d) 0.61 = 6.1 x 0.1
= 6.1 x 10−1
Method 2:
0.037
(a) 0.037 =
1
3.7
=
100
3.7
= 2
10
= 3.7 x 10−2
 0.00065
(b) 0.00065 =
1
6.5
=
10000
6.5
= 4
10
= 6.5 × 10−4
0.0058
(c) 0.0058 =
1
5.8
=
1000
5.8
= 3
10
= 5.8 × 10−3
0.61
(d) 0.61 =
1
6.1
=
10
= 6.1 × 10−1
Class Activity:
Express the following in standard form
1. (a) 2037000 (b) 0.00469 (c) 0.000513 (d) 146200
Write each of the following numbers in full
2. (a) 6 × 104 (b) 5.142 x 107 (c) 0.7883 x 10- 5 (d) 2.095 x 109

Laws Of Indices and Application of indices

Thefollowing are the laws governing the mathematical operations involving index numbers.
These laws are true for all values of m, n and x ≠ 0.
(1) 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
(2) 𝑎𝑥 ÷ 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
1
(3) 𝑎−𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑎

(4) 𝑎0 = 1

(5) (𝑎𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦

1
(6) 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛√𝑎
𝑥
𝑦
(7) 𝑎𝑦 = √𝑎𝑥
 1
1 −4
Example 1: Simplify ( )
81
1
81 4
( )
1
1
(34)4
4
34

= 3
2
Example 2: Simplify 1253
3 2
( √125)

3
2
( √53 )

52

= 25

Class Activity:

Simplify the following;

2
27 −3
1. ( )
8
2. 3a2b x (2ab)-3

Simple indicial equation

Indicial equations are equations which have the variable or unknown quantity as an
index or exponent.
Examples: Solve for x in the following
1
1. 4−3𝑥 =
64

1
4−3𝑥 =
43
4−3𝑥 = 4−3
 −3𝑥 = −3
∴𝑥=1
2. (𝑥 + 7)3 = 27
(𝑥 + 7)3 = 33
𝑥+7 = 3
𝑥 =3−7
𝑥 = −4

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. Write 3.654 × 10−10 in full

32 × 104
2. Simplify
8 × 107
196 𝑚3 𝑛7
3. Simplify √
4𝑚5 𝑛
2−𝑛 ×82𝑛+1 ×162𝑛
4. Simplify
43𝑛
1
5. Solve the equation, 9𝑥 = (27𝑥 )
3
𝑥−4
6. Solve the equation, 3 = 2342

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Given that: 2 × 41−𝑥 = 8−𝑥 , find 𝑥

1
2. Solve for the value of n in the equation, 9𝑛 × = 27𝑛+3
3𝑛−1
0.0125 × 0.00576
3. Without using calculator, work out leaving your answer in standard form
0.0015 × 0.32
1
4. Solve for 𝑥 if 4𝑥 × 82𝑥−1 =
161−𝑥
𝑚8 ×𝑛3
5. Given that = 𝑚 𝑥 × 𝑛𝑦 , calculate the value of 2x – y
𝑚4 ×𝑛5

6. If 8x/2 = 23/8 x 43/4, find x [WAEC]

KEYWORDS: Number, Index, Power, Roots, Base etc

WEEK 2
DATE……………………….
TOPIC: LOGARITHMS
CONTENT:
 Deducing logarithm from indices and standard form
 Definition of Logarithms
 Definition of Antilogarithms
 The graph of y = 10x
 Reading logarithm and Antilogarithm tables

Deducing logarithm from indices and standard form

There is a close link between indices and logarithms
100 = 102. This can be written in logarithmic notation as log10100 = 2.
Similarly 8 = 23 and it can be written as log28 = 3.
In general, N = bx in logarithmic notation is LogbN = x.
We say the logarithms of N in base b is x. When the base is ten, the logarithms is known as
common logarithms.
The logarithms of a number N in base b is the power to which b must be raised to get N.
1
Re-write using logarithmic notation (i) 1000 = 103 (ii)0.01 = 10-2 (iii) 24 = 16 (iv) = 2-3
8
Change the following to index form
1
(i) Log416 = 2 (ii) log3 ( ) = -3
27
The logarithm of a number has two parts and integer (whole number) then the decimal
point. The integral part is called the characteristics and the decimal part is called mantissa.
To find the logarithms of 27.5 form the table, express the number in the standard form as 27.5
= 2.75 x 101. The power of ten in this standard form is the characteristics of Log 27.5. The
decimal part is called mantissa.
Remember a number is in the standard form if written as A x 10 n where A is a number
such that 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is an integer.
27.5 = 2.75 x 101, 27.5 when written in the standard form, the power of ten is 1. Hence
the characteristic of Log 27.5 is 1. The mantissa can be read from 4-figure table. This 4-figure
table is at the back of your New General Mathematics textbook.
Below is a row from the 4-figure table
Differences
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 431 433 434 436 437 439 440 442 444 445 1 3 4 6 7 9 1 1 1
7 4 0 6 2 8 3 9 5 0 6 1 2 4

To check for Log27.5, look for the first two digits i.e 27 in the first column.
Now look across that row of 27 and stop at the column with 5 at the top. This gives the figure
4393.
Hence Log27.5 = 1.4393
To find Log275.2, 2.752 x 102
The power of 10 is the standard form of the number is 2. Thus, the characteristic is 2.
Log275.2 = 2. ‘Something’
For the mantissa, find the figure along the row of 27 with middle column under 5 as before
(4393). Now find the number in the differences column headed. This number is 3. Add 3 to
4393 to get 4396. Thus Log275.2 = 2.4396.
Example 1
Use table to find
i. Log 37.1
ii. Log 64.71
iii. Log 7.238
 If the logarithm of a number is given, one can determine the number for the antilogarithm
table.
Example 2: Find the antilogarithms of the following (a) 0.5670 (b)2.9504
Solution
(a) The first two digits after the decimal point i.e .56 is sought for in the extreme left column of
the antilogarithm table then look across towards right till you, get to the column with
heading 9. (Read 56 under 9) there you will see 3707. Since the integral part of 0.5690 is 0,
it means if the antilog (3707) is written in the standard form the power of 10 is zero.
i.e antilog of 0.5690 = 3.707 x 100
= 3.707
(b) The antilog of 2.9504 is found by checking the decimal part .9504 in the table.
(c) Along the row beginning with 0.95 look forward right and pick the number in the column with
0 at the top. This gives the figures 8913 proceed further to the difference column with heading
4 to get 8. This 8 is added to 8913 to get 8921. The integral part of the initial number (2.9504)
is 2. This shows that there are three digits before the decimal point in the antilog of 2.9504 so
antilog 2.9504 = 892.1.

The graph of y = 10x can be used to find antilogarithm (and logarithm). Below is the table of
values.
X 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x
Y = 10 1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.3 7.9 10
For example the broken line shows that the antilog 0.5 is approximately 3.2 or inversely that
Log 3.2≃0.5
Class Activity:
1. Find the logarithms of
(i) 32.7
(ii) 61.02
(iii) 3.247

2. Use antilog tables to find the numbers whose logarithms are

(i) 1.82 (ii)2.0813 (iii) 0.2108

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Find the results of the following,
1. Log 436.2
2. Log 25.38
3. Log 3.258
4. 100.0148
5. Find the number whose log is 2.6021
ASSIGNMENT
Use Logarithm table to evaluate each of the following,
1. 101.1844
2. 103.0631
3. 105.1047
Use antilogarithm tables to find the numbers whose common logarithms are:
4. 0.0254
5. 1.4662
6. 6.0129

KEYWORDS: character/Integer, Mantissa/Decimal fraction, Logarithm, Antilogarithm

etc

WEEK 3
DATE……………………….
TOPIC: LOGARITHMS
CONTENT:
Use Of Logarithm Table And Antilogarithm Table In Calculation Involving
i. Multiplication
ii. Division
iii. Powers
iv. Roots
v. Application of logarithm in capital market and other real life problems

Logarithm and antilogarithm tables are used to perform some arithmetic basic
operations namely: multiplication and division. Also, we use logarithm in calculations
involving powers and roots.
The basic principles of calculation using logarithm depends strictly on the laws on indices.
Recall that.
(a) Log MN = Log M + Log N
𝑀
(b) Log = Log M - Log N
𝑁
Hence, we conclude that in logarithm;
1. When numbers are multiplied, we add their logarithms
2. When two numbers are dividing, we subtract their logarithms.

 Multiplication of numbers using logarithm tables

Example 1
Evaluate 92.63 x 2.914
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
1
92.63 9.263 x 10 1.9667
0
2.914 2.914 x 10 0.4645 add
2.4312

Antilog of 2.4312 =269.9

Example 2
Evaluate 34.83 x 5.427
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
34.83 3.483 x 101 1.5420
5.427 5.427 x 100 0.7346 add
2.2766

Antilog of log 2.2766 = 189.1

Class Activity:
Evaluate the following
1. 6.26 x 23.83
2. 409.1 x 3.932
3. 8.31 x 22.45 x 19.64
4. 431.2 x 21.35

 Division of numbers using logarithm

Example 1
Evaluate 357.2 ÷ 87.23
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
357.2 3.572 x 102 2.5529 subtraction
87.23 8.723 x 101 1.9406
0.6123

Antilog of 0.6123 = 4.096

Example 2
Use a logarithm table to evaluate 75.26 ÷ 2.581
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
1
75.26 7.526 x 10 1.8765
0
2.581 2.581 x 10 0.4118 subtraction
1.4647

Antilog of 1.4647 = 29.16

Class Activity:
Use table to evaluate the following
(1) 53.81 ÷ 16.25 (2)632.4 ÷ 34.25 (3) 63.75 ÷ 8.946 (4) 875.2 ÷ 35.81

 Powers Using Logarithm

Study these examples.
At times, calculations can involve powers and roots. From the laws of logarithm, we have
(a) Log Mn = nLogM
1 𝑛
(b) Log M1/n = Log M = Log √𝑀
𝑛
𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑀
(c) Log Mx/n = Log M =
𝑛 𝑛

Example 1.
Evaluate the following (53.75)3
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
3
(53.75) (5.375 x 101)3 1.7304 Multiply log by 3
X 3
5.1912
Antilog of 5.1912 = 155300

Example 2: 64.592
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
2
(64.59) (6.459 x 101)2 1.8102 Multiply Log by 2
X 2
3.6204

Antilog of 3.6204 = 4173

Class Activity:
Evaluate the following
1. 5.6324
2. √35.81
3. 19.183
4. (67.9/5.23)3
5. √679.5 x 92.6

 Roots using Logarithms

Example 1
5
Use tables of Logarithms and antilog to calculate √27.41
Solution
Number Standard form Log operation
5 1 1/5
√27.41 (2.741 x 10 ) 1.4380 ÷ 5 Divide Log by 5
0.2876

Antilog of 0.2876 = 1.939

3 218
Example 2: use table to find √
3.12
Solution
Hint: Workout 218 ÷ 3.12 before taking the cube root.
Number Standard form Log operation
2
218 (2.18 x 10 ) 2.3385 subtraction
0
3.12 (3.12 x 10 ) 0.4942
1.8443 ÷3 division
0.6148
Antilog of 0.6148 = 4.119
Example 3
Evaluate 63.752 – 21.392
We can use difference of two squares
i.e A2 – B2 = (A+B)(A-B)
63.752 – 21.392 = (63.75+21.39)(63.75-21.39)
= (85.14)(42.36)
= 85.14 X 42.36

Number Log operation

85.14 1-9301
42.36 1.6270 Addition
3.5571

Antilog of 3.5571 = 3607

Class Activity:
Evaluate the following
1. (39.652 – 7.432)1/2
2. 84.352
3. 36.952
4. 64.742 – 55.262
5. 94.682 – 43.252
6. 25.142 – 7.522

Application of logarithm in capital market and other real life problems.

To start a big business or an industry, a large amount of money is needed. It is beyond the
capacity of one or two persons to arrange such a huge amount. However, some persons partner
together to form a company. They then, draft a proposal, issue a prospectus (in the name of
the company), explaining the plan of the project and invite the public to invest money on this
project. They then pool up the form from the public, by selling them shares from the company.
Examples:
1. On Wednesday 8thAugust 2008 an investor bought 6274 383 shares on the floor of a
stock market exchange at #92.85 per share. Four years thereafter, he sold them at
#134.76 per share. Calculate his profit, correct to three significant figures.
Solution:
On 8th August, 2008:
1 share = #92.85
Then let, 6274 383 shares = #x
 This gives, x = 6274 383 x 92.85
Four years thereafter:
1 share = 134.76
Then let, 6274 383 = #y
This gives, y = 6274 383 x 134.76
Thus, his profit four years thereafter is (y - x) naira,
That is, 6274 383 x 134.76 - 6274 383 x 92.85 = 6247 383 (41.91)
≃ 6247 000 x 41.91

Number log
6247000 6.7957
41.91 1.6223
8
2.618 x 10 8.4180
=
261800000
Hence the investor’s profit was #262 million

2. #67,200 are invested in #100 shares which are quoted at #120. Find the income if 12%
dividend is declare in the shares.
Solution:
Sum invested = #67,200
And M.V of each share = #120
Therefore No. of shares bought = #67,200 ÷#120

No. Log
67200 4.8274
120 2.0792
560.02 2.7482
Given: dividend (income) on 1 share = 12% of N.V = 12% of #100 = #12
Therefore, total income from the shares = #560 x #12 = #6,720

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

Find the values of the following using logarithm tables.

 17.83 × 24.69
1.
2.56 ×32.8
2. √43.67 × 45.86
1
3. (987.3)3
3 218 ×37.2
4. √
95.43
943
5.
11.64 × 7.189

ASSIGNMENT
Use tables to find the values of;
85.32 2
1. ( )
9.82
17.42 × 4.42
2. 3
√858 000
3
38.32 × 2.964 2
3. √( )
8.637 × 6.285
4. In one day a total of 478900 shares were traded on the floor of a stock exchange. If
the value of each share was #23.50, use tables to calculate, to three significant
figures, the value of the traded shares.
5. An investor buys 2650 shares at #1.44 each. Use logarithm tables to calculate his
profit to the nearest naira if he sells them 3 years later at #1.565 each.

KEYWORDS: Character/Integer, Mantissa/Decimal fraction, Logarithm,

Antilogarithm etc
WEEK 4
DATE……………………….
Subject: Mathematics
TOPIC: Sets

 Definition of sets
 Set notations
 Types of sets
DEFINITION

A set is a general name for any group or collection of distinct elements. The elements of a set
may be objects, names, points, lines, numbers or idea

The elements must have unique characteristics (specification) that can help to distinguish
them from any other element outside the group or set. Hence, a set is a collection of well
defined objects e.g.
 (i) a set of mathematics text books
(ii) a set of cutleries
(iii) a set of drawing materials etc.
Sometimes there may be no obvious connection between the members of a set. Example:
{chair, 3, car, orange, book, boy, stone}.
Each item in a given set are normally referred to as member or element of the set.
SET NOTATION
This is a way of representing a set using any of the following.
(i) Listing method
(ii) Rule method or word description
(iii) Set builders notation.
(i) Listing Method
A set is usually denoted by capital letters and the elements in it can be defined either
by making a list of its members. Eg A = {2, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} etc.
Note that the elements of a set are normally separated by commas and enclosed in curly
brackets or braces
(ii) Rule Method. The elements in a set can be defined also by describing the rule or
property that connects its members. Eg C = {even number between 7 and 15. D=
{set of numbers divisible by 5 between 1 and 52.}, B = {x : x is the factors of 24}etc
(iii) Set–Builders Notations
A set can also be specified using the set – builder notation. Set – builder notation is an
algebraic way of representing sets using a mixture of word, letters , numbers and
inequality symbols e.g. B = {x : 6 ≤ x < 11, x є ƶ} or B = {x/6 ≤ x < 11, x є I}. The
expression above is interpreted as “B is a set of values x such that 6 is less than or equal to x
and x is less than 11, where x is an integer (z)”
- The stroke (/) or colon (:) can be used interchangeably to mean “such that”
- The letter Z or I if used represents integer or whole numbers.
Hence, the elements of the set B = {x : 6 ≤ x < 11, x є ƶ} are B = { 6, 7, 8, 9,10}.
NB:
- The values of x starts at 6 because 6 ≤ x
- The values ends at 10 because x < 11 and 10 is the first integer less than 11.
The set builder’s notation could be an equation, which has to be solved to obtain the
elements of the set. It could also be an inequality, which also has to be solved to get the range
of values that forms the set.
Class Activity
(a) Define Set
(b) C = {x : 3x – 4 = 1, x є ƶ}
(c) P = {x : x is the prime factor of the LCM of 15 and 24}
(d) Q = {The set of alphabets}
 (e) R = {x : x ≥ 5, x is an odd number}

Set – Builders Notations (conts.)

Examples 1:
List the elements of the following sets
(i) A = {x : 2 < x ≤ 7, x є ƶ}.
(ii) B = {x : x > 4, x є ƶ}
(iii) C = {x : -3 ≤ x ≤ 18, x є ƶ}.
(iv) D = {x : 5x -3 = 2x + 12, x є Z}.
(v) E = {x : 3x -2 = x + 3, x є I}
(vi) F = {x : 6x -5 ≥ 8x + 7, x є ƶ}
(vii) P = {x : 15 ≤ x < 25, x are numbers divisible by 3}
(viii) Q = {x : x is a factor of 18, }
Solution:
(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Note that:
- the values of x start at 3, because 2 < x
-The values of x ends at 7 because x ≤ 7 i.e. because of the equality sign.
(ii) B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, .. .}
Note that:
the values of x start from 5 because 5 is the first number greater than 4 (i.e. we are told
that x is greater than 4)
(iii) C = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, . . , 15, 16, 17, 18}
Note that:
- The values of x starts from -3 because -3 ≤ x, and ends at 18 because x ≤ 18
(there is equality sign at both ends).
(iv) To be able to list the elements of thisset, the equation defined has to be solved
i.e. 5x – 3 = 2x + 12
5x – 2x = 12 + 3
3x = 15
x =15/3
∴x = 5
∴ D = {5}
(v) We also need to solve the equation to get the set values
3x - 2 = x + 3
3x – x = 3 + 2
2x = 5
5
∴ x = /2
Since 5/2 is not an integer (whole number) therefore the set will contain no element.
 ∴є = { } or Ø
(vi) Solving the inequality to get the range of values for the set, we have
6x – 5 ≥ 8x + 7
6x – 8x ≥ 7 + 5
-2x ≥ 12
x ≤ 12/-2
∴x ≤ -6
∴F = {…, -8, -7, -6}
(vii) P = {15, 18, 21, 24}
Note that:
The values of x start at 15 because it is the first number divisible by 3 and falls
within the range defined.
(viii) Q = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

Example 3:
Rewrite the following using set builder notation
(i) A = {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}
(ii) B = {3, 4, 5, 6 . . . }
(iii) C = {. . . 21, 22, 23, 24}
(iv) D = {7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 . . .}
(v) P = {1, -2}
(vi) Q = {a, e, i, o, u}
Solution:
(i) A = {x : 7 < x < 15, x є ƶ} OR
A = {x : 8 ≤ x < 15, x є ƶ} OR
A = {x : 7 < x ≤ 14, x є ƶ} OR
A = {x : 8 ≤ x ≤ 14, x є ƶ}
(ii) B = {x : x > 2, x є ƶ} OR
B = {x : x ≥ 3, x є ƶ}
(iii) C = {x : x < 25, x є ƶ} OR
C = {x : x ≤ 24, x є ƶ}
(iv) D = {x : x > 8 or x ≥ 7, x is odd, x є ƶ}
(v) P={1,2} suggests the solutions of a quadratic equation. Therefore, the equation or set-
builders notation can be obtained from :
x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
x2 –(-1)x + (1 x -2) = 0
x2 + x - 2 = 0
P = {x : x2 + x - 2 = 0, x є ƶ}
(vi) Q = {x : x is a vowel}
Class Activity
1. List the elements in the following Sets
(a) A = {x : -2 ≤ x < 4, x є ƶ}
(b) B = {x : 9 < x < 24, x є N}
(c) C = {x : 7 < x ≤ 20, x is a prime number, x є I}
(d) D = {x / 2x – 1 = 10, x є Z}
(e) P = {x : x are the prime factor of the LCM of 60 and 42}
2. Rewrite the following using Set – builder notations.
(a) Q = {. . . 2, 3, 4, 5}
(b) A = {2, 5}
(c) B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 . . .}
(d) A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(e) C = {1, 3, -2}

TYPES OF SETS
Finite Sets
Refers to any set, in which it is possible to count all the elements that make up the set.
These types of sets have end. E.g.
A = {1, 2, 3, . . , 8, 9, 10}
B = {18, 19, 20, 21, 22}
C = {Prime number between 1 and 15} etc.
Infinite Sets
Refers to any set, in which it is impossible to count all the elements that make up the set.
In other words, members or elements of these types of set have no end. These types of set,
when listed are usually terminated with three dots or three dots before the starting values
showing that the values continue in the order listed. E.g.
(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . }
(ii) B = {…,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}
(iii) C = {Real numbers} etc.
Empty or null Set
A set is said to be empty if it contains no element. Eg {the set of whole number that
lies between 1 and 2}, {the set of goats that can read and write}, etc Empty sets are usually
represented using ø or { }.
It should be noted that {0} is NOT an empty set because it contains the element 0,
Another name for empty set is null set.
Cardinality of a set/Number of Elements in a Set
Given a set A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6} the number of elements in the set A denoted by
n(A) is 9; i.e. n (A) = 7
If B = {2,3, 5} then n (B) = 3
If Q = {0} then n (Q) = 1
Other examples are as follows:
Example 4:
Find the number of elements in the set:
P = {x : 3x -5 < x + 1 < 2x + 3, x є ƶ }
Solution:
3x – 5 < x + 1 and x + 1 < 2x + 3
3x – x < 1 + 5 and x – 2x < 3 – 1
2x < 6 -x<2
6
x < /2 x > -2
x<3 -2 < x
-2 < x < 3
The integers that form the solution set are
P = {-1, 0, 1, 2}
∴n {P} = 4
Example 5:
Find the number of elements in the set
A = {x : 7 < x < 11, x is a prime number}
Solution:
The set A = { } or Ø since 8, 9, 10 are no prime numbers. ∴n(A) = 0
Example 6:
Find the number of elements in the following sets:
(i) B = {x : x ≤ 7, x є ƶ}
(ii) C = {x : 3 < x ≤ 8, x is a number divisible by 2}.
Solution:
(i) B = {. . . 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
The values of the set B has no end hence it is an infinite set i.e. n(B) = ∞
(ii) C = {4, 6, 8}. ∴n(C) = 3

The Universal Set

This is the Set that contains all the elements that are used in a given problem. Universal
Sets vary from problem to problem. It is usually denoted using the symbolsξor μ.
Note that when the Universal Set of a given problem is defined, all values outside the
universal set cannot be considered i.e. they are invalid.
Equivalent Sets
Two Sets are said to be equivalent if the Sets have equal number of elements. E.g.
If A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {a, b, c, d} then the Sets A ≡ B (A is equivalents to B) since n(A) =
n(B).

Equality of Sets
 Equal sets are special cases of equivalent sets. They have exactly equal elements on both
sets. The order of writing the elements is not important. We use equality sign “=” to indicate
equal sets
Given two sets P = {3,4,5} and Q = {4,3,5} . The elements of the two sets are equal.
Therefore P=Q
Subset and Superset
Suppose that A={1,2,3} and B={1,2,3,4,5}. Notice that every element of set A is also an
element of set B . We say that A is a subset of B written as ⊂ 𝐵 . While B is a superset of A is
written as B ⊃ 𝐴
Power Sets
Given a set A then the power set of A, denoted by P(A) is the set of all possible subsets of
A
The number of possible subsets in P(A) is given by 2 n where n is the number of elements
in the set

Class Activity
(1) List the elements in the following Sets
(a) A = {x : -2 ≤ x < 4, x є ƶ}
(b) B = {x : 9 < x < 24, x є N}
(c) C = {x : 7 < x ≤ 20, x is a prime number, x є I}
(d) D = {x / 2x – 1 = 10, x є Z}
(e) P = {x : x are the prime factor of the LCM of 60 and 42}
(2). Find the number of elements in the sets in question (1) above

(3). If
(a) A= {3,5,7,8,9,10,}, Then n(A) =
(b) B= {1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 7}, Then n(B) =
© Q= {a, d, g, a, c, f, h, c,} , Then n(Q) =
(d) P= {4,5,6,7,…,12,13}, Then n(P) =
(e) D ={ days of the week} , then n(D)=

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

(1). State if the following are finite, infinite or null set

(i) Q = {x : x ≥ 7, x Є Z}
(ii) P = {x : -4 ≤ x < 16, x Є I}
(iii) A = {x : 2x – 7 = 2, x Є Z}
(iv) B = { sets of goats that can fly}
(v) D ={sets of students with four legs}
(2) List the following sets in relation to the universal set. Given that the universal set
ξ= {x: 1< x< 15, x ε z}
(i) A= {x; -3≤ x≤7, x ε Z}
(ii) B= {x: 5<x<6, xεz},
(iii) C={x: X≥ 5, xε z }

(3) List the elements of the following universal sets.

(i) The set of all positive integers
(ii) The set of all integers
(iii)ξ={ x: 1 < x < 30, x are multiples of 3}
(iv)ξ = { x: 7≤ x<25, x are odd numbers}
(v) ξ = { x: x≥10, xεz}

(4) Find all the possible subsets of each of the following sets

(i) A={1,2}
(ii) B={ 7,9}
(iii) C={2,4,6}

(5) Find the power set of each of the following set

(a) A={0,5}
(b) B = {7,8,9}

ASSIGNMENT

1. Identify each of the following set as null, finite or infinite set

a. A={x : 0<x<10,x is an integer}
b. B= {x: x>2, x is an integer}
2. Calculate the number of possible subsets of each of the following set
a. {a,b}
b. {x,y,z}
c. {m,n,o,p}
3. Write down the possible subsets of each of the following set
d. {a,b}
e. {x,y,z}
f. {m,n,o,p}
4. Given that A ={x;x is an even number}
and B={2,3,4,6}
 Show that B is not a subset of A
5. If A ⊂ { }, then what is A?
KEYWORDS: finite, infinite, subset, superset, cardinality, power-set etc

WEEK 5
DATE……………………….
Subject: Mathematics
TOPIC: Sets

CONTENT:

 Set operations
 Union
 Intersection
 Complement.
 Venn diagram.
 Application of Venn diagram up to 3 set problem.
Operations on Sets

The Union of Sets:

The Union of Sets A and B is the Set that is formed from the elements of the two Sets A
and B. This is usually denoted by “A ⋃B” meaning A Union B. Thus A ⋃B is the Set which
consists of elements of A or of B or of both A and B.
When represented using Venn diagram we have
A ⋃B


Using Set notations, the Union of two Sets A and B is solved as follows
Example 1:
Given that A = {3, 7, 8, 10}
and B = {3, 5, 6, 8, 9} then
A∪ B= {3, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10}
Example 2:
If A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and C ={a, 3, θ} Then A ⋃B ⋃C = {a, b, c, d,1, 2, 3, 4, θ}
Class Activity
A = {7, 8, 9, 10}, B = {8, 10, 12, 14} and C = {7, 9, 10, 14. 15}
find the following:
1. (a) A ⋃B (b) B⋃ C
 2. A ⋃B ⋃ C
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of Sets A and B is the set of elements that are common to both A and B.
This is usually denoted by “A ∩ B” meaning A intersection B. When represented using Venn
diagram we have
ξ

Disjoint sets
If A ∩ B = Ø, then the Sets A and B are said to be disjoint. Disjoint Sets are Sets that have no
element in common.
ξ
A B

Example 1:
Given that A = {5, 7, 8, 10} and B = {3, 5, 6, 8, 9}, then A ∩ B = {5, 8}.
Example 2:
If P = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, Q = {b, c, e, g} and R = {a, c, d, f, g}
Then, P ∩ Q ∩ R = {c, g}

Example 3:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {6, 8, 10}, then
A ∩ B = { } or Ø. The Set A and B are disjoint.
Class Activity
Given that ξ= {21, 22, 23, 24, . . ., 29, 30},
P = {21, 23, 25, 26, 28},
Q = {22, 24, 26, 27, 28} and
R = {21, 25, 26, 27, 30} are Subsets of ξ Find:
1. (i) P ∩Q (ii) P ∩Q
2. (i) Q ∩R (ii) P ∩Q ∩R

The Complement of Set

If A is a Subset of the Universal Set ξ, then, the complement of the Set A are made up of
elements that are not in A, but are found in the Universal Set ξ. This is usually denoted by A c
or A′. For example,
If ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {3, 5, 6, 9} then Ac or A′ = {1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10}
 Using Venn diagram, this is represented by the shaded portion below:
ξ
1

3 5 6
9
4
9
2 7 9 8 10
8

Note that to
4 find the complement
7 of a Set, the Universal Set must be properly defined.
10
Example 1:
Given that
ξ = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20} A = {11, 13, 16, 18, 20} and
B = {12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20}.
Find the following:
(i) A′ (ii) B′ (iii) (A ⋃B)′
(iv) (A ∩B)′ (v) A′∩B′ (vi) A′⋃B′
(vii) (A′)′

Solution:
(i) A′ = {12, 14, 15, 17, 19}
(ii) B′ = {11, 13, 15, 17}
(iii) A ⋃B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20}
(A ⋃B)′= {15, 17}
(iv) A ∩B = {16, 18, 20}
(A ∩B)′ = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19}
(v) (A′∩B′) = {15, 17}
(vi) A′⋃ B′ = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19}
(vii) A′ = {12, 14, 15, 17, 19}
(A′)′ = {11, 13, 16, 18, 20} = A
NB:
From the example above, observe that from (iii) and (v), (A ⋃B)′ = A′∩B′
Also, from (iv) and (vi)
(A ∩B)′ = A′⋃B′ and from (vii)(A′)′ = A
Example 2:
Given that ξ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
A = {a, c, e, g, i} and
B = {b, c, d, f, i, j}.
Find the following:
 (i) A′ (ii) B′
(iii) A′⋃B′ (iv) A′∩B′
(v) (A ∩B)′ (vi) (A ⋃B)′
(vii) (B′)′
Solution:
(i) A′ = {b, d, f, h, j}
(ii) B′ = {a, e, g, h}
(iii) A′⋃B′ = {a, b, d, e, f, g, h, j}
(iv) A′∩B′ = { h }
(v) A ∩B ={c, i }
(A ∩B)′ ={a, b, d, e, f, g, h, j}
(vi) A ⋃B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, j}
(A ⋃B)′= { h}
(vii) B′= {a, e, g, h}
(B′)′ = {b, c, d, f, i, j} = B

From the example above, we also observe thatA′⋃B′ = (A ∩B)′ --- From (iii) and (v)
A′∩B′ = (A ⋃B)′--- From (iv) and (vi)
And (B′)′ = B --- From (vii)From the last two examples we can clearly see that (A⋃B)′ =
A′∩B′,
(A ∩B)′ = A′⋃B′
and (A′)′ = A
Generally, for any two Subsets A and B of a Universal Set ξ, the following are true:
(i) (A ⋃B)′ = A′∩B′
(ii) (A ∩B)′ = A′⋃B′
(iii) (A′)′ = A or (B′)′ = B
These are known as De Morgan’s Laws of Complementation.

VENN DIAGRAMS
A Mathematician by name John Venn was the man to first represent the relationship
between sets with diagrams. Ever since sets may be represented by diagrams called Venn
diagrams.
The rectangle is used to represent the Universal set, and Circles for other sets, as we
shall see later.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TWO SETS.
For two intersecting sets, the diagram is given below with the labels of what each
compartment represents.
Compartment I:represents the set of
elements in A only. i.e. A  B/ using set notations.
Compartment II: represents the set of elements common to both A and B i.e. AB
Compartment III: represents the set of elements in B only i.e. A/ B
Compartment IV: represents the set of elements that are neither in A nor B i.e.
(AB) or A  B
/ / /

Example 1:
In a Survey of 40 Students in a class, 19 have visited Lagos and 17 have visited Benin
City. If 13 have visited neither. How many Students have visited:
(i) Both Cities; (ii) Benin City but not Lagos (i.e. Benin City only)
Solution:
n() = 40
n(L) = 19
n(B) = 17
n(L  B)/ = 13
Let x represents those that have visited both Cities i.e. n(LB) = x

19 – x + x +17 – x + 13 = 40
 49 – x = 40
49 – 40 = x
9 =x
9 Students have visited both Cities
(b) Those that have visited Benin City only are = 17 – x
= 17 – 9
=8
8 have visited Benin City only.

Example 2:
In a Class of 45 Students, if 21 offer Agricultural Science, 25 offer Biology and 6 offer
both subjects. Find
(i) those that offer neither.
(ii)the number that offers Biology but not
Agricultural Science (i.e. Biology only)

Solution:
(i) n() = 45
n(A) = 21
n(B) = 25
n(A B) = 6
Let n(AB) / =x

i.e. Let those that offer neither be x.

21 - 6 + 6 +25 – 6 + x = 45
15 + 6 + 19 + x = 45
 40 + x = 45
x = 45 – 40
 x =5
Those that offer neither,
i.e. n(AB) /= 5
ii. n(B∩ 𝐴′)= 19
Class Activity
(1). In a gathering of 30 people, x speak Hausa and 15 speak Yoruba. If 5 people
speak both languages, find how many people that speak
(i) Hausa.
(ii)Yoruba only
(iii)Hausa only.
(2) In a Birthday party attended by 22
people, 10 ate fried rice and 13 ate salad. If x ate both fried rice and salad and (2x–5) ate
none of the two. How many ate
(i) both fried rice and salad?
(ii) salad but not fried rice?
(ii) neither fried rice nor salad?
(3) The Venn diagram below represents a universal set of integers and its subsets
Pand Q. List the elements of the following sets;
(a) P  Q (c) P   (d )   Q
(b) P  Q

SSCE, NOV. 1995 Nọ 1. (WAEC)

VENN DIAGRAM:PROBLEMS INVOLVING THREE SETS.

The Venn diagram is made up of eight compartments as shown below:

Compartment I: represents ABC

(elements common to the three sets A, B and C).
Compartment II: represents ABC/
(elements common to both A and B only).
Compartment III: represents AB/C
(elements common to both A and C only).
Compartment IV: represents A/BC
(elements common to both B and C only).
CompartmentV : represents AB/C/
(elements of A only).
CompartmentVI :represents A/ B C /
(elements of B only).
Compartment VII: represents A/B/C
(elements of C only).
Compartment VIII:represents (ABC)/ or A/B/C/ elements that are not in any of the
three sets but are in the Universal set.

Example 1:
There are 80 people in a sports camp. Each play at least one of the following games,
volleyball, football and handball. 15 play volleyball only, 18 play football only, and 21 play
handball only .If 5 play volleyball and foot ball only, 8 play volleyball and handball only, and
10 play football and Handball only.
(a) Represent the above information in a Venn diagram
(b) How many people play the three games?
(c) How many people play football ?
Solution:
List of information given in the question is as follows
 Let V be Volleyball
F be Football
H be Handball
n() = 80
n(VF/H/) i.e. Volleyball only = 15
n(V/FH/) i.e. Football only = 18
n(V/F/H) i.e. Handball only = 21
n(VFH/) i.e. Volleyball and Football only = 5
n(VF/H) i.e. Volleyball and Handball only = 8
n(V/FH) i.e. Football and Handball only =10
Let n(VFH) = x . i.e. Those that play the three games = x

(a)

(b) 15 + 5 + 18 + 8 + x + 10 + 21 = 80
77 + x = 80
x = 80 – 77
x = 3
 3 people play the three games.

(c) The number that plays football

n(F) = 18 + 5 + 10 + x
= 33 + 3
= 36

Example 2:
There are 80 people in a sports camp and each plays at least one of the following
games: volleyball, football and handball. 31 play volleyball, 36 play football and 42 play
handball. If 8 play volleyball and football, 11 play volleyball and handball and 13 play
football and handball.
(a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate this information, Using x to represent the number
that play the three games.
(b) How many of them play:
(i) All the three games,
(ii) Exactly two of the three games,
(iii) Exactly one of the three games
(iv) handball only?

Solution:

Step 1: list out all information given in the question.

Let V be Volley ball
F be Football
H be Hand ball
(a) n() = 80
n(V) = 31
n(F) = 36
n(H) = 42
n(V  F  H) = 80 (Since each play at least one of the games).
n(V  F) = 8
n(V  H) = 11
n(F  H) = 13.
Let n(V  F  H) = x.

To fill the Venn diagram we start with the centre Compartment

where n(V  F  H) = x.
How we obtained the value for each of the other compartments is shown below.
For Volleyball and football only
i.e. n(V  F  H/)
(Since x is already in the circle of V  F)
= n(V  F) – x
=8–x

For Volleyball and Handball only

i.e.n(V  F/ H)
(Since x is already in the circle of V  H)
= n(V  H) – x
= 11 – x

For Football and Handball only

i.e. n(V/ F  H)
(Since x is already in the circle of F  H)
= n(F  H) – x
= 13 – x

For Handball only

i.e. n(V/ F/ H)
n(H) – (All values already written in the circle of Handball)
= 42 – [ (11 – x ) + x + (13 – x ) ]
= 42 – [24 – x ]
= 42 – 24 + x
= 18 + x

For Football only i.e. n(V/ F  H/)

n(F) – ( All values already written in the circle of Football)
= 36 – [ (8 – x) + x + (13 – x) ]
= 36 – [21 – x ]
= 36 – 21 + x
= 15 + x

For Volleyball only i.e.n (V  F/ H/)

n(V) – (All values already written in the circle of Volley ball).
= 31 – [ (8 – x ) + x + ( 11 – x ) ]
= 31 – [19 – x]
 = 31 – 19 + x
= 12 + x
(b) To get the value of x, which
represent those that play all three games, we
add all the Compartments of the Venn
diagram together and equate it to the total
value in the Universal set and solve for x.
i.e. 12 + x + 8 – x + 15 + x + x + 11 – x + 13 – x + 18 + x = 80
77 + x = 80
x = 80 - 77
x =3
 3 people play all three games

NOTE THAT
If this value, x =3, is substituted into the Venn diagram, the answer obtained in the
previous example would be got.

b (ii) Exactly two of the three games

= n(V  F  H/) + n(V  F/ H) + n(V/ F  H)
= 8 – x + 11 – x + 13 – x
= 32 – 3x
= 32 – 3(3)
= 32 – 9
= 23
 23 of them play exactly two of the three games.

b (iii) Exactly one of the three games

= n(V  F/ H/) + n(V/ F  H/) + n(V/ F/ H)
= 12 + x + 15 + x + 18 + x
= 45 + 3x
= 45 + 3(3)
 = 45 + 9
= 54
 54 of them play exactly one of the three games.

b (iv) For Handball only

n(V/F/ H) = 18 + x
= 18 + 3
= 21
21 of them play Handball only.

Class activity
In a Class of 80 undergraduate Students, 21 took elective Courses from Botany only, 16 took
from Zoology only, 13 took from Chemistry only. If each of the Students took elective from at
least one of the above-mentioned Courses, 7 took Botany and Zoology only, 3 took
Zoology and Chemistry only and 8 took Botany and Chemistry only.
(1) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the information above using x to represent those that
took the three.
(2) Find the:
(i) Value of x
(ii) Number that took Botany
(iii) Number that took Zoology and Chemistry.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
(1) In a Group of 120 Students, 72 of them play Football, 65 play Table Tennis and 53
Play Hockey. If 35 of the Students play both Football and Table Tennis, 30 play both Football
and Hockey, 21 play both Table Tennis and Hockey and each of the Students play at least one
of the three games,
(a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate this information.
(b) How many of them play:
(i) All the three games;
(ii) Exactly two of the three games;
(iii) Exactly one of the three games
(iv) Football alone?
SSCE, NOV. 1996, № 6 (WAEC).
(2) The set A = {1,3,5,7,9,11}, B = {2,3,5,7,11,15} and C={3,6,9,12,15} are subsets of
ε = {1,2,3,…,14,15} (a) draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the given information.
(b) use your Venn diagram to find
(i) C  A/
(II)A/ (B  C)
WASSCE, June 2002, No. 2
(3) In a class of 80 students, every student had to study Economics or Geography or both
Economics and Geography. If 65 students studied Economics and 50 studied Geography; how
many studied both subjects? (1991)
(4) In a certain class, 22 pupils take one or more of Chemistry, Economics and Government.
12 take Economics (E), 8 take Government (G) and 7 take Chemistry (C). Nobody takes
Economics and Chemistry and 4 pupils take Economics and Government.
(a) (i) Using set notation and the letters indicated above, write down the two statements in
the last sentence.
(i) Draw a Venn Diagram to illustrate the information
(b) How many pupils take
(i) both Chemistry and Government
(ii) Government? (1991)
(5) What is A  B in the diagram below? (1993)

A B
2
1
3 8
5
4
6 7

ASSIGNMENT
1. In a class of 40 students, 15 like mangoes, 21 like Pineapples and 6 like the two fruits.
(i) Represent the information in a Venn diagram
(ii) How many do not like mangoes and pineapples?
(iii) What percentage of the class like mangoes only? NECO2014
2. Out of the 400 students in the final year in Secondary School, 300 are offering Biology and
190 offering Chemistry.

(i) How many students are offering both Biology and Chemistry, if only 70 students are
offering neither Biology nor Chemistry?
(ii) How many students are offering at least one of Biology or Chemistry? (1988)

3. The Venn diagram shows the number of students who studied Physics, Chemistry and
Mathematics in a certain school. How many students took at least two of the three subjects?
(1989)

15 25
45
Physics Chemistry
75
30 10

Mathematics
20

4. a. What portion is shaded in the Venn diagram below? (1990)

x y

b. The subsets A, B and C of a universal set are defined as follows:

A = {m, a, p, e} B = {a, e, I, o, u} C = {l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u}.
List all the elements of the following sets and present the information in a Venn diagram.
(ii) A B (ii) A B (iii) A  B C 
5. In a certain class, 22 pupils take one or more of Chemistry, Economics and Government. 12
take Economics(E),8 take Government(G) and 7 take Chemistry(C). Nobody takes Economics
and Chemistry and 4 pupils take Economics and Government.
a. i. using set notation and letters indicated above, write down the two statements in the last
sentence.
ii. draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the information.
b. How many pupils take?
i. Both Chemistry and Government
ii. Government only
KEYWORDS: union, intersection, complement, Venn diagram, subsets etc.

WEEK 6
DATE……………………….
Subject: Mathematics
TOPIC: Number Base System

CONTENT

 Conversion from other bases to base 10 and vice versa.

 Conversion of decimal fraction in other bases to base 10 and vice versa.

Concept of expanded notation: Every decimal number X can be expressed uniquely in the
form:
𝑋 = 𝐼𝑛 × 10𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛−1 × 10𝑛−1 + 𝐼𝑛−2 × 10𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛−𝑛 × 10𝑛−𝑛
This is known as the expanded notation
EXAMPLE 1
Express the following in expanded notation form
(a) 45078 (b) 0.0235 (c) 930.133
(a) 45078 = 4 × 10 + 5 × 10 + 0 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 8 × 100
4 3

= 4 × 10000 + 5 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 8 × 1

(𝑏)0.0235 = 0 × 100 + 0 × 10−1 + 2 × 10−2 + 3 × 10−3 + 5 × 10−4
1 1 1 1
=0×1+0× +2× 2+3× 3+5× 4
10 10 10 10
(𝑐 )930.133 = 9 × 102 + 3 × 101 + 0 × 100 + 1 × 10−1 + 3 × 10−2 + 3 × 10−3
 1 1 1
= 9 × 102 + 3 × 101 + 0 × 1 + 1 × + 3 × + 3 ×
101 102 103
EXAMPLE 2
Write the following in expanded notation form
(a) 32.516
(b) 0.10012

(a) 32.516 = 3 × 61 + 2 × 60 + 5 × 6−1 + 1 × 6−2

1 1
=3×6+2×1+5× +1× 2
6 6
(𝑏)0.10012 = 0 × 20 + 1 × 2−1 + 0 × 2−2 + 0 × 2−3 + 1 × 2−4
1 1 1 1
=0×1+1× 1+0× 2+0× 3+1× 4
2 2 2 2
1 0 0 1
=0+ + + +
2 4 8 16
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Write the following decimal numbers in an expanded notation form
(a) 402
(b) 60.008
(c) 0.0153

2. Write the following numbers in their ordinary form

(a) 6 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 5 × 101 + 8 × 100
(b) 4 × 101 + 3 × 100 + 0 × 10−1 + 2 × 10−2
(c) 5 × 70 + 8 × 7−1 + 9 × 7−2

CONCEPT OF NUMBER BASE SYSTEM

A number system is defined by the base it uses, the base being the number of different
symbols required by the system to represent any of the infinite series of numbers. A base is
also a number that, when raised to a particular power (that is, when multiplied by itself a
particular number of times, as in 102 = 10 x 10 = 100), has a logarithm equal to the power. For
example, the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2.
CONVERSION FROM ANY BASE TO BASE 10
Two digits—0, 1—suffice to represent a number in the binary system; 6 digits—0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5—are needed to represent a number in the sexagesimal system; and 12 digits—0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, A(ten), B (eleven)—are needed to represent a number in the duodecimal system.
The number 30155 in the sexagesimal system is the number (3 × 6 4) + (0 × 63) + (1 × 62) + (5
× 61) + (5 × 60) = 3959 in the decimal system; the number 2BA in the duodecimal system is
the number (2 × 122) + (11 × 121) + (10 × 120) = 430 in the decimal system.
To convert from any base to base ten, expand the given number(s) in the powers of their bases
and simplify.
Examples:
1. Convert 1243five to base ten
Solution:
1243five= (1 × 5 ) + (2 × 52) + (4 × 51)+(3 × 50)
3

= 125 + 50 + 20 + 3
= 198ten
2. Convert 1111110two to a number in base ten.
Solution:
1111110two= (1 × 26) + (1 × 25) + (1 × 24)+(1 × 23) + (1 × 22)
(1 × 21) + (0 × 20)
= 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 126 ten

Thus, the decimal system in universal use today (except for computer application) requires ten
different symbols, or digits, to represent numbers and is therefore a base-10 system.

CONVERSION FROM OTHER BASE GREATER THAN TEN TO BASE TEN

Expansion method can be used to convert numbers in base say base thirteen to base ten.
Remember in base thirteen the digits we have are 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5, 6,7,8,9, A, B, C. where A
represents ten B represents eleven and C represents twelve. Letters are used for two- digits
numbers less than the base thirteen.
Example 1
Convert 1B9thirteen to denary number
Solution
1B9thirteen= 1x132+Bx131+9x130
= 1x169+11x13+9x1
= 169+143+9
= 321ten
Example 2: Convert 20Cfifteen to a denary number
Solution
20Cfifteen= 2x152+0x151+12x150
= 2x225+0x15+12x1
= 450+0x15+12x1
= 462ten
CLASS ACTIVITY
A. Convert the following to denary numbers
1. 1024eleven
2. 2059twelve
 3. 51Cfourteen

B. Convert the following numbers to denary numbers

(i) 10011two
(ii) 768nine
(iii) 10Aeleven
(iv) B12twelve

CONVERSION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS IN ONE BASE TO BASE TEN

Sometimes we are faced with numbers which are not whole numbers. Hence it is very
necessary to study also the conversion of fractional parts of numbers. The following examples
can be used in our study of the conversion of fractional parts of other bases to decimal system.
Example 1:
Convert 6.47 to denary number
Solution
6.47 = 6 × 70 + 4 × 7−1
1
=6×1+4×
7
4
= 6+
7
4
(6 )10
7
Example 2:
Convert 101.011𝑡𝑤𝑜 to base ten.
Solution
101.011𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡 = 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 × 1 × 20 + 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3
1 1 1
= 1×4+0×2+1×1+0× 1× 2+1× 3
2 2 2
1 1
=4+0+1+0+ +
4 8
1 1
= 5+ +
4 8
3
=5 𝑜𝑟 5.375𝑡𝑒𝑛
8𝑡𝑒𝑛

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Convert 11.011𝑡𝑤𝑜 to a given number in base ten.
2. Convert the binary number11011.11 to base 10.

CONVERSION OF FRACTIONS IN BASE TEN TO ANY OTHER BASE

Fraction in base ten can be converted to other bases using various methods.
Example 1:
7
Express to bicimals.
8
Solution
7 7
Change to decimal fraction i.e = 0.875 and multiply by 2.
8 8

0.875
X 2
1750
X 2
1500
X 2
1000

As we multiply 2 × 0.875, we get 1.750. Keep the 1 and multiply 750 by 2, and get 1.500.
7
Keep the 1 and multiply 500 by 2 and get 1.000. Stop when all is zero. The value of =
8
0.111𝑡𝑤𝑜 or convert 7 and 8 to base two and then divide.
2 7
2 3R1
2 1R1
0R1

7𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 111𝑡𝑤𝑜

2 8
2 4R0
2 2R0
2 1R0
0R1
 8𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 1000𝑡𝑤𝑜
111
∴[ ] = 0.111𝑡𝑤𝑜
1000
Example 2:
13
Express (19 )𝑡𝑒𝑛 to base five.
25
Solution
5 19
5 3R4
0R3

= 345
5 13
5 2R3
0R2

= 23𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒

5 25
5 5R0
5 1R0
0R1

= 100𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒
23
= [34 + ]
100 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒
= [34 + 0.23]𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒
= 34.23𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒
CLASS ACTIVITY
5
1. Express to base two
16
2. Express (11011.10012 ) to decimal base.

SIMPLE EQUATIONS IN NUMBER SYSTEM

Simple linear equations and simultaneous equation can be solved using the knowledge of
expansion to base 10.
Example 1:
If x10=12145, find x.
𝑥 × 100 = 1 × 53 + 2 × 52 + 1 × 51 + 4 × 50
𝑥 = 125 + 50 + 5 + 4
𝑥 = 184
Example 2:

If 55x + 52x = 7710, find x.

5 × 𝑥 1 + 5 × 𝑥 0 + 5 × 𝑥 1 + 2 × 𝑥 0 = 77
5𝑥 + 5 + 5𝑥 + 2 = 77
10𝑥 + 7 = 77
10𝑥 = 70
𝑥=7

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Convert the following numbers in denary to the base indicated.
(𝑎)37.31𝑡𝑒𝑛 to base 6
(b) 10.8𝑡𝑒𝑛 to base 3.
2. Find the value of 𝑥 in each of the following equations.
(a) 23𝑥 + 14𝑥 = 42𝑥
(b) 53x − 24x = 25x
(c) 113x + 121x = 300x
(d) 562x − 153x = 407x
3. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following pairs of equation.
32𝑥 + 53𝑦 = 63
24𝑥 + 35𝑦 = 45

4. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following pairs of equation.

54𝑥 − 11𝑦 = 36
25𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 21

5. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following pairs of equation.

34𝑥 + 21𝑦 = 26
42𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 17

ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following pairs of equation.
(a) 64𝑥 − 53𝑦 = 25
47𝑥 − 34𝑦 = 21
2. Given that 124x = 7(14x), find the value of x. WAEC 2011
3. Given R = 343five and S = 14five, calculate
a. R+S
b. R–S
c. R×S
d. R÷S
4. x and y are non-zero digits such that xxxthree= yyeight. Find x and y.
Given that 4P45 = 11910, find the value of P.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 SSCE 2003

5. Evaluate (111two)2 – (101two)2

A. 10two B. 100two C. 1100two D. 11000two SSCE 2003

6. If M5ten = 1001011two, find the value of M.

A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 SSCE 2002

7. Evaluate (20three)2 – (11three)2 in base three.

A. 101 B. 121 C. 202 D. 2020

SSCE 2001
8. Find if 200x+ 144nine = 14Btwelve
9. Solve for x and y if 32x + 53y = 61nine
24x + 35y = 45ten

𝑲𝑬𝒀𝑾𝑶𝑹𝑫𝑺: 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚, 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚, 𝒃𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍, 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

WEEK 7
MID TERM BREAK
WEEK 8
DATE: ………………….
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: Number Base System
CONTENT:
 Conversion of number from one base to another base.
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of number bases.
 Application to computer programming.
CONVERSION OF NUMBERS FROM ONE BASE TO ANOTHER BASE.
To convert from a base to another you may have to pass through base ten.
Example 1: Convert 301four to a base six number.
Solution
First 301four will be converted to a base ten number
301four = 3x42 + 0x41 + 1x40
= 48 + 0 + 1
= 49ten
49ten will now be converted to a base six number by repeated division
6 49
6 8 r1
 6 1r2
0 r1

301four = 121six
Example 2: convert 1101112 to base 5.
Solution
1101112 = 1 x 25+1 x 24 +0 x 23 +1 x 22 +1 x 21+1 x 20
=1 x 32 + 1 x 16 + 0 x 8 + 1 x 4 +1 x 2 +1 x 1
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 +2 +1
=5510
Then we convert 5510 to a number in base 5

5 55
5 11r0
5 2r1
5 0r2

Hence, 5510 = 2105

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Convert 2210three to a base five number
2. Convert 5201seven to a binary (base two) number

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION OF NUMBER BASES

Operation in other bases other than base ten are carried out in a manner similar to what is
obtained in base ten. We can illustrate the procedure as shown in the example below.
Example 1: 167eight + 125eight
Solution
167eight
+ 145eight

7+5 = 12. This exceeds the value of the base. 12 contain a bundle of 8 and 4 units. That one
bundle of 8 is carried to the next column as 1
1 + 6 + 4 = 11
11 is another single bundle of 8 and three, Hence we write 3 and carry the bundle to the next
column as 1
167eight……………………………………
+ 145eight
334eight
Example 2: 501twelve – 3Btwelve
 501eight
- 3Beight

Recall B in base twelve is eleven.

If 1 is ‘borrowed from 5 in the third column, getting to the next column on the right becomes a
twelve. From it we can take one to the next column to the right again. To get 12+1 = 13 from
which we finally subtract B (i.e eleven)
501twelve
- 3Btwelve
482 twelve
Notice that after borrowing 1 from the middle column, eleven was left. If is out of this eleven
that 3 is subtracted to get 8 in the second column of the answer.
Example1: Simply 134six x 5six
154six
+ 5six

5 x 4 = 20 i.e 3 bundles of 6 plus 2 units. Write 2 add 3 to the product of 5 x 5 of second

column to get 28. 28 = 4(sixes) plus 4. Take the 4 bundles to next column. 4 + 5x 1 = 9 which
is 13six. So 154six x 5six = 1342 six
Example 2: Simplify 134five x 24five
134five
x 24five

4 x 4 = 16 i.e 3(fives) and 1 unit.

These 3 bundle of 5 is added to the product of (3x4) of the second column. 3x4+3 = 15.
15 = 3(fives) and zero
This new 3 bundles of 3 is to be added to the product 1x 4 of the third column
1 x 4 + 3 = 7 which will written as 12five similar thing is done with 134 five times the distance 2,
thus
134five
x 24five
1201
323
4431five

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. 1205six x 3six
2. 143five + 24five
3. 211four - 32four
4. 103four x 32four
Division of numbers bases
Since in binary (base two) system, the digits we have are 0 and 1. Each digit of the quotient
110111 ÷ 101 must be either 1 or 0.Therefore, 110111two ÷ 101two is done as follows:

1011
101 110111
101
111
101
101
101

Once you start the division, the digits are brought down one after the other.
Example 240six÷ 20six
12
20 240
20
40
40
So 240six÷ 20six= 12𝑠𝑖𝑥
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. 4 7 7eight 2. BBtwelve 3. 1011tw0 x 111two
+ 36 7eight +A1twelve

APPLICATION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Binary system is very important because of its use in most electronic devices.
Digital computers perform their two-way functions because only two digits -0 and 1, called
bits are coded into them as a programming language. For instance, if a device is ON, it is
represented by a 1 and if it is OFF, a 0 is represented.
Other situations with only two possibilities include: UP or DOWN, TRUE or FALSE,
MAGNETIZE or DEMAGNETIZE.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which is bigger E5Asixteen or 1271fifteen
2. 387nine ÷ 25nine
3. Evaluate (20three)2 – (11three)2 in base three.

A. 101 B. 121 C. 202 D. 2020

SSCE 2001

4. Find the missing numbers in the addition of the following numbers in base seven.

4321
1234
* ** *

12 3 4 1

5. Find the missing number in the addition if the addition is in base eight.

1260
****
235
124
3011

ASSIGNMENT
1. Evaluate (1010two)2 and leave your answer in base 2.

2. The subtraction below is in base seven. Find the missing number.

5162
2644
2*15
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 SSCE 2010
 3. Simplify 11011two – 1101two
A. 101000two B. 1100two C. 1110two D. 1011two SSCE 2006
4. Evaluate 202 three – 1122three
2

A. 21120 B. 21121 C. 21112 D. 21011 SSCE 2004

5. If y = 23five + 101three find y, leaving your answer in base two.

A. 1110 B. 10111 C. 11101 D. 111100 SSCE 2004

WEEK 9
DATE: ………………….
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: Simple Equations and variations:
CONTENT:
 Formulae, substitution and Change of subject of formulae.
 simple binary operations.
 Variations (i) Direct and inverse, (ii) joint and partial.
 Application of variation.
SUBJECT OF A FORMULA

The subject of a formula is the variable that is expressed in term of the other variables. In the
relation y=x+4, y is called the subject of the formula. To make x the subject means rewriting
this relation in an equivalent form, where x will be alone on one side of the equality sign. The
relation is normally written with the subject on the left-hand side of the formula. For example,
𝑦+3
y=2x-3 , the x can be made subject of formula as follows, x = .
2
SUBSTITUTION

A formula is an equation in which letters represent quantities. The value of one variable in a
formula or algebraic equation may be found by substituting (i.e replacing) known values in the
same formula
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Examples 1: The sum of the squares of the first n integers is given by 𝑠𝑛 =
6

Calculate (a) 𝑠20 (b) the sum of the squares from 21 to 40 inclusive.

Solution: (a) 𝑠20 means the values of 𝑠𝑛 when 𝑛 = 20

20(20+1)(2×20+1)
𝑠20 =
6

20(21)(41)
𝑠20 =
6

= 2870

(b) Sum of squares from 21 to 40 means = 𝑠40 − 𝑠20

But, 𝑠20 is already known to be 2870,

40(40+1)(2×40+1)
𝑠40 =
6

40(41)(81)
=
6

= 22140

∴ 𝑠40 − 𝑠20 = 22140 − 2870

= 19270

𝑙 1
Example 2: Find the value of 2𝜋√ , when 𝜋 = 3 , 𝑙 = 98 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = 32
𝑔 7

𝑙 22 98
Solution: 2𝜋 √ = 2 × √
𝑔 7 32

44 49
= √
7 16
 44 7
= ×
7 4

= 11

Class Activity

(1) Make the letters that appear as the subject of the formula
𝐸
(𝑎) 𝑇 = , (𝑅, 𝐿)
√𝑅 2 −𝑊2 𝐿2

ℎ
(𝑏) 𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ2 (𝑟 + ) , (𝑟, ℎ)
3
(2) (a) If 𝑣 = 𝑘𝑙(𝐷 2 − 𝑑 2 ), find 𝑑 when 𝑣 = 1250, 𝐷 = 1000, 𝑘 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 = 4

CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF FORMULAE

A literal equation is a simple equation that involves more than one variable (unknown). The
procedure of solving such an equation is usually to find one of the variables (unknowns) in
terms of the other(s).
1
Example 1: Given 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏), make 𝑎 the subject of the formula
2

1
Solution: 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏)
2

Cross-multiply

2𝐴 = ℎ(𝑎 + 𝑏)

2𝐴 = 𝑎ℎ + 𝑏ℎ

2𝐴 − 𝑏ℎ = 𝑎ℎ

Also, 𝑎ℎ = 2𝐴 − 𝑏ℎ
2𝐴−𝑏ℎ
𝑎=
ℎ

2𝐴 𝑏ℎ
𝑎= −
ℎ ℎ
 2𝐴
∴𝑎= −𝑏
ℎ

Example 2: Make 𝑣 the subject of the formula;

𝑚(𝑣 2 −𝑢2 )
𝐻=
2𝑔𝑥

𝑚(𝑣 2 −𝑢2 )
Solution: 𝐻 =
2𝑔𝑥

Cross-multiply

2𝑔𝑥𝐻 = 𝑚(𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )

2𝑔𝑥𝐻 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑢2

2𝑔𝑥𝐻 + 𝑚𝑢2 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2𝑔𝑥𝐻+𝑚𝑢2
= 𝑣2
𝑚

Take square root of both sides;

2𝑔𝑥𝐻+𝑚𝑢2 2𝑔𝑥𝐻
𝑣 = ±√ or ±√ + 𝑢2
𝑚 𝑚

Class Activity

ℎ2 +𝑘 2
(1) The period of a compound pendulum is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋√( ) express 𝑘 in terms
𝑔ℎ
of 𝑇, ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔.

(2) Make the letters that appear as the subject of the formula
𝑛𝐸
(a) 𝐼 = , (𝑛, 𝑅)
𝑅+𝑛𝑟

BINARY OPERATION
A binary operation is any rule of combination of any two elements of a given non-
empty set. Asterisk symbol (∗) is used to denote binary operation. Some authors uses
degree symbol (°) or zero symbol(𝑜) to denote binary operation. However, the most
commonly use is Asterisk symbol (∗).
 In binary operation, the most common operations includes:
Addition of real numbers (+)
Subtraction of real numbers (−)
Multiplication of real numbers (×)
Division of real numbers (÷).
Closure Property:
Given a non-empty set 𝑺 , S is said to be closed under a binary operation ∗ if for all
𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑺, 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 ∈ 𝑺.
Where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are elements in (belonging to) set 𝑺 and ∈ means belong.
For example, the set 𝒁 of all integers is closed under addition(+), subtraction(−) and
multiplication (×) except for division(÷).
To illustrate non-closure of real numbers under division operation(÷), lets consider this
1 1
example: Given 2, 4 ∈ 𝒁, then 2÷ 4 = , but does not belong to 𝒁. Hence, the 𝒁 is
2 2
not closed under the division operation(÷).
Example1:
Let the operation ∗ be defined 𝑜𝑛 𝑹, the set of real numbers,if 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃,
evaluate:
(a) 1 ∗ 2
(b) 3 ∗ 4
(c) (3 ∗ 4) ∗ 5
(d) 3 ∗ (4 ∗ 5)
Solutions:
(a) 1 ∗ 2 = 1 + 2 + 2(1)(2)
=7
(b) 3 ∗ 4 = 3 + 4 + 2(3)(4)
= 31
(c) (3 ∗ 4) ∗ 5 = 3 + 4 + 2(3)(4) ∗ 5
= 31 ∗ 5
= 31 + 5 + 2(31)(5)
= 36 + 310
 = 346
(e) 3 ∗ (4 ∗ 5) = 3 ∗ {4 + 5 + 2(4)(5)}
= 3 ∗ {9 + 40}
= 3 ∗ 49
= 3 + 49 + 2(3)(49)
= 52 + 294
= 346
Example 2:
Suppose 𝐷 = {𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠} and ∗ is defined on such that for every 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑎 ∗
𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏. Is 𝐷 closed under ∗?

Solution:
For every 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐷
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝐷 since when two odd integers are added the result is an even
number. Hence D is not closed under. In other words 𝐷 is not closed under addition.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. The operation ∗ on the set 𝑄 of rational numbers is defined by:
1
𝒑 ∗ 𝒒 = (𝒑2 +𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞) ; 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑄.
2
1 𝟒
Determine: (a) 2 ∗ 𝟏 (b) −4 ∗ 𝟓 (c) ∗
2 𝟑
2. The operation ∇ on the set 𝑅 of real numbers is defined by:
𝑥∇y = 3xy, for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅. Find
a) −2∇5
b) 3∇ − 2
VARIATIONS
Variation is a connection of sets of numerical values by an equation which indicates some
kind of proportionality. We have four major types of variations which are direct, inverse,
joint and partial variations.

Direct variations

Considering two quantities x and y. If when y increases x also increases and when y
decreases x also decreases in a constant proportion, then x and y are said to be in direct
variation. i.e. x varies directly as y or x is directly proportional to y. Written as xy  x = ky
where k is the constant of proportionality or variation.
Other examples are as follows:

(i) A varies directly as the square of B

i.e. AB2

 A = KB2 (where K is the constant of variation)

(ii) P varies directly as the square root of q.

i.e. Pq

 P = Kq (where k is the constant of variation).

Example 1: If P varies directly with q and q = 2, p = 10. Find p when q is 5.

Solution: 𝑝 ∝ 𝑞

𝑝 = 𝑘𝑞

10 = 2𝑘

𝑘=5

Formula connecting p and q is p = 5q,

Then, p = 5 x 5 = 25

Example 2: If 𝑥 − 3 is directly proportional to the square of 𝑦 and 𝑥 = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 =

2, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 6

Solution; 𝑥 − 3 ∝ 𝑦 2

𝑥 − 3 = 𝑘𝑦 2

5 − 3 = 𝑘 × 22

2 = 4𝑘
1
𝑘=
2

1
Formula connecting 𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦 2 .
2
 1
Then, 𝑥 − 3 = × 6 × 6
2

𝑥 − 3 = 18

∴ 𝑥 = 21

CLASS ACTIVITY
2
1. 𝑥 is directly proportional to 𝑦. If 𝑥 = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
7
2. The wages of a labourer varies directly as the number of hours worked by the labourer.
The labourer earned N500 when he worked for 2 hours. Find

(i) The amount he would earn if he works for 7 hours.

(ii) The number of hours he would work if he is paid N800.

Inverse variation

Considering two quantities x and y. If when y increases, x decreases and when x increases y
decreases in a constant ratio, then we say x and y varies inversely. It is normally written as
x1/y or y1/x.

Note that if x1/y, then x = k/y where K is the constant of variation or proportionality.

Other examples are as follows:

Example 1: A varies inversely as the cube root of B

1
i.e. A 
3B

1
A=Kx (where k is constant)
3B

(ii) P varies inversely as the square of q

1
I.e. P 
𝑞2
 𝑘
P= where k is constant
𝑞2

Example 2:
1
(i) 𝑡 ∝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0.15 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 = 120
𝑑

(a) find t when d = 45

(b) find d when t = 0.12

1
Solution: 𝑡 ∝
𝑑

𝑘
𝑡=
𝑑

0.15 × 120 = 𝑘

𝑘 = 18
18
Formula connecting t and d, 𝑡=
𝑑

18
(a) 𝑡 =
45
= 0.4
18
(b) 𝑡 =
𝑑

0.12𝑑 = 18
18
𝑑=
0.12
∴ 𝑑 = 150

(ii) If P is inversely proportional to the square root of q, when P = 3, q = 25. Find

(a) P when q = 49
(b) q when p = 13

Solution:
 1
P 
√𝑞

𝑘
P=
√𝑞
-------------------(1) (where k is constant)
When P = 3, q = 25
𝑘
3=
√25

3x5=k
 k = 15
Substitute in (1) to get the law of variation
15
P=
√𝑞

(a) To find p when q = 49

Substitute in the law of variation to have
15
P=
√49

p = 15
7
 p = 21/7

(b) To find q when p = 13, substitute in the law of variation to have

15
13 =
√𝑞

13p = 15

15
p =
13

2
p= 15
13
225
p=
169

 p = 156/169
CLASS ACTIVITY
(1) 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 8 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
32

(2) If y varies inversely as x and y = 6 when x = 2. Find

(i) The law of variation
(ii) x when y = 10
(iii) y when x = 7

Joint variation

This type of variation involves three or more quantities joined together with a combination of
two direct variations or one direct and one inverse or two inverse variations.

Example 1:
(i) x varies directly as y and jointly as z
I.e. x𝑦𝑧
x = 𝑘𝑦𝑧 (where k is constant)
(ii) x varies directly as y and inversely as the square of z.
𝑘𝑦
i.e. x 2
𝑧

𝑘𝑦
x= (where k is constant)
𝑧2

(iii) P varies inversely as q and inversely as the square root of r.

1
I.e. p 
𝑞 √𝑟

1
p= (where k is constant)
𝑞 √𝑟

Example 2:
If x varies directly as y and inversely as the square of z, when y = 5 and z = 3, x = 20. Find
(a) z when x = 213/5 and y = 15
(b) x when y = 6 and z = 4.

Solution:
𝑦
X 
𝑧2

𝑘𝑦
x = -------- (1) (where k is constant)
𝑧2
when y = 5 and z = 3, x = 20
𝑘×5
20 = 2
3

20 x 9 = k5
20×9
k=
5

k=4x9
 k = 36
Substitute in (1) above to get the law of variation.
X = 36y
z2
(a) To find z when x = 213/5 and y = 15
108 = 36 x 15
5 z2
108z2 = 36 x 15 x 5
z2 = 36 x 15 x 5
108
z = 25
 z = 5.
(b) To find x when y = 6 and z = 4.
x = 36 x 6
42
x = 36 x 6
16
 x = 13.5
Example
1:𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 3?
𝑢𝑣
Solution: 𝑥 ∝
𝑢+𝑣

𝑘𝑢𝑣
𝑥=
𝑢+𝑣

𝑘×3×1
3=
3+1

3 × 4 = 3𝑘
 𝑘=4
4𝑢𝑣
Law connecting 𝑥, 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 =
𝑢+𝑣

4×3×3
Then, 𝑥 =
3+3

∴𝑥=6

Example 2: 𝐴 ∝ 𝐵𝐶, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 9, 𝐴 = 6

(a) find the formula that connects A,B & C

(b) find A when B = 3 and C = 10

(c) find C if A = 20 and B = 15

Solution: 𝐴 ∝ 𝐵𝐶

𝐴 = 𝑘𝐵𝐶

6= 𝑘×4×9
1
𝑘=
6

1
(a) 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐶
6
1
(b) 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐶
6
1
A= × 3 × 10
6
A=5
1
(c) 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐶
6
1
20 = × 15 × 𝐶 ∴𝐶=8
6

Class Activity

(1) A varies directly as B and inversely as C. When B = 3, C = 5, A = 40. Find

(i) The law of variation
(ii) A when B = 8 and C = 12.

(2) xy. when y = 36 and z = 16, x = 81.

 z
Find (i) The law of variation
(ii) y when x = 56 and z = 25
(iii) x when y = 27 and z = 9

Partial variation

This consists of two or more parts or quantities added together. Both parts may be made of
variables or one part may be constant, while the other can either vary directly or inversely.
The values of the constants of variation are usually found out by solving simultaneous
equations.

Types of Partial Variation

(i) x is partly constant, and partly varies as y
x = a+by (where a and b are constant)

(ii) P varies partly as q and partly as r.

p = aq + br (where a and b are constants)

(iii) v varies partly as u and partly as the reciprocal of w2.

Example 1: P is partly constant and partly varies as Q, when Q is 5, P is 20 and when Q is 8,

P is 26. Find P when Q is 4.

Solution: P = c + kQ

Note: c & k are constants which must be obtained through simultaneous equation.

20 = 𝑐 + 5𝑘 … … … (𝑖)

26 = c + 8k … … … . (ii)

-6 = -3k

K=2

substituting the value of k in equation (i)

20 = 𝑐 + 5(2)

20 − 10 = 𝑐
 𝑐 = 10

Thus, P = 10 + 2Q (formula connecting P & Q)

Then, P = 10 + 2(4)

P = 10 + 8

∴ P = 18

Example2:
X is partly constant and partly varies as y. when y = 7, x = 15; and when y = 5, x = 7. Find

(a) The law of variation

(b) x when y = 2

(c) y when x = 11

Solution
(a) x = a + by --- (1) where a and b are constants of variation.

When y = 7, x = 15 and when y = 5, x = 7

15 = a + 7y ----------------- (2)

7 = a + 5y ----------------- (3)

Solve equation (2) and (3) simultaneously

Eqn (2): 15 = a + 7b _

Eqn (3): 7 = a + 5b

8= 2b

8=b

2
b=4

Put in eqn (2) to have

15 = a + 7 x 4
 15 = a + 28

a = 15 – 28

a = -13

Substitute a = -13 and b = 4 in eqn (1) to get the law of variation.

x = -13 + 4y -------------(law of variation)

(b) To find x when y = 2, put in the law of variation

x = -13 + 4 x 2

x = -13 + 8

 x = -5

(c) To find y when x = 11, put in the law of variation

11 = -13 + 4y

11 + 13 = 4y

24 = 4y

y = 24

 y = 6.

CLASS ACTIVITY

(1) M is partly constant and partly varies with N, when N = 40, M = 150 and when N = 54,
M = 192

(a) Find the formula connecting M and N, (b) Hence find M when N = 73

(2) Two quantities P and Q are connected by a linear relation of the form P = aQ + b, where
a & b are constants. If Q = 80 when P = 12 and Q = 300 when P = 50, find the equation
connecting P and Q

APPLICATION OF VARIATION
Example 1: A particle moves in such a way that its displacement S metres, at time t
seconds is given by the relation S = a𝑡 2 , where ‘a’ is constant. Calculate ‘a’ if S = 32 when
t=4

Solution; S = a𝑡 2

32 = a x 42
32
=𝑎
16

a=2

Example 2: The cost of feeding a number of students of Deeper Life High School in a
regional excursion is partly constant and partly varies directly as the number of students.
The cost of feeding 75 students during the excursion is $875 and the cost of feeding 100
students during the same period of time is $1000. Find the cost of feeding 220 students
over the same period of time.

Solution: The equation is given as; C = a + kN where C is the cost and N is the number
of students

875 = a + 75k ……….(i)

1000 = a + 100k ………. (ii)

Solving both equations simultaneously, we obtain k = 5 & a = 500.

Formula connecting C and N implies; C = 500 + 5N

Then, C = 500 + 5(220)

C = 500 + 1100

∴ C = $1600

CLASS ACTIVITY

(1) The electrical resistance R of a wire varies inversely as the square of the radius r. use a
constant k to show the law between R and r
(2) Given that the energy E, varies directly as the resistance R and inversely as the square if
32
the distance d, (i) obtain an equation connecting E, R and d given that E = when R =
25
 8 and d = 5. (ii) calculate (a) the value of R when E = 16 and d = 3 (b) the value of d
5
when R = 5 and d = (c) find the percentage increase in the value of R when each of E
6
and d increases by 3%

PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Make W the subject of the formula; 𝑅 − 𝑑 = √𝑅 2 − 𝑊 2 . Given that R =

1.25 and d = 0.25. calculate W
𝑙2 +𝑘 2
2. Given that 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
2𝑔𝑙
(a) Make k the subject of the formula
(b) Find the value of k when 𝑙 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 𝑔
3. The resistance R to the motion of a car is partly constant and partly
proportional to the square of the speed v. when the speed is 30km/h, the
resistance is 190𝛺 and when the speed is 50km/h, the resistance is 350𝛺.
find for what speed the resistance is 302.5𝛺
4. Simplify 𝑝(𝑞 − 2𝑝) − (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑞 − 2𝑝) find the value of the expression
when 𝑝 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 1
𝑠 2 −(𝑏+𝑐)𝑠+𝑏𝑐
5. Evaluate √ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 25, 𝑐 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 28
𝑏𝑐

ASSIGNMENT

1. The area of a box varies directly as the square of its length. When the area is 175cm 2,
the length is 5cm. Find the;

(i) Equation connecting the quantities.

(ii) Area when the length is 8cm
(iii) Length when the Area is 100cm2
2. y varies directly as the square of x. If y = 98 when x = 7, calculate y when x = 5.

[WAEC]

3. If 𝐷 ∝ 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 140 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 35, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

(I) The relationship between D and S.

(II) The value of S when D = 176

4. If y varies inversely as the square of x and y = 8 when x = 3. Find

(i) The relationship between x and y.

(ii) x when y = 5
(iv) y when x = 9
5. If P varies inversely as the square root of q and p = 12 when q = 4. Find
(i) p when q = 25
(ii) q when p = 8.
6. U varies directly as V and inversely as the square of W. When V = 3 and W = 4, U =
24. Find (i) U when V = 5 and W = 8
(ii) W when U = 30 and V = 8
7. The electrical resistance of a copper wire varies directly as its length and inversely as
the square of its radius. If a copper wire 500 meters long and radius 0.2cm has a
resistance of 30 ohms, calculate the resistance of the same type of copper wire 750
meters long and radius 0.25cm. (WAEC).
8. If PQR. When R = 16 and Q = 3, P = 48. Find (i) The law of variation
(ii) P when R = 25 and Q = 7
(v) R when P = 36 and Q = 9
(vi) The cost of producing a wooden frame varies directly as the width of the frame
and partly as the square root of its length. When the width is 10cm and the length
is 25cm, the cost is N115.00 and when the width is 18cm and the length is 36cm,
the cost is N240. Find the
(a) Law of variation
(b) Cost of a frame of width 12cm and the length 49cm.

9. The cost of producing a textbook is partly constant and partly varies as the number of
books produced. It cost N4000 to produce 20 books and N6000 to produce 70 books.
Find the

(a) Cost of producing 120 books

(b) Number of books produced at N10, 000.

10. The cost of sinking a well varies partly as the depth of the well and partly as the number
of laborers used for the job. If it cost N1500 to sink a well of 6 metres deep with 2
laborers and N2500 to sink a well of 9 metres deep with 5 laborers. Find the

(a) Law of variation

 (b) Cost of sinking a well 15 metres deep with 6 laborers

(c) Number of laborers that would sink a well of 12 metres deep at N3000.

KEYWORDS: Subject of formula, joint variation, direct variation, inverse variation,

partial variation etc.

WEEK 10 REVISION

WEEK 11 EXAMINATION