UNIT I-BASIC SYNTACTICAL CONSTRUCTS IN JAVA SYIF

What is Java?
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-
oriented and secure programming language.
Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in the year
1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name was Oak. Since
Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his team changed the name
from Oak to Java

Java Example
Let's have a quick look at Java programming example. A detailed description of Hello Java
example is available in next page.
Simple.java
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Java");
}
}
Test it Now

Application
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run Java. There are many devices where Java is currently
used. Some of them are as follows:
1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games, etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using Java programming:
1) Standalone Application
Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based
applications. These are traditional software that we need to install on every machine.
Examples of standalone application are Media player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing are
used in Java for creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a web
application. Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate, JSF, etc. technologies are
used for creating web applications in Java.
3) Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is called an
enterprise application. It has advantages like high-level security, load balancing, and
clustering. In Java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.
4) Mobile Application
An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application. Currently,
Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

History of Java
1) James Gosling
, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June
1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

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2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems

in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Features of Java
The primary objective of Java programming
language creation was to make it portable, simple and secure programming language. Apart from
this, there are also some excellent features which play an important role in the popularity of this
language. The features of Java are also known as Java buzzwords.
A list of the most important features of the Java language is given below.

1. Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand.
According to Sun Microsystem, Java language is a simple programming language
because:
o Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).
o Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example,
explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc.
o There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic
Garbage Collection in Java.

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2. Object-oriented
Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an object.
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of
objects that incorporate both data and behaviour. Object-oriented programming (OOPs)
is a methodology that simplifies software development and maintenance by providing
some rules.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

3. Platform Independent

Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages like C, C++,
etc. which are compiled into platform specific machines while Java is a write once,
run anywhere language. A platform is the hardware or software environment in
which a program runs.
There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides
a software-based platform.
The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it is a software-
based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms. It has two
components:
1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
Java code can be executed on multiple platforms, for example, Windows, Linux, Sun
Solaris, Mac/OS, etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into
bytecode. This bytecode is a platform-independent code because it can be run on
multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA).
4. Secured
Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems. Java is
secured because:
o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox

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o Classloader: Classloader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime Environment

(JRE) which is used to load Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine
dynamically. It adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local
file system from those that are imported from network sources.
o Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fragments for illegal code that can
violate access rights to objects.
o Security Manager: It determines what resources a class can access such as
reading and writing to the local disk.
Java language provides these securities by default. Some security can also be provided
by an application developer explicitly through SSL, JAAS, Cryptography, etc.
5. Robust
The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is robust because:
o It uses strong memory management.
o There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
o Java provides automatic garbage collection which runs on the Java Virtual
Machine to get rid of objects which are not being used by a Java application
anymore.
o There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these
points make Java robust.
6. Architecture-neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features,
for example, the size of primitive types is fixed.
In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture and
4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for
both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java.
7. Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It
doesn't require any implementation.

8. High-performance
Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java
bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language
(e.g., C++). Java is an interpreted language that is why it is slower than compiled
languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.
9. Distributed
Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java.
RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes
us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.
10. Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs
that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of

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multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common
memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
11. Dynamic
Java is a dynamic language. It supports the dynamic loading of classes. It means classes
are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and
C++. Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory management (garbage
collection).