MCE 17 – FLUID MACHINERY

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
1
FLUID MACHINERY
 refers to machines that handle fluids in either liquid or gas form.
 an equipment capable of handling fluid, either moving the fluid or moved by the fluid

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MACHINERY

1. PUMPS
a) Centrifugal pumps
 Centrifugal flow
 Propeller or axial flow
 Mixed Flow
 Peripheral Flow
b) Rotary Pumps
 Screw-type pump
 Gear-type pump
 Cam-type Pump
 Vane-type pump
c) Reciprocating Pumps
 Direct-acting pump
 Indirect-acting pump (power-driven)
d) Deep-well pumps
 Reciprocating pump
 Air lift
 Injector centrifugal pump
 Turbine type
2. Hydraulic Turbines
a) Impulse Turbines
 Pelton wheel
b) Reaction Turbines
 Radial flow Francis
 Mixed flow Francis
 Axial flow
 Kaplan – adjustable blades
 Propeller – fixed blades
3. Fans and blowers
4. Compressors
a) Centrifugal compressors
b) Reciprocating compressors
c) Rotary compressors
5. Fluid coupling and torque converter – pump and turbine built together to transmit power
smoothly

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
2
FLUIDS

-is a substance that cannot maintain its own shape but takes the shape of its container. Liquids and
Gasses are both classified as fluids

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS:

A. COMPRESSIBILITY

-the capacity of something to be flattened or reduced in size by pressure.

-Liquids are assumed incompressible.

-Gases are highly compressible

B. RESISTANCE TO MOTION

-liquids resist changes in velocity because of viscosity

-Gases are low viscous fluids

C. MOLECULAR SPACING

-for liquids, the molecules are relatively close together but have low kinetic energy.

-For gases, the molecules are relatively far apart and have high kinetic energy.

D. PRESSURE-the force applied over a unit area.

-the pressure exerted by a fluid on any solid surface is always normal to that surface.

E. SHEAR RESISTANCE

-the tangential stress caused by fluid viscosity and taking place along a boundary of a flow in the
tangential direction of local motion, also known as shear drag.

CLASSIFICATION OF REAL FLUIDS:

1.NEWTONIAN FLUIDS - is a viscous real fluid and whose shear stresses are a linear function of
the fluid strain(Ex. Air,water,gases,steam,etc.)

2.NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS - are real fluids like pastes, gels, electrolyte solutions, slurries, etc.

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
3
FLUID PROPERTIES:

1. DENSITY

Mass kg
-is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. ρ= Volume ( 3¿
¿ m
¿
FOR IDEAL GAS:

P
ρ= where: P=absolute pressure(kPaa),R=gas constant(kj/kg-K), T=absolute temperature, (K)
RT

2. SPECIFIC WEIGHT

Weight
-is the weight of fluid per unit volume. ω= (kN/m3)
Volume

SPECIFIC VOLUME

Volume 1
-is the volume occupied by the fluid per unit mass or reciprocal of density. v= = (m3 /kg ¿
Mass p

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

-a dimensionless ratio of fluids density to the density of standard fluid. Specific Gravity of a liquid =
density of liquid
density of water
(Density of water = 1000kg/m3=9.81KN/m3=62.4 lb / ft 3)

Density of a Gas
Specific Gravity of a Gas =
Density of Air
(Density of air = 1.2 kg /m 3 at 101.325kPa and 21.1 C)

PRESSURE

 defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. We speak of pressure only when we
deal with gas or a liquid. The counterpart of pressure in solids is normal stress. Since pressure is
defined as force per unit area, it has the unit of Newtons per square meter (N/m 2), which is
called a pascal (Pa). That is,

1 Pa = 1 N/m2

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
4
The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure, and it is measured relative to
absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute pressure). Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are calibrated to
read zero in the atmosphere and so they indicate the difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. This difference is called the gage pressure. Pressures below atmospheric
pressure are called vacuum pressures and are measured by vacuum gages that indicate the difference
between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure. Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures are all
positive quantities and are related to each other by

Fluid pressure or hydrostatic pressure of fluid

 it is the force exerted by the column f fluid per unit area.

At standard condition: 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

= 14.7 psi ( lbf/in2)
= 1.01325 bar
= 1.033 kgf/cm2
= 760 mm Hg
= 760 torr
= 29.92 in Hg
= 10.34 m H2O

A. PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE

Pressure Gauge

 Bourdon Gauge is the device most commonly used to measure

pressure commercially.

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
5
Manometer - mainly consists of a glass or plastic U-tube containing one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil. To keep the size of the manometer to a manageable level, heavy
fluids such as mercury are used if large pressure differences are anticipated.

Types of Manometer

 Open-type Manometer – is a manometer with an atmospheric

surface in one leg and capable of measuring gauge pressure.

Piezometer – the simplest form of manometer, it is a tube tapped

into a wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of measuring the pressure

 Differential-type manometer – is a manometer without atmospheric surface and capable of

measuring only differences of pressure.

Viscosity

- The fluids resistance to flow or the property of fluid to resist shear deformation.

Viscosity Index

The rate at which viscosity changes with temperature.

Viscometer

-an instrument, consisting of standard orifice, used for measuring viscosity.

Two types of Viscosity Measurement:

A.Absolute Viscosity (Dynamic),µ

-viscosity which is determined by direct measurement of shear resistance(in Poise)

Using a sliding plate viscometer, absolute viscosity can be measured using the equation:

F/A
µ=
dv /dy
where: F/A=shear stress of the fluid,

dv/dy= shear strain of the fluid

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
6
 dv
Shear Stress = µ
dy

B. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, v

-absolute viscosity of a fluid divided by the density(in Stoke)

absolute viscosity u
v= =
density p
REYNOLDS NUMBER, N R

-is a dimensionless number which is the ratio of the forces inertia to viscous forces of the fluids.

Forces of Inertia DVp DV

Reynolds Number = = =
Viscous Forces u v
Where: N R=Reynolds Number , dimensionless

D = inside diameter, m

V = velocity, m/s

µ=absolute viscosity , Pa−sec

System of Units for Viscosity

 Absolute Metric System

1 poise = 1 g/cm-s
1 poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2

 Absolute British System

1 poundal-s/ft2 = 1lbm/ft-s

Conversion: 1 poise = 0.0672 poundal-s/ft 2

1 poise = 0.0672 lbm/ft-s

 Absolute “gravitational” British System, or the Engineer’s System

1 lb-s/ft2 = 1 slug/ft-s

Coversion: 1 poise = 0.0020885 lb-s/ft 2

1 poise = 0.0020885 slug/ft-s

 Units of Kinematic Viscosity

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
7
 Metric System: 1 stoke = 1 cm2//s

Conversion: 1 stoke = 0.001076 ft2/s

Methods of Obtaining Viscosity

1. Universal Saybolt Viscosimeter (kinematic viscosity)
' 1.8
v=0.0022 t −
t'

where: t’ = Saybolt second

v = kinematic viscosity stoke

 Saybolt second is the time in seconds required for 60 cm 2 of liquid to pass through an opening of
standard size.

(
v= 0.236 t ' −
194
t'
10−5 )
where: v = kinematic viscosity, ft2/s

Note: For heavy oil, a Saybolt-Furol Universal is used.

1 Saybolt-Furol = 10∙ Saybolt Universal

2. Engler Viscosimeter

(
v= 0.158t ' −
403
t'
10−5 )
where: v = kinematic viscosity, ft2/s
t’ = Saybolt seconds

3. Redwood viscosimeter

(
v= 0.280t −
' 185
t'
10
−5
)
4. Helmholtz Equation for Absolute Viscosity of Water
0.01779
μ=
1+0.03368 ( t )+ 0.000221 ( t )
2

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
8
where: μ = absolute viscosity, poise
t = temperature of water, ° C

5. Grindley and Gibson’s Equation for Absolute Viscosity of Air

μ=0.0001702 [ 1+0.00329 ( t )+ 0.00000 ( t 2 ) ]

Surface Tension
 is the force of molecular attraction per unit length of free surface. It is a function of both
the liquid and the surface in contact with the liquid. Surface tension of a liquid
decreases as the temperature increases. It is always tangent to the interface.
dL
dF F
dδ = ∨δ= Fluid Film
dL L
dF

where: δ = surface tension, N/m

L

a) Wetting liquid
A liquid is said to wet a surface in contact with it if the
attraction of the molecules to the surface exceeds the attraction
of the molecules to each other.

b) Non-wetting liquid
A liquid is said to be non-wetting if the attraction of the
other liquid molecules to each other is greater than
their attraction to the surface.

Modulus of elasticity or bulk modulus of the fluid

 ratio of the stress (change of pressure) to the strain (change in volume divided by the original
volume.

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
9
 −∆ p
β=
( )
∆V
V
where:
β = bulk modulus or modulus of elasticity of the fluid
β = 300,000 psi (for water)
V = original volume
∆ V = change in volume
∆ p = change in pressure

Note: the negative sign (-) accounts for the fact that as the pressure increases, the volume decreases.
Ex. 1.
Using Helmholtz equation, determine the viscosity of water in Poise and slug/ft-s for a temperature of
15.56° C. If the density of water at this temperature is 1 g m/cm3, determine the kinematic viscosity in
both units.
Given: Water at a given condition
t = 15.56° C ρ = 1 gm/cm3
Required:
The absolute viscosity, in Poise, and kinematic viscosity in both units

Solution:
0.01779
μ=
1+0.03368 t

0.01779
μ= 2
1+0.03368 ( 15.55 ) +0.000221 (15.55 )

μ=0.01128 Poise

In the English unit: 1 Poise = 0.0020885 slug/ft-s

( ( ft−s )
)
slug
μ ( 0.01128 Poise ) 0.0020885
poise

slug
μ=0.0000236
ft−s

For Kinematic Viscosity,

μ 0.01128 Poise
v= =
ρ 1 g /cm3
2
υ=0.01128 stoke=0.00001214 ft /s

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
10
 Ex. 2.
No.6 fuel oil has a viscosity of 300 SSU and a specific gravity of approximately 1.0. Determine the
kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the oil for both units.

Given: No.6 fuel oil

'
μ=t =3000 ssu S.G.= 1.0
Required:
The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity in both units.

Solution:
a) For heavy oil, 1 SSF = 10 SSU
where SSF = Saybolt Second Furol
SSU = Saybolt Second Universal

' 300 SSU

t= =30 SSF
10

b) For English unit,

(
v= 0.236 t ' −
194
t' ) [
10−5= 0.236 ( 30 ) −
194
30 ( )]
10−5=6.13 x 10−6 ft 2 /s

c) For SI Unit,
1.8 1.8 cm 2
v=0.0022 t ' − =0.0022 ( 30 ) − =0.006 ∨stokes
t
'
30 s

d) Solving for the absolute viscosity, μ=νρ

where: (
ρ= 1000
kg
m 3)( S . G. ) =( 1000 )( 1.0 )=
1000 kg
m 3
=0.001 kg /m3

g
μ= ( 0.006 cm /s )( 0.001 kg/cm )=6 x 10
2 3 −3
then: ∨Poises
cm−s

e) For English System,

References:
Guidebook in1Fluid
poise = 0.0020885
Machinery, Francisco, slug/ft-s
Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
11
slug
 (
μ= ( 0.006 Poise ) 0.0020885
poise )
=1.2531 x 10
ft−s

REYNOLDS NUMBER

 The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter used tp determine the type of flow of fluid.
 The Reynolds number equation is as follows:
γDV ρDV
Re = =
μg μ

where: γ = specific weight of fluid, N/m3 or lbf/ft3

ρ = density of fluid, kg/m3 or lb/ft3
μ = absolute viscosity, poise, Pa-s, gm/cm-s, slug/ft-s
D = internal diameter of the pipe, m or ft
V = velocity of fluid, m/s, fps
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2, fps2
= 9.8066 m/s2 = 32.2 fps2

TYPES OF FLOW:

A. LAMINAR FLOW- particles run parallel to each other. , Laminar flow occurs if the Reynolds
number is less than 2000.

Laminar Flow: every fluid molecule

followed a straight path that was
parallel to the boundaries of the tube.

N R <2000is Laminar Flow

B. TURBULENT FLOW- particles run not in same direction. Turbulent flow occurs if the Reynolds
number is greater than 4000. Fully turbulent flow occurs at very high Reynolds number.

Turbulent Flow: every fluid molecule

followed a very complex path that led
to a mixing of the dye.

N R >4000is turbulent flow

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
12
 C. TRANSITIONAL FLOW (CRITICAL FLOW)–also termed as critical flow in which this type of flow
occurs if the Reynolds number is between 2000 and 4000.

Transitional Flow: every fluid molecule

followed wavy but parallel path that
was not parallel to the boundaries of
the tube.

CONTINUITY EQUATION
 an equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics for a steady flow, open
system.
 It is used to determine the mass flow rate and volume flow rate of fluid.

1. Mass flow rate, m=ρAV =ρQ

2. Volume flow rate, Q= AV

where: m = mass flow rate, kg/s

ρ = density of the fluid, kg/m3
A = cross-sectional area, m2
V = velocity of the fluid, m/s
Q = volume flow rate, m3/s

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
13
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

 Bernoulli’s equation is an equation used to determine the head of fluid. To derive the three
forms of head, consider the piping line shown in Figure 1.11 as a steady flow, open system.

Applying the first law of thermodynamics for a steady flow, open system, and considering that energy
losses are negligible:

Energy Entering the System = Energy leaving the System + Energy loss

E¿ =E out + E loss ,but Eloss=0(ideal system)

U 1 + E f 1+ P 1+ K 1+Q=U 2 + Ef 2+ P2 + K 2 +W

where: Q = heat transfer = 0 (for adiabatic process)

W = shaft work = 0 (piping line only)
U1 = internal energy of mass entering the system
U2 = internal energy of mass leaving the system
U1 = U2 and t1 = t2
P1 = potential energy of mass entering the system
P2 = potential energy of mass leaving the system
K1 = kinetic energy of mass entering the system
K2 = kinetic energy of mass leaving the system

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
14
HEAD OF FLUID

 is the height to which a column of fluid must rise to contain the same amount of energy as
contained in one unit weight or mass of fluid under the conditions being considered.

Forms of Head
1. Potential or actual head is a head based on the elevation of the fluid above some arbitrarily
chosen datum plane.
2. Kinetic or velocity head is a measure of the kinetic energy contained in a unit mass of the fluid
V2
due to its velocity and is given by the familiar expression for kinetic energy,
2g
P
3. Pressure head is the energy contained in the fluid as a result of its pressure and is equal to .
γw

Considering an Actual Flow

 In an actual flow system, energy losses are considered, and the first law of thermodynamics for
a steady flow, open system is applied.

U 1 + E f 1+ P 1+ K 1+Q=U 2 + Ef 2+ P2 + K 2 +W + E L 12

where E L12 = ENERGY LOSSES BETWEEN 1 & 2

( )[ ]
2 2
P2−P1 ( V 2 ) −( V 1 ) E
Then, + + ( Z 2−Z 1) + L12 =0
γ 2g g

∆ H p + ∆ H k +∆ H z+ H L =0 ; H L=head losses , m

 Statement of Bernoulli’s equation if friction is considered: “With continuous, steady flow, the
total head at any point in a stream is equal to the total head at any downstream point plus the
head loss between two points.”

Total Dynamic Head of a Steady Flow, Open Machine Using Bernoulli’s Equation

References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
15
  Whenever problems involving fluids (liquid, vapor, and gas) are encountered, always remember
the first law of thermodynamics defined by the general energy equation. This general energy
equation is the most important equation in thermodynamics.

 Total dynamic head (TDH) is head corresponding to the energy input to the system, m.

Therefore, TDH =∆ H p + ∆ H k + ∆ H z + H L

EXTERNAL HEAD REQUIRED FOR PUMP (OR BLOWER)

 Using Bernoulli’s equation, consider point A to point B and the datum line is at the pump
centerline.


References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
16
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
17
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
18
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
19
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
20
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
21
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
22
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
23
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
24
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
25
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
26
References:
Guidebook in Fluid Machinery, Francisco, Jose R.
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, 5th edition by Cengel Y. and Boles M.
27