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MODULE ONE:
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Overview:
Concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and
how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. A
preceding circumstance, event, object, style, phenomenon, etc. antecedents, the history, events,
characteristics, etc., of one's earlier life. Little is known about his birth and antecedents.
Technology, science and knowledge are important in modern contemporary society.
Studies of technology and science provides students with insight into how different processes of
knowledge are initiated and progressed, and how innovative technological processes are developed,
employed and increase in importance.
The Four Great Inventions of China: the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing were
among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.

Time Allotment: 3 hours

Objectives: At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1) Define Science and Technology;
2) Know the use of technology;
3) Determine the role of Science and Technology;
4) Discuss Kuhn’s Structure of society.

A. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science is the study of the natural world by collecting data through a systematic process called
the scientific method. And technology is where we apply science to create devices that can solve problems
and do tasks. Technology is literally the application of science. Developments in science and
technology are fundamentally altering the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with
profound effects on economic development. ... Through breakthroughs in health services and education,
these technologies have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. Development
in science and technology shaped human history in many ways. It enabled us to share ideas much faster
around the country and then around the world. (Now we're transmitting messages into space in the hope
that we'll contact someone there.)Science and technology help each other advance. Scientific knowledge is
used to create new technologies. New technologies often allow scientists to explore nature in different
ways and make new discoveries. Examples of technologies that have helped science advance include the
telescope and microscope.
Science is the study of the natural world to understand how it functions, while technology changes
the natural world to meet human needs or solve problems. Technology has the ability to enhance
relationships between teachers and students. When teachers effectively integrate technology into subject
areas, teachers grow into roles of adviser, content expert, and coach. Technology helps make teaching and
learning more meaningful and fun.

Advantages of Science and Technology

1) Life is become easy and comfortable through science and technology.
2) Travelling has become easy and fast in minutes.
3) Communication is become easy, fast and cheaper.
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4) Standard of living has increased with the increase in technology.

5) Man has become advanced by using various new technologies.
B. SCIENCE USED AS TECHNOLOGY
Technology uses science to solve problems, and science uses technology to make new discoveries.
Although they have different goals, science and technology work hand in hand, and each helps the other
advance. Scientific knowledge is used to create new technologies such as the space telescope.
For scientists and engineers, technologies are: conceptual tools - as methods, methodologies,
techniques; instruments - as machines, apparatus, and software programs; as well as, different artificial
materials which they normally use.
Technology, science and knowledge are important in modern contemporary society. Studies
of technology and science provides students with insight into how different processes of knowledge are
initiated and progressed, and how innovative technological processes are developed, employed and
increase in importance.
These connections are important. Though people tend to think of science, engineering,
and technology as three separate things, they're actually closely connected. For example, scientists use
the technologies that engineers create (such as microscopes, monitors, and meters) to conduct their
research.
The products of science and technology--antibiotics, binoculars, computers, detergents,
endoscopes, facsimile (fax) machines--have become so all-pervasive that we don't even notice them
anymore.
C. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Through science and technology, it is easier for inhabitants to communicate with other people
around the globe. It is also significant in the field of business because transactions and other events are
done through the computer. Science and technology enables every people to live in an easy and modern
way of life.
1) Alter the way people live connects, communicate and transact with profound effects
on economic development.
2) Key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin
economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
3) The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new
sectors, based on Micro-processors, Tele-communications, Bio-technology and Nano-
technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well
as the lives of all who have access to their effects.
4) Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries.
5) Differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by
growing and developing their economics and those that are not.

6) Engine of growth.
7) Interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering.
What is Society?
Society is defined as a group of people living as a community or an organized group of people for
a common purpose. An example of society is Lancaster, Pennsylvania and the Catholic Daughters of the
Americas. Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into six categories, each of which
possesses their own unique characteristics:
1) Hunting and gathering societies
2) Pastoral societies
3) Horticultural societies
4) Agricultural societies
5) Industrial societies
6) Post-industrial societies
There is no aim of society. Society is made up of people, so the aims are of individuals rather than
that of society. Some of the individual goals are common, due to which it is possible to reach a consensus
and then organise individuals to achieve those goals collectively. This organisation is society.

D. Kuhn’s Structure of Society

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Thomas Kuhn
First published Fri Aug 13, 2004; substantive revision Wed Oct 31, 2018
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996) is one of the most influential philosophers of science of the
twentieth century, perhaps the most influential. His 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is
one of the most cited academic books of all time. Kuhn’s contribution to the philosophy of science marked
not only a break with several key positivist doctrines, but also inaugurated a new style of philosophy of
science that brought it closer to the history of science. His account of the development of science held that
science enjoys periods of stable growth punctuated by revisionary revolutions. To this thesis, Kuhn added
the controversial ‘incommensurability thesis’, that theories from differing periods suffer from certain deep
kinds of failure of comparability.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES

1) STS is a relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following
Kuhn’s” The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” (1962).
2) STS was the result of a Sociological “turn” in science studies.
3) STS makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially interwined and
that they are each profoundly social and profoundly political.

HOW SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY AFFECT SOCIETY?

Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By
making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics,
education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions.
1) From personalized computers in our pockets to self-driving cars, the world is at our
fingertips today thanks to technology.
2) Making information more accessible, improving communication, changing
transportation and the list goes on.
3) We may not have flying cars yet, and artificial intelligence has not taken over the
world, but technology is still influencing society.
4) People no longer memorize phone numbers. Smartphones and most phones today, in
general, can carry hundreds of phone numbers that are all a click away.
5) When seeing something we like, or want to remember, we remove ourselves from the
moment to snap a picture and share it with our friends.
6) Children are being exposed to screens at an early age, spending time in front of
laptops, televisions, and other technology. This has changed how kids interact
socially. Children today can text or message their friend online to communicate
rather than just going and knocking on their door.
E. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of
STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
The Department of Science and Technology (DST) in the Philippines is a government agency
tasked with overseeing and managing national technology development and acquisition,
undertaking technological and scientific research and promoting public consciousness of science and
technology.
1) Pre-Spanish Era
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos were already aware of the
medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. They
already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were
already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
2) Spanish Colonial Era
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. During the early years
of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing,
arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to the
natives. Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the
later years. The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing
government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts.  Biology is given focus. Contributors to science
in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio.
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The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more
focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.
3) American Period
Angel Alcala is a national scientist noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology.
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands.
On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which
was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and
laboratory projects. Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing,
forestry, medicine and pharmacy.
4) Post Commonwealth-Era
During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance
given to science grew. Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's
role in supporting scientific research and invention was acknowledged. In 1974, a science development
program was included in the government's Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974-
1978.
F. A PARADIGM SHIFT

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American philosopher of
science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and
popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.
He defined paradigms as "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide
model problems and solutions for a community of researchers,"
In short, a paradigm is a comprehensive model of understanding that provides a field's members
with viewpoints and rules on how to look at the field's problems and how to solve them. "Paradigms gain
their status because they are more successful than their competitors in solving a few problems that the
group of practitioners has come to recognize as acute
The Kuhn Cycle is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal
work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception
of science, which was that it was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas. In a brilliant series
of reviews of past major scientific advances, Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong. Science advanced
the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge, each revolution triggered by
introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be called new paradigms. From Kuhn's work came
the popular use of terms like "paradigm," "paradigm shift," and "paradigm change."
Image 1.1 The Kuhn’s Cycle

The Kuhn Cycle is preceded by the Pre-science step. After that the cycle consists of the five steps
as shown. The Model Drift step was added to clarify the cycle and allow reuse of the Model Drift concept
in the System Improvement Process.
All new fields begin in Pre-science, where they have begun to focus on a problem area but are not
yet capable of solving it or making major advances. The field can at last make major progress on its
central problems. This puts the field in the Normal Science step where it tends to stay longer than any
other step. Kuhn’s book “The Structure of Scientific Revolution”, is the regular work of scientists
theorizing, observing ,and experimenting within a settled paradigm “
Over time the field digs so deep into its area of interest it discovers new questions its current model
of understanding cannot answer. As more of these anomalies ("violations of expectations") appear the
model grows weaker. This is the Model Drift step.
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If enough unsolved anomalies appear and the model cannot be patched up to explain them,
the Model Crisis step is reached. Here the model is obviously no longer capable of solving the field's
current problems of interest. It's a crisis because decisions can no longer be made rationally. Guesswork
and intuition must be used instead. These tend to fail.
Finally out of the struggle to form a new model of understanding one or more viable candidates
emerge. This begins the Model Revolution step. It's a revolution because the new model is a new
paradigm. It's radically different from the old paradigm, so different the two are incommensurate. Each
uses its own rules to judge the other. Thus believers in each paradigm cannot communicate well. This
causes paradigm change resistance.
Once a single new paradigm is settled on by a few influential supporters, the Paradigm
Change step begins. Here the field transitions from the old to the new paradigm while improving the new
paradigm to maturity. Eventually the old paradigm is sufficiently replaced and becomes the field's
new Normal Science. The cycle then begins all over again, because our knowledge about the world is
never complete.

Thomas Kuhn - Science as a Paradigm

1) Thomas Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually towards truth.
2) Science has a paradigm which remains constant before going through a paradigm shift
when current theories can’t explain some phenomenon, and someone proposes a new theory.
3) A scientific revolution occurs when: (i) the new paradigm better explains the observations, and
offers a model that is closer to the objective, external reality; and (ii) the new paradigm is
incommensurate with the old.
4) For example, Lamarckian evolution was replaced with Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural
selection.
G. HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF PARADIGM
1) SOCIETY /ETHICS
A. Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable
B. Role of Children in Society-Child labor was, now is not acceptable.
C. Male superior – Beating wives was, now is not acceptable.
D. Reading and the Control over information – invention of the printing press & other
Major inventions) allowed for reading /writing to end.
E. The reformation – broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian’s “relationship”
with God.
2) NATURAL SCIENCES
A. Darwin’s Theory of Evolutionist not fixed or objective.
B. Subject to observer’s state of motion relative to other object.
C. Plate Tectonics- create a physical model of the Earth’s Structure.
D. Albert Einstein’s space-time.
3) HUMAN SCIENCES
A. Psychology: Sigmund Freud – we are not fully in control of our behaviour – a
subconscious part operates.
B. Economics – government intervention in economy is now accepted.
4) THE ARTS
A. The realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to copy reality.
B. Shakespeare’s impact on drama/theatre.

Activity 1.General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module, you are required
to prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. You may screenshot the output, then submit online through [email protected]
or opt to submit your output in the office
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4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format:
Verdana, 11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:___________________ Subject:___________________
Track & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A.MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each stamen carefully and complete the correct thought of each statement
by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space provided. Should answers
not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

_______1. It is the study of the natural world by collecting data through systematic processes.
A. Science B. Psychology C. Physiology D. Science and Technology
_______2. It is a systematic process to solve a problem.
A. Paradigm B. Science C. Scientific Approach D. Scientific Method
______3. It is the application of Science.
A. Science B. Science and Technology C. Technology D. NOTA (None of the above)
______4. Fundamentally altering the way people live, connect, communicate and transact.
A. Development B. Management C. Progressive D. Infrastructure
______5. It is the shaped of human history in many way.
A. Science B. Technology C. Science and Technology D. NOTA
______6. It has the ability to enhance relationships between teachers and students.
A. Communications B. Technologies C. Science and Technology D. Tools
______7. It is used to create new technologies.
A. Science and technology B. Society C. Community D. NOTA
______8. Science and Technologies underpin economic advancements, improvements in health
system, education and infrastructure.
A. True B. False
______9. The technological revolutions of the 19th century are emerging from entirely new
sectors. A. True B. False
______10. Science and technology have the power to better the lives of rich people in developing
countries. A. True B. False
______11. Science and technology is the intervention for cognitive enhancements.
A. True B. False
______12. It is defined as a group of people living together that has common goal.
A. Society B. Community C. Tribes D. Indigenous people
______13.One of the example of Society is the Roman Catholic in Baguio City.
A. True B. False
______14. The aim of society is for a group of people not for individual.
A. True B. False
______15. Society is to reach a consensus and then organise individual to achieve those goals
collectively.
A. True B. False
B. Matching Type: Match column I to column II. Do this by writing the “ CAPITAL LETTER”
corresponding to your choice in Column II on the blank corresponding to the item in Column I.
Column I Column II
_______1. Government agency tasked with overseeing and A. Paradigm Change
rearranging national technology. B. Model Revolution
_______2. Structure of Science Revolution. C. Model Crisis
_______3. Most Influential philosophers of Science of the D. Model Drift
20th century. E. Normal Scien
_______4. Banaue Rice Terraces F. Kuhn’s Cycle
_______5. Laboratorio Municipal G. Paradigm
_______6. Scientific Research and Inventions H. Post Commonwealth Era
_______7. Comprehensive model of understanding. I. American Period
_______8. Simple cycle of progress. J. Spanish Colonial Era
_______9. Major progress on it central problem. K. Pre-Spanish Era
_______10. Violations of expectation. L. Department of S & T
_______11.Decisions can make rationality. M. Paradigm Shift
_______12. New paradigm N. Thomas Samuel Kuhn
_______13. Transition from the old and new paradigm for O. Incommensurability thesis
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maturity. P. Structure of Scientific

_______14. Theories for differing period Revolution. Q. Charles Darwin
_______15. A new style of philosophy of the Structure of
Scientific Revolution.
C. Fill In The Blanks. Write the correct word/s in the space provided.
1. The ___________________a broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian’s “relationship” with
God.
2. __________________is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable.
3. Role of Children in Society____________________ was, now is not acceptable.
4.__________________, Beating wives was, now is not acceptable.
5.____________________ Darwin’s Theory of Evolutionist not fixed or objective.
6.____________________, create a physical model of the Earth’s Structure.
7. ___________________ , we are not fully in control of our behaviour – a
subconscious part operate.
8. _____________________, government intervention in economy is now accepted.
9. _______________________: the purpose of art is to copy reality.
10. ______________________ Shakespeare’s impact on drama/theatre.
D. Essay Type: Your own words, no copy paste. One page of yellow pad.
1. How do you compare the Science and Technology from past to present .

2. List down some similar technologies from past to present .

MODULE TWO

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
OVERVIEW:
This revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The
Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that
emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.
Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. The term "Intellectual
Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly
600 to 400 BCE). ... First, the world is a natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things
'happen'). Second, there is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'laws of nature').
It will transform societies through critical-thinking, evaluation, and creating appropriate rules for
equal opportunity. It is a continuous process of development to achieve the needs of  society. The
collaborations of great minds make the world peaceful and progressive.

Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1) Know the scientific revolution;
2) Determine some intellectuals and their revolutionary ideas;
3) Discuss the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
Scientific revolution;
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4) Analyse how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East, and Africa

A. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
How can science be defined?
1 ) Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural
social world following a systematic methodology based on scientific methodology
includes the following evidence. Experiment and/or observation as benchmarks for
testing hypotheses.
2) The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical
explanation of phenomena.
3) Methodological activity, discipline, or study.
4) An activity that appears to require study and method.
Distinguishing modern science from other endeavours requires focusing on scientific methodology
— the means by which science achieves results. It is, after all, the results which help distinguish science as
one of the most successful endeavours in all of human history. Fundamentally, then, science can be
characterized as a method of obtaining reliable (though not infallible) knowledge about the universe around
us. This knowledge includes both descriptions of what happens and explanations of why it happens, thus
leading to predictions of what should happen in the future.
The knowledge acquired through science is about the universe around us, and that includes us as
well. This is why science is naturalistic: it is all about natural processes and natural events. Science
involves both description, which tells us what has happened, and explanation, which tells us why it
happened. This latter point is important because it is only through knowing why events occur that we can
predict what else might occur in the future.
Science can also at times be characterized as a category or body of knowledge. When the term is
used in this manner, the speaker usually has in mind just the physical sciences (astronomy, geology) or
biological sciences (zoology, botany). These are sometimes also called "empirical sciences," as
distinguished from the "formal sciences," which encompass mathematics and formal logic. Thus we have
people talking about "scientific knowledge" about the planet, about stars, etc.
Finally, science is often used to refer to the community of scientists and researchers who do
scientific work. It is this group of people who, through practicing science, effectively define what science
is and how science is done. Philosophers of science attempt to describe what an ideal pursuit of science
would look like, but it is the scientists who establish what it will really be. In effect, science "is" what
scientists and the scientific community "do."
It replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years.
The Scientific Revolution was characterized by an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an
understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an
experimental scientific method.
Some of the key ideas and theories that came out of the scientific revolution were that Earth
revolves around the Sun, matter is composed of small particles, everything that happens can be explained
mechanically or mechanistically with the help of mathematics, general principles or natural laws must be
supported .The scientific revolution was so revolutionary because people started to use experimentation,
the scientific method, and math to discover the world and prove things. Common people were able to gain
knowledge for themselves instead of believing old teachings and the Catholic Church for information.
Many cite this era as the period during which modern science truly came to fruition, noting Galileo
Galilei as the “father of modern science.” This post will cover the contributions of three highly important
scientists from the era of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo
Galilei,
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of
modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
SCIENTIFIC IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION
HUMANS SOCIETY
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Figure 2.1 Influences to Scientific Revolution

Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings,

transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. It significantly improved
the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. The scientific revolution
also led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a
strong foundation for modern science. In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural
world and the world of ideas.

B. SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

1) Nicolaus Copernicus: He was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, who

formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in
all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen
centuries earlier.
His ideas were an example of what is presently called as a Thought Experiment. By the time he
finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus had been appointed as a canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland.
Despite his duty as a canon, he had plenty of time to sustain his interest in astronomy. Copernicus was
strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes Mueller.
This book contains Muller’s observations of the heavens and some contemporary on earlier works specially
that of Ptolemy.Copernicus finished the first manuscript of his book, "De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres") in 1543 is often cited as the start of the
scientific revolution.
In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center
at unvarying rates (Gribbin, 2003). Copernicus placed the sun to be the centrepiece of the universe. The
earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year.
In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and
Mercury lay inside the orbit of the earth, thus, closer to the sun; (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter
lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the sun.
Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the Copernican model makes snese now, during
those times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics.
The Catholic church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16 th
century.

2) Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)

He is famous for his theory of evolution. Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a genius who came
from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family.

Figure 2.2 Charles Darwin: Father of Evolution

He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry which his father has imposed to him. Darwin’s
life soon changed when one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the
HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.Darwin published his book THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES in
1589.This book is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.
Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants and
animals into the realms of humans. His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very
controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of
evolutionary thinking.

3) Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding Father of Psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behaviour.
Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our
personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from
consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses).
Freud is not a traditional thinker. According to Weiner(2016), his method of psychoanalysis was
proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine
at that time. His method was unorthodox-focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. This
posed immense challenges to scholars and ordinary citizens of his time. To some, they found his ideas not
easy especially in his explanations of human sexuality.

C. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the
border of South America. They are rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its
European colonizers.
1) The MAYA CIVILIZATION
It is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. These
people are known for their works in Astronomy. They incorporated their advanced understanding
of astronomy into their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at
Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
Mayans knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies.
1) Predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
2) Measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. Their calendars use for
planning their activities and observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
3) The Mayan also developed the technology for growing different crops and building
using machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated
waterways to supply water to different communities.
4) The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from a mineral called mica.
5) First people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Good Year received its
patent in 1844.
6) First to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
2) The INCA CIVILIZATION
The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday
living:
1) Roads paved with stones;
2) Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
3) Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of
land;
4) Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare for planting
season;
5) The first suspension bridge;
6) Quipo, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret;
7) Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievement
3) AZTEC CIVILIZATION
Following the Inca, The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science
and technology and to the society as a whole.
1) Mandatory education. Their children are mandated to get education regardless of
their social class, gender, or age.
2) Chocolates. In the Mayan culture into rectangular, they used it as currency. The Aztec
valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their Gods.
3) Antispasmodic medication. That could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles,
which could help during surgery.
 11

4) Chinampa. For agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular
areas and surrounded by canals.
5) Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
6) Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.

D. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

A. INDIA- It is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge
mountains in its northern boarders.
1) They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.
2) Famous in medicine. For example Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC
3) Herbal medicine from plants, to cure various diseases.
4) Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures.
5) Siddhanta Shiromani, written in 12th century. Covered topics such as : mean longitudes
of the planets; true longitudes of the planets, the three problems of diurnal rotation.

B. CHINA
1) They are known for traditional medicines.
2) They are known to developed many tools such as compass, papermaking, gunpowder ,
and printing tools.
3) They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among
others.
4) They developed a design of different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983),
5) Invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility. (Needham
et al.,1971)
6) They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that
may affect their daily activities.

C. MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. Spread of Islam in the 7 th and 8th
centuries, a period of Muslim Scholarship or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until 13th
century.
1) Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain-
thought experiment.
2) A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics,
especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
3) In Mathematics, the Mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name
to the concept of algorithm.
4) The algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications.
5) Arabic Numeral System originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make
several refinements to the number system.
6) Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry”.
7) Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials.

8) The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal
texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during 17 th century.
D. AFRICAN
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.
1) The Ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant
advances in the field of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
2) The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures.
3) The great structure s of the Egyptian pyramids and the dams built to divert water from
the Nile River.
4) Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval
forerunner of chemistry.
5) Astronomy was also famous in the African region.
6) Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar.
7) Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times.
8) The Lebombo Bone a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical
calculation.
 12

Activity 2: General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required
to prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my
gmail.”_________________”.(it should be clear or you may opt to submit your output in
the office or upload via _____________.
4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format:
Verdana, 11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:_____________________________________ Subject:___________________
Course & Year: _____________________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

_______1. It is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe.
A. Reformation B. Enlightenment C. Renaissance D. Scientific Revolution
______2. What is science?
A. An idea B. Intellectual activity C. A body of knowledge D. All of the above
______3. They are ordinary people who do experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new knowledge
and ideas.
A. Philosophers B. Novelists C. Doctors D. Scientists
______4. Which of these examples best explains the Scientific Method?
A. having faith that it will work out
B. having an observation, hypothesis, test, record
C. having tests without research
D. having theories about the earth
______5. Nicolaus Copernicus observed the movements of the planets and made the theory.
A. Eccentric B. Geocentric C. Egocentric D. Heliocentric
______6. According to Copernicus, the sun
A. Revolved around the earth C. Was the biggest star
B. Was the center of the Universe D.  Had many moons
______7. What is the first step to the scientific method?
A. Make a hypothesis C. Do the experiment
B. State a question or problem D. Analyze the data
______8. Nicolaus Copernicus used _________________ to come up with his theory.
A. Luck B. Mathematical formulas C. Guesses D. Friends
______9. He changed our concept of the world’s creation and its evolution.
A. Charles Darwin C. Sigmund Freud
B. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Ptolemy
_______10. He was famous figure in the field of psychology.
A. Charles Darwin C. Sigmund Freud
B. Nicolaus Copernicus D. Ptolemy

_______11. It is the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study
human’s inner life.
A. Method of Analysis C. Method of psychoanalysis
B. Scientific method D. NOTA
_______12. This is a scientific way to study the human ind and neurotic illness.
A. Method of Analysis B. Scientific method C. Method of psychoanalysis D. NOTA
_______13. Charles Darwin recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the
Island of
A. Alaminos B. Palawan C. Galapagos D.Hawaii
_______14. The Catholic Church banned the Copernican model and was ignored by the rest of 18 th
century.
A. True B. False
 13

______15. This book is considered to be the most important works in scientific literature.
A. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. C. The Origin of Species
B. Psychology D. NOTA
B. MATCHING TYPE: Match Column I to Column II. Write “CAPITAL LETTER” in the space
provided.
Column I Column II

_______1. A system of knotted ropes to keep records. A. Inca Textiles

_______2.The famous civilization that lasted for 2000 years. B. Chocolate
_______3. World’s first civilizations to use a writing system. C, Antispasmodic
_______4. Rainbow glittery paints made from a mineral . D. Chinampa
_______5. Special prized artistic achievements. E. Canoe
_______6. It is a form of currency. F. Aztec Calendar
_______7. Prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles. G. Mica
_______8. Aztec technology for agricultural farming . H. Hieroglyphics
_______9. A light narrow boat for travelling in water system. I. Maya
_______10. Plan of their activities, rituals and planting season. J. Quipo
C. Essay Type:
1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the Philosophy of Science?

2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time?

3. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities?

4. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or questions on

Freud’s ideas?

5. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?

6. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes he would make to his theory?

MODULE 3
INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW: ( 2hr Session)

Understanding “Indigenous Technology” begins with defining indigenous. The possible

definitions are many. The term is used in reference to plants, animals, or people that naturally
belong to a particular place. It can be defined as “native,” as in something not introduced directly
or indirectly according to historical record or scientific analysis into a particular land or region or
environment from the outside. Indigenous is associated with people originating or developing
naturally in a particular land, region, or environment.

Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of Indigenous science and Technology;
2. Describe indigenous knowledge system;
 14

3. Appreciate the importance of Indigenous science in the development of

science and technology in the Philippines.

A. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Indigenous technologies emerge from the implicate order to reflect the art of skillful living – and
these bodies of knowledge employ the precision and rigour associated with western science.
Native Science is a study of the whole; Traditionally First Nations communities created tools out
of natural resources and used them for hunting, fishing, and textile making. For example: the Dakelh made
arrow and spearheads out of stone, bone, antlers, teeth, and wood. Beaver nets were made out of caribou
hide and plant bark which was woven together.
Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday
life. They also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world
around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of
indigenous science.
The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Advancing Science and Technology.
In particular, when it comes to understanding ecological relationships and natural resource
management, indigenous knowledge has played a huge role in providing cumulative wisdom passed on
from generation to generation. Examples of Indigenous People include the Inuit
of the Arctic, the White Mountain Apache of Arizona, the Yanomami and the Tupi People
of the Amazon, traditional pastoralists like the Maasai in East Africa, and tribal people
like the Bontoc people of the mountainous region of the Philippines.

Advantages of Indigenous Technology.

1) Helpful for farmers.
2) Good production of crops.
3) Increased fertility of soil.
4) Rise in quantity and quality of food.
Disadvantage of Indigenous Technology
1) Indigenous technology may be cheaper but inferior to other technologies available in
the global market.
2) Indigenous technology may lead to higher wastage and increase production costs
which will reduce the demand for a product.
B. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they
grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community practice
indigenous knowledge. Their parents and older folks served as their first teachers and their
methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The
lessons that they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment.
And if you are talking about both indigenous communities, peoples and nations are those
which, having a Historical Continuity Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, it's best
to say either 'Indigenous Australians' or 'Indigenous people'. Aboriginal can refer to
an indigenous person from anywhere in the world. The word means “original inhabitant” in Latin.
Corn, squash, beans, potatoes and peppers are just a few examples of foods that now contribute
vastly to global cuisine. Indigenous knowledge about the medicinal properties of plants has been
instrumental in pharmacological development.
Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
1) Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing
animals’ behaviour and celestial bodies;
2) Using herbal medicine;
3) Preserving foods;
4) Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties;
5) Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
6) Using indigenous technology in daily lives; building local irrigation systems;
7) Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties;
8) Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
 15

9) Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.

C. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS SCIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different

groups of people and early civilizations. It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise,
practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the
natural milieu.

Agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena and strategies for
coping with changing environments. It includes everything from metaphysics to philosophy and
various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present. Science is a
part of culture.

Desirable values that are relevant to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000).
(1) Motivating attitudes
(2) Cooperating attitudes
(3) Practical attitudes
(4) Reflective attitudes

These cultural beliefs therefore can be good foundation for developing positive values toward
learning and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level.
A simple framework for understanding indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge
that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

Uses Guided by Composed of

Science Processes Skills Community Culture Traditional

knowledge
and values

Figure 3.1 The Concept of Indigenous Science

Indigenous knowledge incorporates all aspects of life - spirituality, history, cultural practices,

social interactions, language, healing. Humankind has not woven the web of life.

Indigenous technology involves technology employed by the native inhabitants of a country.

Plainly speaking, it is the technology originating in a particular region. Being the technology used by
the natives, it has the inherent characteristics of the place of its origin.

Shamans heal through spiritual means and may consequently improve the human condition by
bringing about restored health for all. The modern day shaman stands fearlessly against forces that
erode our humanity and spirituality—even against modern medicine which has lost its way, lost its
soul.

Indigenous Science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
1) The land is a source of life. It is precious gift from the creator.
2) The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth” It is the origin of their identity as people.
3) All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each
other.
4) Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They
have the responsibility to preserve it.
5) Nature is a friend to human beings-it needs respect and proper care.

UNESCO – recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and
technology.
 16

Activity 3: General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required
to prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or
you may opt to submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format:
Verdana, 11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:___________________ Subject:___________________
Track & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

_______1. It is the study of the whole traditional culture.

A. Native Science C. Cultural Science
B. Traditional Science D. Natural Science
_______2. Foundation of indigenous knowledge.
A. Indigenous Science C. Indigenous Culture
B. Indigenous System D. Indigenous Tradition
_______3. Original inhabitants in Latin word.
A. Aborigines C. Indigenous
B. Islanders D. Aboriginal
______4. It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices and representations that guide
human societies.
A. Indigenous knowledge C. Indigenous system
B. Indigenous science D. Culture
______5. Their parents and older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are
very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge.
A. Indigenous knowledge C. Indigenous system
B. Indigenous science D. Culture
______6. It includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and various technologies practiced by
indigenous peoples.
A. Indigenous knowledge C. Indigenous system
B. Indigenous science D. Culture
______7. Develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes.
A. Indigenous knowledge C. Indigenous tradition
B. Indigenous beliefs D. Indigenous Culture
______8. Provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were
derived from traditional knowledge and practices.
A. Indigenous Science C. Indigenous Culture
B. Indigenous System D. Indigenous Tradition
______9. It is the origin of their identity as people.
A. Earth B. Mother Earth C. Land D. Nature

______10. It is a source of life.

A. Earth B. Mother Earth C. Land D. Inhabitants
______11. It is a friend to human beings, it needs respect and proper care.
A. Earth B. Mother Earth C. Land D. Nature
______12. They are the stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources.
A. Forest C. Human beings
B. Animals D. Living and non-living things
______13. They are interconnected and independent with each other.
A. Forest C. Human beings
B. Animals D. Living and non-living things
______14. It recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and
technology.
 17

A.DOST B. TESDA C. UNESCO D. DENR

______15. It helps to understand the natural environment and in coping with everyday life.
A. Indigenous Science C. Indigenous Culture
B. Indigenous System D. Indigenous Tradition

B. ENUMERATION: Enumerate the following;

a) Six examples of indigenous people.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
b) Four advantages of indigenous technology.
1)
2)
3)
4)
c) Ten examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous
people.

1) 6)
2) 7)
3) 8)
4) 9)
5) 10)

C. ESSAY TYPE: Explain briefly the following questions.

1. What is your understanding of indigenous science?
2. What are the examples of indigenous science practices?
3. Why do some people believe in indigenous science?
4. Do you think indigenous science should be considered science?
5. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology?

MODULE 4
HUMAN FLOURISHING
OVERVIEW:

The human flourishing is a subject to the dynamic social history as written by humans.
People found means to live more comfortably, explore more places, develop more product, and
make more money, and then repeating the process in full circle.

It is defined as an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfilment within the context of a

larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts. It
encompasses the uniqueness, dignity, diversity, freedom, happiness, and holistic well-being of the
individual within the larger family, community, and population. Achieving human flourishing is a
life-long existential journey of hopes, achievements, regrets, losses, illness, suffering, and coping.

Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1) Define human flourishing;
2) Identify the discrepancy between conception regarding society and human
flourishing;
3) Determine the development of the scientific method and validity of science;
4) Distinguish between philosophy and science;
 18

5) Give critic human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science and technology to be able
to define a good life.

A. DEFINITION OF HUMAN FLOURISHING

Human flourishing is defined as an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment
within the context of a larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue his or her
own such efforts. . The nurse helps the individual to reclaim or develop new pathways
toward human flourishing.. In other words, human flourishing occurs when a person is
concurrently doing what he ought to do and doing what he wants to do. When such ways of being
occur through free choice, they are deemed to be choice-worthy and the basis for ethics.
A human being's flourishing requires the rational use of his
individual human potentialities, including his talents, abilities, and virtues in the pursuit of his
freely and rationally chosen values and goals. An action is considered to be proper if it leads to
the flourishing of the person performing the action.
PERMA is an acronym for the five pillars of well-being that Seligman has identified
through decades of research and thought on the science of human flourishing: positive emotions,
engagement, relationships, meaning and (the newest addition) accomplishment.
Technology changes us—and the world around us—in countless ways. It eases our labor,
cures diseases, provides abundant food and clean water, enables communication and travel across
the globe, and expands our knowledge of the natural world and the cosmos.
Flourishing is "a state where people experience positive emotions, positive psychological
functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time," living "within an optimal range of
human functioning." It is a descriptor and measure of positive mental health and overall life well-
being, and includes multiple.Anyone can flourish, but it will likely require some effort to get
there. The idea of flourishing as a separate—but intimately related—concept from happiness and
well-being began long ago, but was formally proposed by Dr. Seligman in the early years of
positive psychology.
Aristotle says that the purpose of mankind is eudaimonia-- happiness. So, the purpose of
man is to achieve eudaimonia which is a state of serene and permanent happiness, rather than the
momentary exaltation of the senses. In this way, our actions will be good or bad depending on this
ultimate goal. In Aristotle's works, eudaimonia (based on older Greek tradition) was used as the
term for the highest human good, and so it is the aim of practical philosophy, including ethics and
political philosophy, to consider (and also experience) what it really is, and how it can be
achieved.
EUDAIMONIA, literally “good spirited”, is a term coined by renowned Greek
philosopher Aristotle (385-323BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by
humans. This has often been translated into “human flourishing” in literature, arguably likening
humans to flowers achieving their full bloom. Unlike our everyday concept
of happiness, eudaimonia is not a state of mind, nor is it simply the experience of joys and
pleasures. Moreover, happiness is a subjective concept. Eudaimonia, in contrast, is meant as an
objective standard of 'happiness,' based on what it means to live a human life well.
In Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle develops the three fundamental notions of his ethical
thinking: Everything has a purpose and the purpose of man is to achieve eudaimonia, that is, full
happiness. Actions that give happiness are good actions.NICOMACHEAN ETHICS, Aristotle
have different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. In the Ancient Greek
society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will surely bring the seekers happiness, which
in effect allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call the GOOD.
As times change, elements that comprise human flourishing changed, which are subject to the dynamic
social history as written by humans.
1) People found means to live more comfortably.
2) Explore more places.
3) Develop more products .
4) Make more money.
5) Repeating the process in full circle
In the beginning, early people relied on simple machines to make hunting and gathering easier.
This development allowed them to make grander and more sophisticated machines to aid them in their
 19

endeavours that eventually led to space explorations, medicine innovations, and ventures of life after
death. Humans of today are expected to become a “ Man of the World”.
“ Man of the World”.
1) Global neighbourhood.
2) Working side by side among institutions.
3) Government to be able to reach a common goal.
4) Competition as a means of survival has become passe’; no longer fashionable or
popular; Coordination is the new trend.
DISCREPANCY BETWEEN CONCEPTION REGARDING SOOCIETY AND
HUMAN FLOURISHING
 EASTERN CIVILIZATION – COMMUNITY CENTRIC
 WESTERN CIVILIZATION- TEND TO FOCUSED ON THE
INDIVIDUAL.
CHINESE CONFUCIAN SYSTEM OR THE JAPANESE BUSHIDO
Encourage studies of literature.
Science and Art
POOL OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE
Discovery
Innovation
Success

B. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN FLOURISHING

Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge.
Perhaps, one of the most prevalent themes in human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the
world by finding proofs to trace evolution. The business of uncovering the secrets of the universe
answers the question of our existence and provides us something to look forward to. Having a
particular role, which is uniquely ours, elicits our idea of self- importance. It is in this regard that
human flourishing is deeply intertwined with goal setting relevant as a tool in achieving the
former or echoing Heidegger’s statement.
HEIDEGGER’S Statement. Technology is a human activity that we excel in as a result of
achieving science. In that the “GOOD “is inherently related to the “TRUTH”.
Image 4.1 Martin Heidegger

Science as Method and Results

Scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of
discussions.
1) Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.
2) Determine the problem and identify factors involved.
3) Formulate hypothesis the said phenomenon that could explain the said phenomenon.
Ideally, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis
for the study “ to count as significant” (can also be separated into additional steps such
as “ “to generate prediction” or to infer from the past experiments”
4) Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independence variables, and trying
to see how independent ones affect dependent ones.
5) Gather and analyse results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment.
Examine if the data gathered are significant enough to conclude results.
6) Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case others would want to
broaden study.
 20

Two distinct features that give science edge over other schools of thought.
1) Experimentation
2)Empiricism – the practice of basing ideas without the aid of science.
C. DISTINGUISHES PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
1) Verification Theory
The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an
alternative hypothesis being accepted. In that regard, said theory gives premium to empiricism and only
takes into account those results which are measurable and experiments are repeatable. This was espoused
by a movement in the early twentieth century which was called Vienna cycle.
Vienna Circle – a group of scholars who believed that only those which can be observed should be
regarded as meaningful and reject those which cannot be accessed as meaningless.
2) Falsification Theory
As long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can be best explain a phenomenon over
alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology. Due to its hospitable character, the shift to this
theory allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by verification theory. It does not promote
ultimate adoption of one theory but instead encourages research in order to determine which among the
theories can stand the test of falsification.
IDEOLOGY – the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party.
Karl Popper is the known proponent of this view. The strongest one is that which is able to remain
upheld amidst various tests, while being able to make particularly risky predictions about the world. He
was notorious for statig that up-and-coming theories of the time, such as Marx’s Theory of Social History
and Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis, are not testable and thus not falsifiable, and subsequently
questioning their status as scientific.
To illustrate, previously story is restated:
Ian is generally everybody’s friend. He likes to be around people and generally aspires to become
everybody’s friend. However, there is this one girl, Lea, who seemed to not like him when he is around.
Every time he waves at her, she turns away, and when they are in the same room, she avoids his glance.
Through this, he concluded that lea does not like him and does his best to show her that he is not a threat.
He began greeting her whenever they pass by each other at the corridor, even going so far as calling her
attention when he was in the jeepney and saw her walking past. When they are able to talk to each other, he
found out that Lea is just really shy and is not accustomed to people greeting her. He then was able to
conclude that his initial impression of her not liking him (as a person) is wrong and thus said proposition is
rejected.
Although there is no happy ending yet for Lea and Ian , we can thus see how in this case,
falsification method is prone to the same generalizations committed by he verification method.

SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR

Several philosophers such as: Paul Thagard , Imre Lakatos, Helen Longino, David Bloor, and
Richard Rorty among others, presented an alternative demarcation that explores the social dimension of
science and effectively, technology. Sciences cease to belong solely to gown wearing, bespectacled
scientists at laboratories. The new view perpetuates a dimension which generally benefits the society.

SCIENCE AS EDUCATION
Discoveries Physics, appeared to have debunked the idea of objectivity in reality, subscribing
instead to alternative idea called “ intersubjectivity”
There are distinct portions in entrance exams in the secondary and tertiary levels that are dedicated
o science and mathematics. In the Philippines a large distribution of science high schools can be found all
over the country, forging competition for aspiring students to secure a slot and undergo rigorous science
and mathematics training based on specialized curricula.
Schools also take great consideration in providing holistic education.
Adeptness in science and mathematics are the primary condition to be admitted.
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics )for K11and K12.Offering schools
accommodating Grades 11 and 12.

STEM trumps the remaining clusters in terms of popularity and distribution, with accounting and business
coming in as a close second.

EUDAIMONIC – person is required to be knowledgeable about science, among other things of equal
importance.They are supposed to possess intellectual virtues that will enable them to determine truth from
falsehood or good reasoning from poor reasoning.
A true eudaimon recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in various dimensions, such as
linguistic, kinetic, artistic and socio-civic. One should not focus on one aspect only.
 21

HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?

In 2000, world leaders signed the (MDG) Millennium Development Goals that targets eight
concerns, one of which states that they should be able to forge a global partnership for development.
ECONOMISTS believe that growth is the primary indicator of development, as both go hand in
hand, and has put forth their resources in trying to achieve such. Technology has been a primary instrument
in enabling them to pursue said goal, utilizing resources, machineries, and labor. What is missing in this
equation is that growth presents an illusory notion of sustainability – the world’s resources can only
provide so much, it cannot be expected to stretch out for everybody’s consumption over a long period of
time. Moreover, growth is not infinite- there is no preordained ceiling once the ball starts rolling.
The same analogy applies to the capacity of nature to accommodate us, which Joseph Hickel
contemplated on, suggesting that developed countries should not push forth more growth but instead
adopt” de-development” policies or else, everybody loses.

Activity 4: General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required
to prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or
you may opt to submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format:
Verdana, 11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

______1. According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying:

A. which things are intrinsically valuable.
B. the aim of human life.
C. what our fundamental duties are.
D. what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to.
______2. According to Aristotle, happiness is:
A. A state of mind
B. A feeling of sensation
C. A craft
D. Activity of the soul in accordance with virtues
______3. In Aristotle’s view, the virtues are:
A. Acquired through habit.
B. Acquired through philosophical reflection.
C. A gift from the Gods.
D. Innate
______4. Aristotle divides the virtues into:
 22

A. natural virtues and artificial virtues.

B. Moral virtues and intellectual virtues.
C. Positive virtues and negative virtues.
D. human virtues and divine virtues.
______5. Eudaimonia implies which of the following?
A. A life pleasure.
B. That each person defines his or her happiness.
C. Simply existing, surviving at all cost.
D. Being fully alive as opposed to merely existing.
______6. The happy man that lives well and does well refers to which of the following?
A. Sophrosyne B. Entelechy C. Telos D. Eudamonia

______7. The western civilization tends to be ore focused on

A. People B. Community C. Individual D. Society
______8. They encourages studies of literature, sciences, and art, not entirely oneself but in
service of a greater cause.
A. Chinese Confucian System C. Chinese and Japanese Bushido
B. Japanese System D. Japanese Bushido
_______9. It determine if there are unexplained occurrences.
A. Observation B. Determine the problem C. Hypothesis D. Conduct experiment
_______10. Examine if the data gathered are significant enough to conclude results.
A. Observation C. Hypothesis
B. Determine the problem. D. Conduct experiment
_______11. In case others would want to broaden the study.
A. Conduct experiment C. Formulate conclusion
B. Gather and analyse D. Hypothesis
______12. The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed in the evnt of an
alternative hypothesis being accepted.
A. Verification theory C. Vienna Cycle
B. Falsification theory D. Eudamonia
_______13. A group of scholars who believed that only those which can be observed should be
regarded as meaningful.
A. Verification theory C. Vienna Cycle
B. Falsification theory D. Eudamonia
_______14. Albeit majority of scientists nowadays are inclined to be Popperian in their beliefs.
A. Verification theory C. Vienna Cycle
B. Falsification theory D. Eudamonia
______15. It is not entirely fool proof, such that it is correct 100% of the time.
A. Philosophy B. Logic C. Science D. Sociology

B. State a brief history or discovery that brought about the invention or discovery of the
things stated below; State their contributions in our scientific development.
a. Gravity f. Guns
b. Telescope g. Internet
c. Processed food h. Benzene Ring
d. Large Hadron Collider i. Radio
e. Microscope j. Cell phones

C. Essay Type: Explain briefly the following questions.

1. What is human flourishing in science technology and society?

2.What are the five pillars of the flourishing personality?
3. What is the role of technology in human flourishing?
4. What is needed for human flourishing?
5. How is Eudaimonia different from happiness?

MODULE 5
 23

THE GOOD LIFE

OVERVIEW:

What do we mean by a good life? A good life must come to an end. ‘A good life’ looks at what
could be said to constitute such a life. There are two fundamental parts: whether your life is good for you,
and whether the way you lead it is good (in terms of well-being and virtue). For a good life, you just need
your life to have been a good thing for you to have had. The good life is not hard to get. Maybe people fail
to recognise how good their lives really are. Perhaps the best way to lead a good life is to conclude your
life with a favourable balance sheet.
Living the good life means living a life that sets you free. A life that satisfies and fulfills
you, that adds happiness, joy and a sense of purpose to your life. But it also means to live
a life that is worthwhile – a life that makes a contribution, instead of being solely self-centered.

Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1) Examine what is meant by a good life;
2) Identify how humans attempts to attain what is deemed to be a good life;
3) Recognize possibilities available to human being to attain the good life.

A. INTRODUCTION OF GOOD LIFE

In Ancient Greece, long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to understand
the world and reality was bound with the need to understand the self and the good life. For Plato,
the task of understanding things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting into what
will make the soul flourish. In an attempt to understand reality and the external world man must
seek to understand himself, too.
To understand the world and reality, Aristotle who gave a definitive distinction between the
theoretical and practical sciences.
1) Theoretical Sciences- These are disciplines, which included logic, biology, physics, and
metaphysics, among others.
2) Practical Sciences - Aristotle counted ethic and politics.
Whereas “truth” is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the “good” is the end goal of the practical
ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the “good” or as said in the
previous lesson, the attainment of human flourishing. Rightly so, one must find the truth about what the
good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
In the previous lesson, we have seen how a misplaced or an erroneous ideas of human flourishing
can turn tables for all of us, make the sciences work against us rather than for us, and draw a chasm
between the search for truth and for the good. In this lesson, we endeavour to go back a little and answer
these questions: What does it really means to live a good life? What qualifies as a good existence?
Granting this understanding, we are assumed to be in a better position to reconcile our deepest existential
need as human beings and science as tool to maneuver around the world.

B. MEANING OF A GOOD LIFE

Living the good life can mean something different for everyone. However, there is still a general
understanding as what this idea entails to most human beings living in the modern world. The good life, in
its most simple form, is a series of never ending satisfaction that only grows more powerful as time goes
on.
The good life consists of wanting to get out of bed every morning, excited to take on whatever
each day has in store for you. It has nothing to do with the material possessions or artificially induced
sensations. The good life is based on the compassionate deeds you perform, the personal goals you strive to
achieve, and the legacy you decide to leave behind as a result of the mark you made on the world around
you. Who could forget that episode of Entourage when the private jet was taking off and Kanye West
debuted the chorus of the single "The Good Life?" What he was talking about was not the money the
characters had attained but the celebration of everything they had been through, their recollection of their
success as a team.
Far too many people get tangled up in the past and future, wondering what is going to happen to
them and contemplating the "if's." They become numb to the little moments that are unknowingly
 24

the building blocks of time. Time, after all, is actually our single most advantage to living life to
the fullest.
This world, after all our science and sciences, is still a miracle; wonderful, magical and
more, to whosoever will think of it. - Thomas Carlyle
Here are several simple ways to live the good life.
1. Slow Down
Urgency and haste instantly diminish accuracy, awareness and happiness. There is a big
difference between getting things done and getting things done effectively.
2. Appreciate Life’s Simple Pleasures
The best things in life truly are free. From a quiet ocean sunset to sleeping in on a rainy
day, life's greatest simple pleasures can only be purchased if your mind is conscious of their
arrival.
3. Foster and Nurture Relationships
A happy and fulfilling life is a life that is shared with people that you enjoy being around
the most. Cherish those relationships and treat your friends as you would like to be treated.
4. Be Self Sufficient
Depending on other people for your own tranquillity will only cause anxiety and
frustration. Embrace your freedom and self-sufficiency. At the end of the day, the only person
who can tell you what you really want or need is yourself.
5. Learn About Different Things
As many great men have said in the past, the day you stop learning is the day that you die.
Every day is a chance to learn something new about the life you wish to attain or the person you
wish to become. Keep inquiring and exploring. A jack of all trades is far more equipped than a
master of only one.
6. Concentrate on Your Passions
Your passion is what you love to do every day because it gives you a sense of worth and
fulfilment. This can be concentrated into your true life purpose, which is the key to real wealth on
this earth. Use your passion in the most productive and universal way possible and you will
discover the reasons behind your most important endeavours and goals.
7. Travel to Distant Places
Humanity has been blessed with a beautiful place to live. Experience all the natural and
cultural wonders it has to offer. There are places in this world that will open your mind to realities
you have never even imagined in your wildest dreams. These realities will inject your conscience
with healthy, new perspectives.
8. Talk to Strangers
Meet new people who are like you and different from you in every way you could have
imagined. This will help you embrace the gift of individuality and realize the role you play in
society. Understanding these people will increase your knowledge of how the world works and the
types of people its experiences creates.
9. Exercise Your 5 Senses
Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Each provides a gateway to rewarding personal
experiences, so use them to truly make you understand what it means to be a living, breathing
human being. See the most beautiful things, hear the most pleasant sounds, taste the best food,
smell the finest scents and touch the nicest pair of tits.
10. Use What You Have
Success is not the by-product of limitless resources. Success happens when you stretch the
limits of the available resources. Don't focus on what you don't have, focus on what you do have
and how it can help you get the rest.
12. Assist Others
What goes around comes around. You have no idea what type of fulfilment and security
you will attain for yourself after you help other people more and more.
13.  Be Clear on Your Goals
The sky is the limit but to get there, your goals need to be made crystal clear by believing
in them with all of your heart and soul.  You will never get where you want to go if you don't
know what you want and don't think you have what it takes to get it.
14. Make a Decision
 25

Each time you wait to make a decision, you are wasting your time and an opportunity is
passing you by. Stop being indecisive and start listening to your gut. Decisions are how we learn
about how to effectively build the life we have always dreamed of.
C. ARISTOTLE AND HOW WE ALL ASPIRE FOR A GOOD LIFE
It is interesting to note that the first philosopher, who approached the problem of reality from
a “scientific” lens as we know now, is also the first thinker who dabbled into the complex
problematization of the end goal of life: happiness. This man is none other than Aristotle.
Compared to his teacher and predecessor, Plato, Aristotle embarked on a different approach in
figuring out reality. In contrast to Plato who thought that things in this world are not real and are
only copies of the real in the world of forms. Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in the
claiming that this world is all there is to it and that this world only reality we can all access.
Plato, change is so perplexing that it can only make sense if there are two realities:
1) The world of forms
2) The world of matter
Consider the human person. When you try to see yourself in front of the mirror, you
normally say and think that you are looking at yourself-that is, you ate the person who slept last
night and you are the same person looking at yourself now, despite the occasional changes like a
new pimple that grow on your nose. The same is true for a seed that you threw out of the garden
last month. When you peek into the same patch of land where the seed ingrained itself into, you
may be surprised to see a little plant showing itself to you and to the sun. Plato recognized change
as a process and as a phenomenon that happens in the world, that in fact, it is constant.
In the world of matter, things are changing and impermanent. In the world of forms, the
entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities. Things
are red in this world because they participate in what it means to be red in the world of forms.
Aristotle, for his part, disagreed with his teacher’s position and forwarded the idea that
there is no reality over and above what the senses can perceive. A such, it is only by observation
of the external world that one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change is the process
that is inherent in things. To have a license and land a promising job in the future in the future.
Every human person, according to Aristotle, aspires for an end. This end, we have learned from
the previous chapters, is happiness or human flourishing.

D. Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life

In the eighteenth century, John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying
that an action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of
people. At a time when people were sceptical about claims on the metaphysical, people could not
make sense of the human flourishing that Aristotle talked about in the days of old. Mill said that
individual happiness of each individual should be prioritized and collectively dictates the kind of
action that should be endorsed. Consider the pronouncements against mining. When an
action benefits the greatest number of people, said action is deemed ethical. Does mining benefits
rather than hurt the majority? Does it offer more benefits rather than disadvantages? Does mining
result in more people getting happy rather than sad? If the answers to the said questions are in the
affirmative, then the said action, mining, is deemed ethical.
The ethical is, of course, meant to lead us to the good and happy life. Through the ages, as has
been expounded in the previous chapters, man has constantly struggled with the external world in
order to reach human flourishing. History has given birth to different schools of thought, all of
which aim for the good and happy life.
1) Materialism
The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus led a
school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny
indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. For Democritus and his disciples, the world,
including human beings, is made up of matter. There is no need to posit immaterial entities as
sources of purpose. Atomos simply comes together randomly to form the things in the world. As
such, only material entities matter. In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain
happiness. We this at work most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary
source of the meaning of their existence.
2) Hedonism
 26

The hedonists, for their part, see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always
been priority of hedonists. For them, life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life
is limited. The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and be merry for
tomorrow we die”. Led by Epicurus, this school of thought also does not buy any notion of
afterlife just like the materialists.
3) Stoicism
Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics espoused the idea that to generate
happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. The original term, apatheria,
precisely means to be indifferent. For the stoics, happiness can only be attained by a careful
practice of apathy. We should, in this worldview, adopt the fact that some things are not within
our control. The sooner we realize this, the happier we can become.
4) Theism
Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as a fulcrum of their existence. The
Philippines as a predominantly Catholic country, is witness to how people base their life goals on
beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called heaven. The ultimate basis of
happiness for theists is the communion with God. The world where we are in is only just a
temporary reality where we have to maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return to the
hands of God.
5) Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own
destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls.
For humanists, man is literally the captain of his own ship. Inspired by the enlightenment in
seventeenth century, humanists see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as
individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outsides them. This is the spirit of
most scientists who thought that the world is a place and space for freely unearthing the world in
seeking for ways on how to improve the lives of its inhabitants.
As a result of the motivation of the humanist current, scientists eventually to in technology in
order to ease the difficulty of life as illustrated in the previous lessons. Scientist of today
meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated attempts at altering the world for the benefit
of humanity. Some people now are willing to tamper with time and space in the name of
technology. Social media, as an example, has been so far a very effective way of employing
technology in purging time and space. Not very long ago, communication between two people
from two continents in the planet will involve months of waiting for a mail to arrive. Seeing each
other real time while talking was virtually impossible. Now, communication between two people
wherever they are, is not just possible but easy. The Internet and smart phones made real-time
communication possible not just two people, but even with multiple people.
 27

Activity 5: General Instructions:

After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required to prepare the
following activities.
Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you may opt to
submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana, 11,
double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

______1. Tiny indivisible units to form the things in the world.

A.matter B. particles C.atoms D. elements
______2. Aristotle included logic, physics, biology and metaphysics.
A. Theoretical sciences B. Practical Sciences C. Social Sciences D. Physical Sciences
______3. Truth is the aim of this science.
A. Theoretical sciences B. Practical Sciences C. Social Sciences D. Physical Sciences
______4. Aristotle divides the definitive distinction of a Good Life.
A. Theoretical sciences B. Practical Sciences C. Truth and Good D. Physical Sciences
______5. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find ”good”.
A. Theoretical sciences B. Practical Sciences C. Social Sciences D. Physical Sciences
______6. He dabbled into the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness.
A. Democritus B. Leucippus C. Aristotle D. Plato
______7. The world including human beings, is made up of matter.
A. Democritus B. Leucippus C. Aristotle D. Plato
______8. An action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greates
number of people.
A. Democritus and Aristotle C. Aristotle and Plato
B. John Stuart Miller D. Plato
_______9. He thought in that things in this world are not real and are only copies of the real in the
world of forms.
A. Democritus B. Leucippus C. Aristotle D. Plato
_______10. Change is perplexing that it can only make sense if there are two realities: the world
of form and the world of matter.
A. Democritus B. Leucippus C. Aristotle D. Plato
_______11. Things are changing and impermanent.
A. world of matter B. world of forms C. World of dust D. world of particles
_______12. Every action that emanates from a a human person is a function of the purpose.
A. telos B. talos C. telose D. telus
_______13. They led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and
controlled by tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds.
A. Aristotle and Plato C. Epicurus and Leucippus
B. Democritus and Leucippus D. Democritus and disciples
_______14. The world including human beings is made up of matter.
A. Aristotle and Plato C. Epicurus and Leucippus
B. Democritus and Leucippus D. Democritus and disciples
______15. They see that the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure.
A. Stoicism B. Materialism C. Theism D. Hedonism

B. Word Find: Read and analyse each statement carefully and identify what is needed to complete
each statement. Write your answers on the spaces provided in each items, then find yours answers
from the box of letters directly following the statements by encircling these answers.
 28

1) The first _________________were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus
led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of atoms
2). ___________________simply comes together randomly to form the things in the world.
3) In terms of human flourishing, ____________ is what makes us attain happiness.
4) We this at work most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of
the meaning of their _______________.
5) For Hedonism, life is about obtaining and indulging in _____________ because life is limited.
6) The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we
die”. Led by ____________________ this school of thought also does not buy any notion of
afterlife just like the materialists.
7) The ____________ espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance
oneself and be apathetic.
8) The original term, _________________, precisely means to be indifferent.
9) ____________, most people find the meaning of their lives using God as A fulcrum of their
existence.
10) ________________as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his
own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and
controls.
11) The Philippines as a predominantly Catholic country, is witness to hoe people base their life
goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called ___________.
12) The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with ___________.
13) The world where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver around
while waiting for the _____________________ to the hands of God.
14) ____________________see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as
individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outsides them.
15. Some people now are willing to tamper with time and space in the name of
____________________.

P S D U E N N R U T E R A

R I K H U M A N I S T E S

S C G E L P T H E I S T R

T H H U E X I S T E N A E

E E Q S V O E S G L N M P

U P C E R L P H Y S I I L

C N I H E U M I X E D T E

T V M C N X E K E T U L A

I I S D U O J N S D O U S

N I C Q G R L J X R O T U

J B S W I Y U O C T P X R

E L A K N S H S G Y E E E

M A T E R I A L I S T I C

A T O M O S S T O I C S O

T H E I S M H E A V E N S

S K K K K L L L L M M M N

K Q H D D M A T T E R H S

N G G S K T H G S S O C E

E A H U M A N I S M G O D
 29

C. Use long bond paper for these activities.

1. Good Life Collage. Cut out pictures in magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how
technology has made the man’s desire for a happy life more realizable. You may also opt to print
out pictures from websites and other sources. Explain how these technological advancements have
made the campaign for the attainment of good life easier or otherwise. At least three pictures.

2. Compare and Contrast. Identify two modes of doing the same thing where one involves a more
technologically advanced method. Example would be snail mail vs. e-mail. List down as many
examples. Brainstorm with a partner if a less technologically sophisticated mechanism can
actually turn out to be better in terms of reaching for the good life. Is the more technologically
advanced always better?
References:
Science, Technolgy, and Society by Janice Patria Javier Serafica; Greg Tabios Pawilen etc.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d). John Stuart Mill.
Accessed February 3,2017, http://www. iep.utm.edu/mill-eth

MODULE 6
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY
CROSS
OVERVIEW:
In the twentieth century, authors have argued that technology plays an important role in the
constitution of human nature and identity. These authors state that humans have always shaped and
extended themselves by virtue of technical tools and artefacts. In our modern era, technology – think of
microscopes and MRI scans, for instance - has become an inherent part of scientific investigation and
diagnosis. This means it also has bearings on our view of human nature. 
This profile focuses on how technology influences and constitutes human nature and human
existence. In this context we will also study how traditional boundaries between design and use are blurred
in the interaction between humans and technological artefacts. The rapid development of mind- and body-
enhancing technologies and their influence on human faculties – such as rationality, self-consciousness,
agency, and autonomy – is another important topic of inquiry in this cluster. We will also reflect on the
moral impact of these technologies on our lives.
Time Allotted: 3 hours
Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1) Know the different technological advancements in society;
2) Discuss the development of S & T in the Philippines;
3) Discuss the effects of the interplay between technology and humanity through the
dilemma(s) they face.

A. HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY
The history of technology is the history of invention of tools and techniques and is similar
to the other sides of history. The term technology comes from the Greek word techne, meaning art
and craft, and the word logos, meaning word and speech. It was first used to describe applied arts,
but it is now used to describe advancements and changes which affect the environment around us.
Made nearly two million years ago, stone tools such as this is the first known
technological invention. This chopping tool and others like it are the oldest objects in the British
Museum. It comes from an early human campsite in the bottom layer of deposits in Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania.
Who is the founder of technology?
Web Master. His impact on technology: So profound is the global impact of Tim Berners-
Lee's invention that it's hard to remember a time when common users worldwide could not
communicate with one another instantly by computer. And yet, it was only 20 years ago that
Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web.
 30

Who is the first inventor of technology?

Thomas Edison, American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world record 1,093
patents. In addition, he created the world's first industrial research laboratory. Edison was the
quintessential American.

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic

programmable computer built in the U.S. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus, it
was much faster, more flexible, and it was Turing-complete.

B. TECHNOLOGY CHANGE THE WORLD

Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world and daily lives. It has created
amazing tools and resources, putting useful information at our fingertips. With all of these
revolutions, technology has also made our lives easier, faster, better, and more fun.
Technology has altered human physiology. It affects memory, attention spans and sleep
cycles. This is attributed to a scientific phenomenon known as neuroplasticity, or the brain's
ability to alter its behaviour based on new experiences.
In general, when technology attempts to solve problems of matter, energy, space, or time,
it is successful. When it attempts to solve human problems of the mind, communication, ability,
etc. it fails or backfires dangerously. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both
material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to
achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to
solve real-world problems. Being overly connected can cause psychological issues such as
distraction, narcissism, expectation of instant gratification, and even depression. Besides affecting
users' mental health, use of technology can also have negative repercussions on physical health
causing vision problems, hearing loss, and neck strain.
Social media and mobile devices may lead to psychological and physical issues, such as
eyestrain and difficulty focusing on important tasks. They may also contribute to more serious
health conditions, such as depression. The overuse of technology may have a more significant
impact on developing children and teenagers.
At the medical level, technology can help treat more sick people and consequently save
many lives and combat very harmful viruses and bacteria. The invention of the computer was a
very important point. Communication is thus enhanced, and companies can communicate more
easily with foreign countries.
Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn, and think. It helps society and
determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis. Technology plays
an important role in society today. It has positive and negative effects on the world and it impacts
daily lives.
Modern technology is all about efficiency and speed; it is about ensuring face-to-
face communication, connecting you to your healthcare provider, and empowering you by giving
you more access and control to the kind of care you get as well as service you receive.

C. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN SOCIETY

We look back at their beginnings, as well as where they've taken us today.
1) Digital media 5) Nuclear power
2) Personal computers 6) Electronic funds transfer
3) Space flight 7) Robots and artificial intelligence
4) Mobile phones 8) Organ transplants

How does technology impact society?

Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn, and think. It helps society and
determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis. Technology plays an important
role in society today. It has positive and negative effects on the world and it impacts daily lives.
 31

Almost all households, if not all, own theses types of devices. To be more specific, these
“celebrities” in the field of technology are television sets, mobile phone, and computers. People
all over the world use these technologies every day to accomplish different purposes.
It is for the reason why television remains to be the ultimate medium for advertisement
placements. This survey simply shows that almost all Filipinos use this particular type of device.
In fact, Filipinos are believed to have this big fascination for television. Most of the time, they
watch television during their free time or any time of the day when they have nothing important to
do. In addition to this, Kantar Media also reported that in the Philippines, the current count of
households with television set already reached 15.135 million (Nod, 2012). This number signifies
something, that is, television plays a great role in the lives of the people or in this case, the
Filipinos.
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to
send images through wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk. This invention was the called the
“electric telescope “that had18 lines of resolution.
After sometime, in 1907, two inventors, Alan Archiblad Campbell - Swinton who was an
English scientist and Boris Rosing who was a Russian scientist, created a new system of television
by using the cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner system. This success story
gave rise to two types of television systems, namely, mechanical and electronic television.
(Jezek,n.d.).
Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On April 3, 1973, Martin
Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made the world’s first mobile phone call. The mobile
phone used by Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms and measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm. This kind of
device was capable of a 30-minute talk time. However, it took ten hours to charge. In 1983,
Motorola made their first commercial mobile phone availableto the public. It was known as the
Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X(Goodwin, 2016).

Here are some facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets and the internet (Rappler, n.d.):

1) Mobile phone subscriptions is at 119 million.

2) Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily.
3) The Philippines has one of the highest digital populations in the world.
4) There are now 47 million active Facebook accounts in the Philippines.
5) The Philippines is the fastest-growing application market in Southeast Asia.

D. ROLES PLAYED BY THESE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

1) Television is mainly used as a platform for advertisements and information

dissemination. It is also a good platform for different propagandas and advocacies.
2) Mobile phones, primarily used for communication. Used for services like texting and
calling. Surf the Internet and to take pictures more than to text or to call people.
3) Personal computers and laptops can be used to surf the Internet and communicate. It
features like calendar, calculator, music player, movie player, camera, and many more.

E. ETHICAL DILEMMA FACED BY THESE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

1) Most parents would argue that these devices make their children lazy and unhealthy.
2) There is a tendency that to sit and chill all day long without doing anything productive
in their homes, thus making them unhealthy because they do not just skip meals and
also lack of exercise or any bodily movements.
3) Those who love to watch television stay in front for more than half a day. If they are
being disturbed, there is a great chance that they will get mad or annoyed.
4) Same people who are likely to experience alienation because they no longer take time to
get out of their houses and mingle with other people.
5) Moral Dilemma, especially children who are not capable yet or rationally deciding for
themselves what is right or wrong because of over exposed of these technological
devices.
6) Digging deeper, it can be said that these reasons make devices somewhat unethical
 32

because they bring undesirable consequences to people.

The word “responsibility” in the sense of being accountable for and accountable to is very
appropriate to the ethics of technology because it makes each and every person in the scientific-
technological development a proxy with reference to one another. In other words, each person
must indicate the priorities, values, norms, and principles that constitute the grounds for one’s
actions and define one’s contribution focuses on the positive rather than negative.

Robotics and Humanity

Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Robots are now widely
used. For example, there are so – called service robots. These particular robots do specific tasks but focus
mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday tasks.
Specific tasks of particular robots according to the International Federation of Robotics(IFR) and
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.(UNECE) made it their task to formulate a working
definition for service robots.
1) A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of
autonomy, moving within its environment.
2) A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment
excluding industrial automation application.
Note: A robot may be classified according to its intended application as an industrial
robot or a service robot.
3) A personal service robot or a service robot for personal use is a service robot used for a
non-commercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot,
automated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot, and pet exercising robot.
4) A professional service robot or a service robot for professional use is a service robot
used for a commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples
are cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals, firefigthing
robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals.
Objectives of DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative – Germany Service Robotics Initiative)

1) To achieve a technological edge toward attaining key functions and components that are
suited for everyday use.
2) To create a reference architecture for mobile manipulation.
3) To promote the convergence of technologies through integration into a common
technology platform.

4) To conduct pre-competition research and development activities for new products and
technology transfer in start-up enterprises in the field of service robotics.

Roles Played by Robotics

Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set of rules and characteristics that
define a good robot is. These laws were formulated by Isaac Asimov Back in the 1940’s, when he was
thinking of the ethical consequences of robots.
Law One:
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Law Two:
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict
with the First Law.
Law Three:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or
Second law.

ETHICAL DILEMMA/S FACED BY ROBOTICS

1) One of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who should be accountable if someone’s safety is
compromised by a robot?
2) Emotional component. This may seem a little absurd as of the moment, but looking at how fast
technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions (Evans,
2007)
In the field of robotics, there are the so- called partial autonomy and full autonomy. Partial
autonomy includes active human- robot interaction while full autonomy excludes active human-robot
interaction. In other words, a robot with full autonomy can perform actions or activities even without a
master telling it what should be done or what should be performed nest.
 33

Activity 6: General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required
to prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or
you may opt to submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format:
Verdana, 11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

______1. It is a discourse of Arts.

A. Science B. Technology C. Robots D. Devices
______2. The work “technology” came from the Greek words techne and logos which mean
A. Arts and study B. Arts and sciences C. Science and Artifact D. Arts and word
______3. It remains to be the ultimate medium for advertisement placements.
A. Radio B. laptop C. Television D. Desk Top
______4. A German student, in the late 1800s was successful of his invention called “ electric
telescope”.
A. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow C. Boris Rosing
B. Neptali Nepkow D. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
______5. They created a new system of television by using cathode ray tube in addition to the
mechanical scanner system.
A. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow C. Boris Rosing
B. C & D D. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
______6. Two types of television systems namely______.
A. Chemical and Electronic television C. Mechanical and Electronic television
B. Mechanical and Electricity television D. Mechanical and Electronic Energy Television
______7. The survey results showed that one in every three Filipinos cannot live without a _____.
A. Gadget B. Mobile legend C. Mobile phone D. Beeper
______8. He made the world’s first mobile phone call.
A. Martin Cooper C. Boris Rosing
B. Martin Coper D. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
_______9. He designed the Analytical Engine which was used as the basic framework of the
computers even until the present time.
A. Martin Cooper B. Charlie Cabbage C. Charles Baggage D. Charles Babbage
_______10. The first true portable computer was released in April 1981.
A. Laptops B. Netbooks C. Personal Computers D. Tablet

_______11. It is less than a personal computer, used for surfing and you can carry to any places
you wished.
A. Laptops B. Netbooks C. Personal Computers D. Tablet
_______12. A good platform for different propagandas and advocacies.
A. Mobile phone B. Personal Computer C. Television D. Radio
_______13. It offers services like texting and calling.
A. Mobile phone B. Personal Computer C. Television D. Radio

_______14. Which device is the most popular and trusted media.

A. Mobile phone B. Personal Computer C. Television D. Radio
 34

______15. The sense of being accountable for and accountable to is very appropriate to the ethics
of technology.
A. Obligation B. Skepticism C. Appropriation D. Responsibility

B. Word Find: Read and analyse each statement carefully and identify what is needed to complete
each statement. Write your answers on the spaces provides in each item, then find your answers
from the box of letters directly following the statements by encircling these answers.

1) __________________, especially children who are not capable yet or rationally deciding for
themselves what is right or wrong because of over exposed of these technological
devices.
2) ______________________,, it can be said that these reasons make devices somewhat unethical
because they bring undesirable consequences to people.
3) The word _____________________ in the sense of being accountable for and accountable to is
very appropriate to the ethics of technology because it makes each and every person in the
scientific-technological development a proxy with reference to one another.
4) _____________________________ includes active human- robot interaction.
5) ______________________________excludes active human-robot interaction.
6) ____________________________ These particular robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in
assisting their masters in their everyday tasks.
7) __________________ made it their task to formulate a working definition for service robots.
8) A ________________ is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a
degree of autonomy, moving within its environment.
9) ____________________ A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm.
10) These laws were formulated by ____________________back in the 1940’s, when he was
thinking of the ethical consequences of robots.

P S D U E N N P A R T I A

R O B O T M A N I F U L L

R C G E L P T H E I S T A

E H H U E M I S T E N A U

S E R V I C E S G L N M T

F P C E R R R H Y S I I O

I O I H E A O I X E D T N

R V N C N L B K E T U L O

S I S S U D O N S D O U M

T R C Q I I T D E E P E Y

L B E W I B U O C T P X R

A L A S N E I S G Y E E E

W A T E P M A L I S T I C

A U O W O B O T I I C S O

T N E I S A N E A T E N S

S E K K K L L S L M Y M N

K C H D D M A T T E R H S

N E G S K T H G S S O C E

I S A A C A S I M O V O D

C. Essay Type: Explain briefly the following questions:

 35

1) Philosophical Discussion: Discuss the different ethical dilemma faced by technological

advancements in the society through a philosophical discussion. Do this by forming three groups.
The first group will serve as the facilitators of the discussion. The second group will be the
supporting side and the third group will be the opposing side. A topic shall be chosen before the
planned of discussion. The facilitators should present a paper detailing the topic without choosing
any side. The discussion will start after the reading of the paper presented by the facilitators. Each
side will lay their arguments and questions, and then in an orderly manner, each group will take
turns answering the questions or rebutting the other side’s arguments. The facilitators will make
sure that the arguments and questions remain true to the topic.Suggested topics:
a. Do technological devices being more good than bad to people?
b. Should there be more budget for technological researches despite the dilemmas they
are currently facing?
c. Should there be a limit to technological advancements?
2) You should choose a unique topic and its perceived effects and the dilemma it entails. Do not
forget to show the role or roles played by the technological advancement in the lives of the people.
Suggested topics:
a. Robots that are capable of having emotions.
b. Google and stupidity.
c. Filipino’s addiction to different technologies.
d. Waze application.

MODULE 7
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
OVERVIEW: The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated
the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries. The Enlightenment emerged out of a
European intellectual and scholarly movement known as Renaissance humanism.
European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of
the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of
Reason, or simply the Enlightenment.

Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1) Know the age of enlightenment;
2) Determine the roots of age of enligtenment;
3) Know the different philosophers in Renaissance era;

A. INTRODUCTION TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT

A change in outlook among many educated Europeans that began during the 1600s.This was a
time when reason was a key part of progress. They used observation and logic to understand the world
instead of errors and superstitions of the past. In France these thinkers were known as philosophes French
for Philosophers. These thinkers gathered in informal meeting places called salons.
Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional
authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change.
The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and
revolutions.
It includes a range of ideas centered on the sovereignty of reason and the evidence of the senses as
the primary sources of knowledge and advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity,
constitutional government and separation of church and state.

B. THE ROOTS OF AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

We can identify three major 'roots' of the Enlightenment: the humanism of the Renaissance, the
Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation. Together these movements created the conditions in
Europe for the Enlightenment to take place.
Humanism, also known as Renaissance Humanism, was an intellectual movement embraced by
scholars, writers, and civic leaders in 14th- and early-15th-century Italy. ... Humanism introduced a
 36

program to revive the cultural—and particularly the literary—legacy and moral philosophy of classical
antiquity.
What does humanism mean in the Renaissance?
1) A system of thought that focuses on humans and their values, capacities, and worth.
2)  Humanism A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human
potential to attain excellence and promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical
Greece and Rome.
In general, Renaissance Humanism was the study of ancient Greek and Roman texts with the goal
of promoting new norms and values in society. These norms and views varied from those at the time
because they focused less heavily on a religious worldview.
Renaissance humanism was neither a philosophy nor an ideology. It reflected no fixed position
towards religion, the state, or society. Rather it was a cultural movement centred on rhetoric, literature and
history. Its leading protagonists held jobs primarily as teachers of grammar and literature.
The great intellectual movement of Renaissance Italy was humanism. The humanists believed
that the Greek and Latin classics contained both all the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective
life and the best models for a powerful Latin style.
Renaissance Humanism began in the later 13th century when Europeans' hunger for studying
classical texts coincided with a desire to imitate those authors in style.  Humanism began to affect culture
and society and powered, in large part, what we now call the Renaissance.
Important during the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, Humanism played a major role in education. Humanists —proponents or
practitioners of Humanism during the Renaissance—believed that human beings could be dramatically
changed by education. The Humanists of the Renaissance created schools to teach their ideas and wrote
books all about education.
Humanism influence renaissance art
Humanism affected the artistic community and how artists were perceived. While medieval society
viewed artists as servants and craftspeople, Renaissance artists were trained intellectuals, and
their art reflected this newfound point of view.

The major characteristics of humanism in the Renaissance?

The four characteristics of humanism are curiosity, a free mind, belief in good taste, and belief in the
human race.
Some basic ideas of humanism
Humanism emphasizes human dignity and the love of nature. This philosophy sees humans solving
problems with rational thought and without the influence of secular or religious
institutions. Humanism supports individual liberty, as well as human rights and responsibility for
humankind and the planet.
The 3 core values of the Renaissance period
Renaissance people had certain common values. Among them were humanism, individualism,
skepticism, well-roundedness, secularism, classicism and patronage. These values were reflected in
buildings, writing, painting, sculpture, and science. Every aspect of their lives!
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural
upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the
continent in the modern era.
The Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major
branches of Christianity. The Reformation led to the reformulation of certain basic tenets of Christian
belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the
new Protestant traditions.

C. PHILOSOPHERS IN RENNAISANCE ERA

1) Thomas Hobbes
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is best known for his political thought, and
deservedly so. ... His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live
together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict.
What is Thomas Hobbes theory?
Throughout his life, Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was the
absolute monarchy. He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan. This belief stemmed
from the central tenet of Hobbes' natural philosophy that human beings are, at their core, selfish creatures.
What was Thomas Hobbes view on human nature?
Hobbes believed that in man's natural state, moral ideas do not exist. Thus, in speaking of human
nature, he defines good simply as that which people desire and evil as that which they avoid, at least in the
state of nature. Hobbes uses these definitions as bases for explaining a variety of emotions and behaviors.
 37

Thomas Hobbes left an everlasting influence on political thought. His idea of people being selfish
and brutal and his thoughts on the role of government led to more investigations such as by John Locke. ...
His social contract theory established that a government should serve and protect all the people in the
society.
What are the disadvantages of living in a time of war according to Hobbes?
Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. What are the disadvantages of living in a time of
war, according to Hobbes? ... In war there is no law; and where there is no law, there can be no injustice.
Why does Hobbes believe in a monarchy?
Because of Hobbes' pessimistic view of human nature, he believed the only form of government
strong enough to hold humanity's cruel impulses in check was absolute monarchy, where a king wielded
supreme and unchecked power over his subjects.
Does Hobbes believe in free will?
In short, the doctrine of Hobbes teaches that man is free in that he has the liberty to "do if he will" and
"to do what he wills" (as far as there are no external impediments concerning the action he intends), but he
is not "free to will", or to "choose his will".
2) John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical
researcher. Locke’s monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is one of the first
great defenses of modern empiricism and concerns itself with determining the limits of human
understanding in respect to a wide spectrum of topics
What did John Locke believe in?
Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish. ... In a natural state,
all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his "life, health, liberty,
or possessions."He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism,
and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government.
What is the big idea of John Locke?
Perhaps the most influential writtings came from English philosopher John Locke. He expressed
his view that government is obligated to serve the people, by protecting life, liberty, and property. Also, he
went about limiting power of the government. He favored representative government and a rule of law.
What was John Locke contribution to psychology?
John Locke introduced the concept of tabula rasa which is the belief that the mind is a 'blank slate'
at birth and we are formed and develop from our own experiences with the environment.
What are John Locke's 3 natural rights?
Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke said, are "life, liberty, and property." Locke believed that
the most basic human law of nature is the preservation of mankind. To serve that purpose, he reasoned,
individuals have both a right and a duty to preserve their own lives.
3) François-Marie d'Arouet (1694–1778), better known by his pen name Voltaire, was a French
writer and public activist who played a singular role in defining the eighteenth-century movement called
the Enlightenment. Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer. In his lifetime he published numerous
works, including books, plays, poems, and polemics. His most famous works included the fictitious Lettres
philosophiques (1734) and the satirical novel Candide (1759). Read more about Voltaire's most
famous novel, Candide.
What did Voltaire believe about government?
Like John Locke, whom he openly admired, Voltaire believed that the purpose of government was
to protect the liberties of the people. Religious liberty, freedom of the press, and the abolition of feudal
privileges were all cornerstones of Voltaire's political thought.
Why is the government established according to John Locke?
Everyone gains the security of knowing that their rights to life, liberty, and property are
protected. According to Locke, the main purpose of government is to protect those natural rights that the
individual cannot effectively protect in a state of nature.
3) Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, generally referred to as
simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He is the principal
source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the
world.
Montesquieu was sent in 1700 to the Collège de Juilly, close to Paris, which provided a sound
education on enlightened and modern lines. He left Juilly in 1705, continued his studies at the faculty of
law at the University of Bordeaux, graduated, and became an advocate in 1708.

What was Montesquieu best known for?

French political philosopher Montesquieu was best known for The Spirit of Laws (1748), one of
the great works in the history of political theory and of jurisprudence. Among its influential arguments
were the classification of governments as republics, monarchies, or despotisms; the theory of the separation
of powers; and the political influence of climate.
 38

What was Montesquieu's idea of government?

Montesquieu wrote that the main purpose of government is to maintain law and order, political
liberty, and the property of the individual. Montesquieu opposed the absolute monarchy of his home
country and favored the English system as the best model of government.
4) Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin (26 June 1699 – 6 October 1777) was a French salon holder
who has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750–
1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of
her time.
Madame Geoffrin was born in Paris, in the year 1699. At a young age, she was orphaned, and lived
with her grandmother Madame Chemineau. Her grandmother encouraged self education and prepared
Geoffrin for the road ahead, especially responsibilty, which would later help her in the future when running
a salon. 
     Marie-Thérèse later  got married to fifty year old Pierre Francois Geoffrin on July 9, 1713, making
her Madame Geoffrin. Peirre was a colonel of the National Guard. She gave birth to two children, one girl,
the future Marquise de la Ferté Imbault, and a son who died at the age of 10.  Unfortunately, he passed
away in the year of 1750. The years following his death was when Madame Geoffrin started becoming an
active Parisian citizen, at the age of 50. She is best known for her nickname "The woman of the Salon",
because she was an French Enlightenment Salonnierre. A salonnierre, at that time, was a host of salons.
Saloons were buildings were French Enlightenment thinkers could gather and exchange intellectual ideas.
On Mondays and Wednesdays, artists, thinkers, philosophes, musicians, and writers gathered at her  rue
Saint-Honoréin home in Paris. 
She is significant in European history for two things:
For being recognized to support the influential era of the Enlightenment
demonstrates the importance of 18th century women
She was so famous, she was even seen writing letters back and forth to Catherine The Great and Voltaire
5) Abigail Adams (née Smith; November 22, [O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was
the wife and closest advisor of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams.
What is Abigail Adams best known for?
Hailed for her now-famous admonition that the Founding Fathers “remember the ladies” in their
new laws, Abigail Adams was not only an early advocate for women's rights, she was a vital confidant and
advisor to her husband John Adams, the nation's second president. She opposed slavery and supported
women's education.
Abigail Smith Adams wasn't just the strongest female voice in the American Revolution; she was a
key political advisor to her husband and became the first First Lady to live in what would become the
White House. .heir first child Abigail Amelia (Nabby) was born the following year.
How did Abigail Adams change the world?
Abigail Adams was one of the first advocates of women's equal education and women's property
rights. Adams had strong feelings about marriage and believed women should take more part in decisions
rather than simply serve their husbands. ... Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the
Husbands.
6) Olympe de Gouges (French: [olɛp̃ də ɡuʒ] ( listen); 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793), born
Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and
abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the
early 1780s.
Olympe De Gouges was known as a revolutionary for women's rights in the French Revolution.
Her ambition to fight sparked when she was unhappy about how women were treated in Pre revolution
France. These Women help paved the way for natural rights and equality for women in society during
the Enlightenment eras.
HOW DID Olympe de Gouges fight for women's rights?
Revolutionary feminist Olympe De Gouges in the race for a place in France's Panthéon. She
fought to give women the right to divorce. She campaigned for civil partnerships and against slavery. She
was a passionate feminist who died for her ideals – and all this in the late 18th century.
 39

Activity 7: General Instructions:

After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module, you are required to prepare the
following activities.
Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
Screenshot the output, then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you may opt to
submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana, 11,
double space, 1” on all sides)
Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________
A. Fill In The Blanks. Complete the correct thoughts of the statements be;low by filling in the blanks
with the appropriate word or words.
___________________1. A change in outlook among many educated Europeans.(enlightenment,
renaissance)
___________________2. They used logic and observation to understand the world. (true, false)
___________________3.It is a doubt as to the truth of something. (skepticism, rationalism)
___________________4. He wrote that people were driven by a never ending desire for
power.(Voltaire, Hobbes)
___________________5. A person who serves the church.(clergyman ,deist)
___________________6. A book published by Hobbes which stated that all humans being as
naturally self, greedy, and cruel. (Two Treatises of Government,
Leviathan)
___________________7. The Book “Spirit of Laws” was published by a Philosopher named
(Geoffrin, Montesquieu)
___________________8. Father of liberalism.(Voltaire, Locke)
___________________9. He wrote the book “Candide” (Voltaire, Locke)
__________________10. The basic idea that the world made by GOD must be the best of all
possible worlds.(Candide, Gouges)
B. Below were some of the philosophers in Renaissance period. Write their published book and the
main idea of their book.
1) Thomas Hobbes
2) John Locke
3) Charles Louis de Secondat
4) Francois – Marie Arouet
5) Baron de Montesquie
C. True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F it is false in the space provided.
______1) The Spirit of laws was the idea of the separation of powers.
______2) Rousseau supported the Encyclopaedists.
______3) John Locke was locked to freedom, natural rights, and right to life.
______4) Age of enlightenment emphasized science over superstition and religion.
______5) Many Enlightenment intellectuals believed that history was the story of inevitable
Human progress.
______6) Most renaissance thinkers supported equal rights for woman.
______7) Cesare Beccaria’s 1764 work, on Crimes and Punishment, advocated that criminal
activity and other aspects of modern life should be subject to reason and natural law.
______8) Immanuel Kant, an advocate of both the virtues of education and the march of human
progress during the enlightenment, argued that women should be granted the same
educational opportunities as men.
______9) Scientific inquiry was financed solely by the governments of Europe.
______10) One of Voltaire’s major patrons was the French government.
 40

MODULE 8
THE INFORMATION AGE
OVERVIEW: Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically advanced-
these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how information could be transferred
or shared quickly. The different areas of society have been influenced tremendously such as
communication, economics, industry, health, and the environment. Despite our gains due to the
growing development of information technology, the rapid upgrade of information also has
disadvantages. This lesson will discuss the history and impact of technological advancements to
society. Life is accompanied by endless transmission of information that takes place within and
outside the human body. According to Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary,
information is “knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstance.”
Hence, information is a very important tool for survival.

Objectives: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1) Define Information Age;

2) Discuss the history of Information Age;
3) Understand the factors that need to be considered in checking website sources.

A. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AGE

The information age is defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of the 20 th century
when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through the
management of information by computers and computer networks (Vocabulary.com, n.d). The
means of conveying symbolic information (e.g., writing math, other codes) among humans has
evolved with increasing speed. The Information Age is also called the Digital Age and the New
Media Age because it was associated with the development of computers.

According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982,
“the Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via
telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real – time and as needed
basis.

B. HISTORY AND EMERGENCE OF THE INFORMATION AGE (United States

American History, n.d.)

Table 7.1 Timeline of the Information Age

Year Event
3000 BC Sumerian writing system used pictographs to represent words
2900 BC Beginning of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
1300 BC Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing were used
500 BC Papyrus roll was used
22BC Chinese small seal writing was developed
100AD Book (parchment codex)
105AD Woodblock printing and paper was invented by the Chinese
1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press using movable metal type
1755 Samuel Johnson’s dictionary standardized English spelling
1802  The library of Congress was established
 Invention of the carbon are lamp
1824 Research on persistence of vision published
1830s  First viable design for a digital computer
 Augusta Lady Byron writes the world’s first computer program
 41

1837 Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain and the United States
1861 Motion picture were projected onto a screen
1876 Dewey Decimal system was introduced
1877 Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-speed photography
1899 First magnetic recordings were released
1902 Motion picture special effects were used
1906 Lee DeForest invented the electronic amplifying tube (triode)
1923 Television camera tube was invented by Zvorkyn
1926 First practical sound movie
1939 Regularly scheduled television broadcasting began in the US
1940s Beginnings of information science as a discipline
1945 Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext
1946 ENIAC computer was developed
1948 Birth of field-of-information theory proposed by Claude E. Shannon
1957 Planar transistor was developed by Jean Hoerni
1958 First integrated circuit
1960s Library of Congress developed LC MARC (machine-readable code)
1969 UNIX operating system was developed, which could handle multitasking
1971 Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip
1972 Optical laserdisc was developed by Philip and MCA
1974 MCA and Philip agreed on a standard videodisc encoding format
1975 Altair Microcomputer Kit was released: first personal computer for the public
1977 RadioShack introduced the first complete personal computer
1984 Apple Macintosh computer was introduced
Mid 1980s Artificial intelligence was separated from information science
1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson recipe box metaphor
1991 Four Hundred fifty complete works of literature on one CD-ROM was
released
January 1997 RSA (encryption and network security software) Internet security code
cracked for a 48-bit number

 Evolution of Man and Information

As man evolved, information and its dissemination has also evolved in many ways.
Eventually, we no longer kept them to ourselves; instead, we share them and manage them in
different means. Information got ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were unprepared to
handle. Because of the abundance of information, it was difficult to collect and manage them
starting in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, real angst set in. Richard Wurman called it
“Information Anxiety “. In the 1990s, information became the currency in the business world.
Information was the preferred medium of exchange and the information managers served as
information officers.
In his article “Truths of the Information Age” (n. d.) Robert Harris detailed some fact on the Information
Age.
1) Information must complete. There is a need for information to stand out and be recognized in
the increasing clutter.
2) Newer is equated with truer. We forgot the truth that any fact or value can endure.
3) Selection is a viewpoint. Choose multiple sources for your information if you want to receive a
more balanced view of reality.
4) The media sell what the culture buys. In other words, information is driven by cultural the
priorities.
5) The early word gets the perm. The first media channel to expose an issue often defines the
context, terms, and attitudes surrounding it.
6) You are what you eat and so is your brain. Do not conclude unless all ideas and information
are presented to you.
 42

7) Anything in great demand will be counterfeited. The demand for incredible knowledge,
scandals, and secrets is ever-present; hence, many even are fabricated by tabloids, publicists, or
other agents of information fraud.
8) Ideas are seen as controversial. It is almost certainly impossible to make any assertion that will
not find some supporters and some detractors.
9) Undead information walks ever on. Rumors, lies, disinformation, and gossips never truly die
down. They persist and continue to circulate.
10) Media presence creates the story. People behave much differently from the way they would if
being filmed when the media are present, specially film news or television media.
11) The medium selects the message. Television is mainly pictorial, partially aural, and slightly
textual, so visual stories are emphasized: fires, chases, and disasters.
12) The whole truth is a pursuit. The information that reaches us is usually selected, verbally
charged, filtered, slanted, and sometimes, fabricated. What is neglected is often even more
Important that what is included.

C. IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER

Computers are among the most important contributions of advances in the Information Age to
society. A computer is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on a
program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to a problem (UShistory.org, 2017).
 Types of Computer

Computers are associated with numerous terms and descriptions. Most people suggest the
dimensions, intended use, or the computer’s power. While the term “Computer” can apply to virtually any
device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from
the user through a mouse (hand-guided directions tool) or keyboard, processes it in some fashion, and
presents the result on a screen.
1) Personal Computer (PC)
It is a single – user instrument. PCs were first known as microcomputers since they were a
complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems operated by most businesses.
2) Desktop Computer
It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability. The assumption with a desktop is that it
will be set up in a permanent spot. A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a more powerful
processor, additional memory, and enhanced capabilities for performing special group of tasks.
3) Laptops
These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of desktop computers that integrate the
essentials of a desktop computer in a battery – powered package, which are somewhat larger than a typical
hardcover book. They are commonly called notebooks.
4) Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
These are tightly integrated computers that usually have no keyboards but rely on a touch screen
for use input. PDAs are typically smaller than a paperback, lightweight, and battery-powered
(UShistory.org, 2017).
5) Server
It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network services to other computers.
Servers usually boast powerful processors, tons of memory, and large hard drives (UShistory.org.2017).
6) Mainframes
These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire room. They are used especially by large
firms to describe the large, expensive machines that process millions of transactions everyday. The term
“mainframe” has been relaced by enterprise server. Although some supercomputers are single computer
systems, most comprise multiple, high – performance, parallel computers working as a single system
(UShistory.org.2017).
7) Wearable Computers
They involve materials that are usually integrated into cell phones, watches, and other small
objects or places. They perform common computer applications such as databases, email, multimedia, and
schedulers (UShistory.org.2017).

D. THE WORLD WIDE WEB (Internet)

Several historians trace the origin of the internet to Claude E. Shannon, an American
Mathematician who was considered as the “Father of Information Theory.” He worked at Bell
Laboratories and at the age 32, he published a paper proposing that information can be quantitatively
encoded as a sequence of ones and zeroes.
 43

The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data transmission
among innumerable computers. It was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In the
early days, the internet was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The internet
remained under government control until 1984 (Rouse, 2014).
One early problem faced by Internet users was speed. Phone lines could only transmit information
at a limited rate. The development of fiber-optic cables allowed for billions of bits of information to be
received every minute. Companies like Intel developed faster microprocessors so personal computers could
process the incoming signals at a more rapid rate (UShistory.org.2017).
Application of Computer in Science and Research
One of the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident in the field of
bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to store, organize, and analyse
vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins-the
building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids-the information carrier (Madan, n.d.)
Early interest of bioinformatics was established because of need to create databases of biological
sequences. The human brain cannot store all the genetic sequences of organisms and this huge amount of
data can only be stored, analysed, and be used efficiently with the use of computers.
While the initial databases of protein sequence were maintained at individual laboratories, the
development of a consolidated formal database, known as SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, was
initiated in 1986. It now has about 70,000 protein sequences from more than 5,000 model organisms, a
small fraction of all known organisms. The enormous variety of divergent data resources is now available
for study and research by both academic institutions and industries. There are made available as public
domain information in the larger interest of research community through the Internet
(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and CD-ROMs (on request from www.rcsb.org). These databases are constantly
updated with additional entries (Madan, nd.)
Computers and software tools are widely used for generating these databases and to identify the
function of proteins, model the structure of proteins, determine the coding (useful) regions of nucleic acid
sequences, find suitable drug compounds from a large pool, and optimize the drug development process by
predicting possible targets. Some of the software tools which are handy in the analysis included: BLAST
(used for comparing sequences); Annotator (an interactive genome analysis tool); and GeneFinder (tool to
identify coding regions and splice sites) (Madan, n.d).
How to Check the Realiability of Web Sources
The Internet contains a vast collection of highly valuable information but it may also contain
unreliable, based information that mislead people. The following guidelines can help us the realiability of
web sources that we gather. It is noteworthy to consider and apply the following guidelines to avoid
misinformation. (Lee College Library, n.d.)
Who is the author of the article/site?
How to find out?
Look for an “About” or More About the Author” link at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the webpage. Some
pages will have a corporate author rather than a single person as an author. If no information about the
author(s) of the page is provided, be suspicious.
Does the author provide his or her credentials?
What type of expertise does he or she on the subject he or she is writing about? Does he or she indicate
what his or her education is?
What type of experience does he or she here? Should you trust his or her knowledge of the subject?
Try searching on the Internet for information about the author.
What kinds of websites are associated with any educational institution?
Do commercial sites come up? Do the websites associated with the author give you any clues to particular
biases the author might have?
Who published the sites?
How to find out?
Look at the domain name of the website that will tell you who is hosting the site. For instance, the Lee
College Library website is: http://www.lee.edu/library. The domain name is “lee.edu”. This tells you that
the library website is hosted by Lee College.
Search the domain name at http:// www.whois.sc/. The site provides information about the owners of
registered domain names. What is the organization’s main purpose? Check the organization’s main
website, if it has one. Is it educational? Commercial? Is it reputable organization?
Do not ignore the suffix on the domain name (the three-letter part that comes after the “.”). the suffix is
usually (but not always) descriptive of what type of entity host the website. Keep in mind that it is possible
for sites to obtain suffixes that are misleading. Here are some examples:

Who is .edu = educational

.com = commercial
 44

.mil = military
.gov = government
.org = non-profit
What is the main purpose of the site? Why did the author write it and why did the publisher post it?
To sell a product?
As a personal hobby?
To further scholarship on a topic?
To provide general information on a topic?
To persuade you of a particular point of view?
Who is the intended audience?
Scholars or the general public?
Which age group is it written for?
Is it aimed at people from a particular geographic area?
Is it aimed at members of a particular profession or with specific training?
What is the quality of information provided on the website?
Timeless: When was the website first published? Is it regularly updated? Check for dates at the bottom of
each page on the site.
Does the author cite sources? Just as in print sources, web sources that cite their sources are considered
more reliable.
What type of other sites does the website link to? Are they reputable sites?
What types of sites link to the website you are evaluating? Is the website being cited by others?

Example of Useful and Reliable Web Sources

AFA e-Newsletter (Alzheimer’s Foundation of America newsletter)
American Memory- the Library of Congress historical digital collection.
Bartleby.com Great Books Online- a collection of free e-books including fictions, nonfictictions,
references, and verses.
Chronicling American- search and view pages from American newspapers from 1880-1922.
Cyber Bullying- a free collection of e-books from ebrary plus additional reports and documents to help
better understand, prevent and take action against this growing concern.
Drug information websites:
National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus
Drug.com
PDRhealth
Global Gateway: World Culture & Resources (from the Library of Congress)
Google Books
Google scholar.com
History sites with primary documents:
AMDOCS: Documents for the study of American history
Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy (Yale Law School)
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Colonial Latin America
Teacher Oz’s Kingdom of History

Illinois Digital Archives- the Illinois State Library working with libraries, museums, and historical
societies in Illinois provides this collection of materials related to Illinois history.
Internet Archive- a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital from.
Internet Archive for CARLI digitized resources
Internet Public Library
ipl2- a merge of Librarians ‘Internet Index and Internet Public Library. Special interest may include the
“Literary Criticisms ” page which can be found after clicking on the “Special Collection” link.
Librarians’ Internet Index
Making of America- a digital library of primary sources in American social history
Maps – from the University of Texas at Austin collection. Includes historical and thematic maps.
 45

Activity 8: General Instructions:

After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required to prepare the
following activities.
Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you may opt to
submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana, 11,
double space, 1” on all sides)
Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________
A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.
______1. The information age is defined as a
A. A period in the first quarter of the 19th century.
B. A period in the second quarter of the 19th century.
C. A period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century.
D. A period starting in the last first quarter of the 20th century.
_____2. The Information Age is also called the
A. Digital Age and the New Media Age C. Network and internet age.
B. Computer age and digital Media age D. NOTA
_____3. He proposed the Theory of Information Age in 1982
A. James R. Messenger C. James S. Messenger
B. James T. Messenger D. James D. Messenger
_____4. He said that the information has been an angst in the society so he called it “Information
Anxiety “..
A. Richard Wurman B. James Wurman C. Rex Wurman D. Roger Wurman
_____5. It was the preferred medium of exchange and the information managers served as
information officers.
A. communication B. computer C. information D. media
______6. It is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on a
program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to a problem.
A. communication B. computer C. information D. media
______7.It can apply to virtually to any device that has a microprocessor in it through a mouse (hand-
guided directions tool) or keyboard, processes it in some fashion, and presents the result on
a screen.
A. communication B. computer C. information D. media
______8. It is a single – user instrument and first known as microcomputers since they
were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems
operated by most businesses.
A. laptops B. desktop computer C. personal computer D. tablets
______9. It is described as a PC that is not designed for portability,that has a more powerful
processor, additional memory, and enhanced capabilities for performing special group
of tasks.
A. laptops B. desktop computer C. personal computer D. tablets
______10. These are portable computers that integrate the essentials of desktop computers that
integrate the essentials of a desktop computer in a battery – powered package, which
are somewhat larger than a typical hardcover book.
A. laptops B. desktop computer C. personal computer D. tablets
______11. They are commonly called notebooks.
A. laptops B. desktop computer C. personal computer D. tablets
______12. These are tightly integrated computers that usually have no keyboards but rely on a
touch screen for use input.
A. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) C. Mainframes
B. Server D. tablets
______13. It refers to a computer that has been improved to provide network services to other
computers.
A. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) C. Mainframes
B. Server D. tablets
_______14. These are huge computer systems that can fill an entire room. They are used
especially by large firms to describe the large, expensive machines that process
millions of transactions everyday.
 46

A. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) C. Mainframes

B. Wearable Computers D. tablets
________15. They involve materials that are usually integrated into cell phones, watches, and other small
objects or places.
A. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) C. Mainframes
B. Wearable Computers D. tablets
B. Word Find: Read and analyse each statement carefully and identify what is needed to complete
each statement. Write your answers on the spaces provides in each item, then find your answers
from the box.
Bioinformatics human brains SWISS-PROT software BLAST
Claude E. Shannon encoded internet phone lines fiber- optic Bill Gates

1) _______________ an American Mathematician who was considered as the “Father of Information

Theory.”
2) He published a paper proposing that information can be quantitatively ________________as a sequence
of ones and zeroes.
3) The _________________ is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data
transmission among innumerable computers.
4) _____________________ could only transmit information at a limited rate.
5) The development of ___________________ cables allowed for billions of bits of information to be
received every minute.
6) ____________________________is the application of information technology to store, organize, and
analyse vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences and structures of
proteins-the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids.
7) The ________________________ cannot store all the genetic sequences of organisms and this huge
amount of data can only be stored, analysed, and be used efficiently with the use of computers.
8) The development of a consolidated formal database, known as __________________ protein sequence
database, was initiated in 1986.
9) Computers and _________________ software tools are widely used for generating these databases and
to identify the function of proteins, model the structure of proteins.
10) Some of the software tools which are handy in the analysis included:_______________ (used for
comparing sequences.
C. Enumeration: Enumerate the following:
1-4 History sites with primary documents.
5-7 Drug information websites.
8 – 17 Example of useful and reliable web sources.
18 - 20 Software tools which are handy in the analysis.

MODULE 9
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS SCIENCE, HEALTH,
AND POLITICS
OVERVIEW:

In 2001, Rosalie Ellasus, a former overseas Filipino worker in Singapore turned farmer,
attended the Integrated Pest Management – Farmers Field School and was introduced to Bt Corn,
a genetically modified corn that is resistant to the destructive Asian corn borer. Ms. Ellasus
volunteered for demo-testing in her field. Bt Corn yielded 7.2 tons per acre as compared to a
regular yield of 4.2 tons per hectare. No insecticide spraying was needed. This is one of the
success stories of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Ongkiko, 2016).

Objectives: At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1) Know the history of genetically modified organisms (GMOs);
2) Discuss the benefits of GMOs;
3) Distinguish the potential human health risks caused by GMOs; and
 47

3) Create a research paper on the impact of GMOs in the Philippine context.

A. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM

Genetic engineering has been with the human society since selective breeding was
introduced to humankind and when animals were domesticated. Yet, the process of genetic
alterations is all but natural.
It was in 1951 that the term genetic engineering was coined by Jack Williamson, author of
the science fiction novel Dragon’s Island (Stableford 2004). This was years before actual research
findings on the DNA’s role in heredity and its structure, the double –helix of Watson and Crick,
were published. Through continuous search for development, genetic engineering no longer
stayed in science fiction novel.
Genetically modified organism (GMO) is the term used for an organism created through
genetic engineering. The World health Organization (WHO, 2014) defines GMO as an “organism,
plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way
that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination”. Below is a diagram of how
bacterial gene is introduced through genetic engineering to plant cells and tissues to develop and
breed a genetically modified plant.

Figure 9.1 The Genetic Engineering Process on a Plant

 GMOSs in Food and Agricultural Industries

The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH, 2013) identified the following roles
of GMOs in the food and agricultural industries:
1) Pest resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain pests. An example is Bt Corn. The DNA
(genome) of the Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium
that produces proteins which is toxic to corn borers (worms).
2) Virus resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses. An example is GM papaya or
rainbow papaya. The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is know to be detrimental to papaya plants. The
protein of PRSV was introduced to the papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to be
resistant to the virus itsel. The effect was like the vaccines humans have against measles or influenza
virus.
3) Herbicide tolerance – genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide. An example is Roundup Ready
soybean. Glyphosate, a herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the
herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybeans.
4) Fortification – genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals. An example is Golden Rice,
Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making
the rice grains fortified with vitamin A.
5) Cosmetic preservation – genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration. An example is Arctic
Apple. The apple variety was genetically modified to suppress the browning of apple due to superficial
damage.
6) Increase growth rate – a genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth than normal
Species. An example is Aqua Advantage salmon. A gene from an ocean pout, an eel-like fish was
introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grows faster than its normal rate.

 GMOs in Non-food crops and some Microorganisms involve the following:

1) Flower production – GMOs in flower production are seen in modified color and extended vase life of
flowers. Examples are Blue Roses. The so-called “blue” roses, which are in reality, lilac or puple,
 48

contained cynanidin 3,5-diglucoside, together with large amounts of flavonols.

2) Paper Production – modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production. Examples
are poplar trees. Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that is removed from wood to make paper
through kraft process, through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the lignin
structure is modified, making lignin easier to breakdown.
3) Pharmaceutical productions – modified plants to produce pharmaceutical products.Examples are
periwinkle plants. Bacterial genes were added to the periwinkle plant to enhance the production of
vinblastine, an alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments like Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
4) Bioremediation – use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of polluted sites. An
example is shrub tobacco. Nicotiana glauca, or shrub tobacco genetically modified with phytochelatin
TAPCSII, is used for bioremediation. It shows high level accumulationof zinc, lead,cadmium,nickel,
and boron and produces high biomass.
5. Enzyme and drug production – use of modified microorganisms that can produce enzymes for food
processing and medicines. One example of this is CGTase. Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase
(CGTase), an enzyme used for food flavour enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacterium
Bacillus which was genetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic anaerobe.
6. GMOs in the medical field- genetic engineering is playing a significant role from diagnosis to
treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory
researches. One classic example is Humulin, the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes
patients who are insulin-dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the pancreases of pigs and
cows that have caused allergic, reactions to some diabetics using it. In 1978, researchers from the City
of Hope National Medical Center and Genentech Biotechnology Company were able to produce human
insulin. The gene for insulin was inserted to bacterial DNA that was able to produce almost exactly the
same human insulin. In 1996, modified human insulin was approved, called the Humalog.

B. BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMOs)

Studies show some of the potential benefits of GMOs:
1) Higher efficiency in farming- with the use of pesticide-resistant/herbicide-tolerant GMO crops, there
will be less use for herbicide/pesticides, and the lower cost for labor and cultivation.
2) Increase in harvest-GMO crops resistant to pests and diseases means increase in potential growth and
harvest.
3) Control in fertility- controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds (GMO seeds) ensures higher yields.
4) Increase in food processing- altered characteristics of GMO crops help ease food processing.
5) Improvement of desirable characteristics- GMOs offer longer shelf life, enhanced color and taste,
enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and other modified characteristics of plants, animals,
and microorganisms.
6) Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement- GMO crops like maize fortified with lysine and Golden
Rice fortified with vitamin A and iron. There are now edible vaccines for viral and diarrheal diseases.
7) Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides.

 Potential Risks of GMOs

Opponents of GMOs have the following major concerns:
1) Since genetic engineering is still a young branch of science, there are inadequate studies on the effects
of GMOs to humans and the environment.
2) Genetic engineering promotes mutation in organisms which the long term effect is still unknown.
3) Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
a. More allergic reactions- GMO food may trigger more allergic reactions, more so create new
ones, as side effect of the gene alteration.
b. Gene mutation-GMO food may develop abnormalities and mutation, more than the desired
product of the gene alteration.
c. Antibiotic resistance-GMO food contains antibiotic-resistant genes; this may cause disease-
causing bacteria likely to be more antibiotic-resistant too, increasing the possibility of
widespread of the disease.
d. Nutritional value-GMO food may have changed their nutritional value.

 Potential Environmental Risks Caused By GMOs

Karki (2006) summarized the perceived potential environmental risks caused by GMOs. The identified
major risks are the following:

1) Risk in gene flow- there is potential risk of the modified gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to
its wild relative or organism in the soil and human intestine (when ingested). For example, a decaying
 49

GMO plant could possibly transfer the modified gene to the bacteria and fungi in the soil. Bacteria and
fungi are capable of using a genetic material from their surroundings. There are no studies yet on the
effects of the absorbed modified gene to the other organisms.
2) Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems-GMO crops resistant to
certain pesticides many trigger new form of pest resistance while GMO herbicide-tolerant crops may
lead to the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form of weed resistance.
3) Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens-the modified gene can be transferred
and integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or
mutation. This living modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that may affect other
organisms including human beings.

Other direct and indirect environmental risks caused by GMOs (Molfino & Zucco 2008)
1) Direct environmental risk are:
a. Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of the natural communities
through competition or interference;
b. The possibility of unexpected behaviour of the GMOs in the environment if it escapes its intended use
and may post treats or become pest;
c. May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical
cycles; and
d. the persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impacts to the consumer of
GMO products.

2) Indirect environmental risks are:

a. Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such
as evolution of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
b. May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices; and
c. May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural
environment.

C. POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH RISKS CAUSED BY GMOs

Some potential human health risks are identified (Akhter, 2001), such as:
a. Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced;
b. Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the human digestive
system;
c. Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
d. Production of allergens may have adverse effects on humans.
Worldwide, there are many groups that campaign against GMO food consumption. They
encourage people to boycott GMO products and to be vigilant in checking if the food they buy has GMO
ingredients.

 Other potential risks that raise major concern are:

a. Human Genome Project (HGP)- Mapping of human genes to provide framework for research and
studies in the field of medicine.
b. Mutation of genetically engineered microorganisms- Genetically modified bacteria and viruses may
mutate to become more resistant or virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings
c. Cloning- The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through genetic engineering. In
February 24, 1997, the first mammal, Dolly, a sheep from Scotland, was born through cloning.

 Biosafety on GMOs
There are initiatives for the protection of the general human population regarding the issues and concerns
about GMOs.
a. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
together with the World Health Organization (WHO) created the Codex Alimentarius Commission
(Codex).
b. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Established in 2003, Cartagena Protocol is an international
environmental treaty that regulates the transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms
(LMOs).
c. International Trade Agreement on labelling of GM food and food products. The agreement requires
 50

exporters of GM food and food products to label their products and give rights to importing parties to
reject or accept the GM products.

 GMOs in Philippines Context

Introduction of GMOs in our country created issues and controversies similar to other countries
with GMOs. There are, of course proponents and opponents of these issues.From December 2002 to
present, there are 70 GMO applications approved by the Department of Agriculture for the release to the
environment, 62 GMOs of which are approved for food feed and processing and the remaining 8 were
approved for propagation (Aruelo, 2016)
In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International Service for acquisition of agri-biotech
applications as one of the fourteen biotech-mega countries which grow 50,000 hectares or more of GMO
crops annually (James, 2004). In that same year, Senator Juan Flavier authored a bill on the mandatory
labeling of food products with GMOs.
In 2006, the Philippines became part of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. In the same year,
Executive Order No. 514 was issued to address the biosafety requirements of the Cartagena Protocol and
the establishment of the National Biosafety Framework (NBF).

Activity 9: General Instructions:

5. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required to
prepare the following activities.
6. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
7. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you
may opt to submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
8. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana,
11, double space, 1” on all sides)
Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and complete the correct the correct thought of each
statement by writing the CAPITAL LETTER corresponding to your answer on the space before each item.
Should answers not be found from the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.
_______1.A genetically modified corn that is resistant to the destructive Asian corn borer.
A. Xt Corn B. Yt Corn C. Bt Cprn D. At Corn
_______2. Bt Corn yielded more than regular yield which is
A. 4.2 tons/acre B. 6.2 tons/acre C. 7.2 tons/acre D. 5.2 tons/acre
_______3. It has been with the human society since selective breeding was introduced to humankind and
when animals were domesticated.
A. Genetic Engineering B. Agriculture C. GMO’s D. OTA
_______4. He was the author of the Science fiction novel” Dragon’s Island”.
A. Jackson Williamson B. Jack William C. Johnston William D. Jonson Williamson
_______5. Antibiotic –resistant bacteria was created in 1973.
A. E. Coli B. Pathogen C. Baccili D. Lactobacilli
_______6. Genetically modified male mosquitoes as pest control over female mosquitoes carriers.
A. Antibiotic-resistant A. Coli C. Antibiotic-resistant C. Coli
B. Antibiotic- resistant B. Coli D. . Antibiotic-resistant E. Coli
_______7. Female mosquito carriers.
A. Encephalitis B. Malaria C. Zika virus D. Yellow fever
_______8. It is a term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.
A. Agricultural modified organism World Health Organization
B. Biotechnology D. Genetically Modified Organism
______9. Genetically modified plants to resist certain pests.
A. Pest resistance B. Virus resistance C. herbicide tolerance D. Fortification
______10. Genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses.
A. Pest resistance B. Virus resistance C. herbicide tolerance D. Fortification
______11. Genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
A. Pest resistance B. Virus resistance C. herbicide tolerance D. Fortification
______12. Genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals.
A. Pest resistance B. Virus resistance C. herbicide tolerance D. Fortification
 51

______13. Genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration.

A. Flower production B. eel-like fish C. Arctic Apple D. Golden rice
______14. A genetically modified organism that has higher yielded in growth than normal species.
A. cosmetic preservation B. Increase growth rate C. Fortification
______15. Modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production.
A. Flower production C. Pharmaceutical productions
B. Paper production D. Bioremediation
B. Essay type: Explain the following:
1. How would you reconcile the advantages and disadvantages that GMOs bring to humans?

2. When do you think should the pursuit of GMOs research stop?

3. Is genetic engineering a pure scientific process or it is indeed as act of humans playing like God?

C. Agree or Disagree. Discuss the topics below according to your opinions. Prepare pointers for your
discussion.
a. Use of genetically modified milk from animals for human baby consumption.

b. Economic concerns over moral issues on GM food and food products.

D. Research Work. Write an individual research paper on the impacts of GMOs on one of the following
topics.

a. Golden Rice of the International Rice Research Institute.

b. Genetically modified organism produced by Philippine researchers.

c. Issues on Philippine biosafety policies.

 52

MODULE 10
NANO WORLD
OVERVIEW:

Nanoworld of Science and Technology has emerged as a significant interest for governments,
industries, and academicians. The two terms used in the literature with reference to the world of nano
materials are nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanoscience refers to the scientific study of materials of
nanometer size, and is a combination of developments in solid state chemistry, synthetic chemistry,
molecular biology, solid state physics and engineering, and scanning tunneling microscopy.
Nanotechnology refers to various technologies to produce materials of extra high precision and
dimensions on the scale of one-billionth of a meter. It implies the ability to generate and utilize structures,
components, and devices with a size range from about 0.1nm to about 100nm. Nano world is a highly
integrated and extensively broad area of research and development. The Royal Society and The Royal
Academy of Engineering have categorized Nano science into Nano scale in one dimension; nanoscale in
two dimensions; and nanoscale in three dimensions.

Objectives: At the end of this module the students should be able to:

1) Define nanotechnology;
2) Characterize nanoscale;
3) Describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
4) Discuss concerns on the use of nanotechnology;
5) Explain the status of the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines.

A. INTRODUCTION TO NANO WORLD

Scientific researchers have developed new technological tools that greatly improve different
aspects of our lives. The use of nanoscale is one important interdisciplinary are generated by advancement
in science and technology. Scientists and engineers were able to build materials with innovative properties
as they manipulate nanomaterial. Indeed, research and application of knowledge on nanomaterial will
continue to bring widespread implications in various areas of the society, especially health care,
environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture.
Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanscale,
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers (NNI,2017). Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the study and
application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science, engineering,
physics, biology, and chemistry.
The concepts of nanotechnology and Nano science started in Decemeber29,1959 when Physicists
Richard Feynman discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control individual atoms and
molecules in his talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom’ during the American Physical Society
meeting at the California Institute of Technology. The term “nanotechnology” was coined by professor
Norio Taniguchi a decade after the dawn of the use of ultra-precision machining.

B. Characteristics of Nano scale

How small is a Nanoscale?
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10 -9 of a meter. The illustration below shows how small
nanoscale is compared to other or materials.
 53

Figure 10.1 Specific Issues in Science, Technology, and Society

How to View Nanomaterials

Scientist use special types of microscopes to view minute’s nanomaterial. During the early 1930s,
scientists used electron microscopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. The scanning
tunnelling microscope and atomic force microscope are just among the modern and remarkable
advancements in microscopy.
1) Electrons microscope - German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope
during 1930s. This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimens and
develop a well –magnified image. Electron microscopes produce higher and better resolution than older
light microscopes because they can magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light
microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only.
2) Atomic force microscope (AFM) - It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph
Gerber in 1986. It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material.

Figure 10.2 Atomic Force Microscope

3) Scanning tunnelling microscope - This special type of microscope enables scientist to view and
manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won
the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention.

Nanomanufacturing - It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale

materials, structures, devices and systems. It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of
processes for the construction of materials.

Two Fundamental approaches to Nano manufacturing

1) Bottom-up fabrication
 54

It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components.

However, this method can be time consuming.
2) Top-down fabrication
It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of
materials and discards excess raw materials.
There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterial based from the application of principles in top-
down and bottom-up fabrication. These include:
1) Dip pen lithography
It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is” dipped” into a chemical fluid and
then utilized to “ write” on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper.
2) Self-assembly
It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in
the absence of an outside direction.
3) Chemical vapor deposition
It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-performance films.
4) Nano imprint lithography
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by “stamping” or “printing” them onto a surface.
5) Molecular beam epitaxy
It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films.
6) Roll-to-roll processing
It is high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal.
7) Atomic layer epitaxy
It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface
With the use of these techniques, nanomaterial are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent,
ultraviolet- or infrared-resistant, scratch-resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective,antifog,
antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others. The abovementioned characteristics lead to the manufacture of
the present variety of nanotechnology-enabled products such as tennis rackets and baseball bats to catalysts
foe purifying crude oil and ultrasensitive recognition and classification of biological and chemical toxins.

Figure 10.3 A Product of Nanomanufacturing: , approximately a 16 gauge wire

C. THE VARIOUS USES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology involves operating at a very small dimension and it allows scientists to make use
of the exceptional optical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological qualities of materials of that
small scale (NNI, 2017). The following are distinct features of nanoscale:
1) Scale at which much biology occurs.
Various activities of the cells take place at the nanoscale. The deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)serves
as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter.Furthermore, the hemolobin
that transports oxygen to the tissues throughout the body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.
An example of this is the bio-barcode assay, which is a fairly inexpensive approach for
identification of specific disease markers in the blood despite their small number in a particular specimen.
2) Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties of materials.
Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers have properties that are significantly discrete from
particles of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects direct the behaviour and properties of particles in this size
scale.
One example is the nanoscale gold, which is not only the yellow-colored element we are used to
seeing but it can also appear red or purple. Gold’s electrons display restricted motion in the nanoscale.
3) Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas than similar masses of larger-scale materials.
As we increase the surface area per mass of a particular material, a greater amount of the material
comes in contact with another material and can affect its reactivity.
If 1 cubic centimetre is filled with micrometer-sized cubes-trillion (1012) of them, each with a
surface area of 6 square micrometers- the total surface area amounts to 6 square meters , or about the area
of the main bathroom in an average house. When that single cubic centimetre of volume is filled with 1-
nanometer –sized cubes-1021 of them, each with an area of 6 square nanometers- their total surface area
comes to 6,000 square meters.
Figure 10.4 The Effect of the Increased Surface Area Provided by Nanostructured Materials.
 55

Government Funding for Nanotechnology in Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)

1) U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative-The best-known and most-funded program is the National
Nanotechnology Initiative of the United States. The NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate U.S.
federal.
2) European Commission - In February 2008, the EC officially launched the European
Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC).
3) Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the National Institute for Advances Industrial Science
and Technology,(AIST).
4) Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology).
5) India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foundation).
6) China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology).
7) Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative).
8) Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology).
9) Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology or NINT).
10) South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative)
11) Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTECH).
12) Malaysia (National [Malaysia] Nanotechnology Initiatives or NNI)
Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the Philippines
1) ICT and semiconductors
2) Health and medicine
3) Energy
4) Food and agriculture
5) Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines (funded by PCASTRD-DOST)
1) ICT and semiconductors
2) Health and biomedical
3) Energy
4) Environment
5) Agriculture and food
6) Health and environmental risk
7) Nano-metrology
8) Education and public awareness
Benefits and Concerns of Using Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology has various applications in different sectors of the society and environment.
Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005) proposed an initiative called “Addressing Global Challenges Using
Nanotechnology” to accelerate the use of nanotechnology to address critical sustainable development
challenges.
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become pervasive.
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific properties.
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms which may make some natural resources
and current practices uncompetitive or obsolete.
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has the specialist tools of nanotechnology.
Tables 1. Benefits and Concerns of the Application of Nanotechnology in Different Areas

Example of Areas Affected by Possible Benefits Concerns

Nanotechnology
Environment --Improved detection and removal --High reactivity and toxicity
of contaminants. --Pervasive distribution in the
--Development of benign industrial environment
processes and materials --No nano-specific EPA regulation

Health --Improved medicine --Ability to cross cell membranes

and translocate in the body
 56

--No FDA approval needed for

cosmetics or supplements
Economy --Better products --Redistribution of wealth
--New jobs --Potential cost of clean-ups and
healthcare
--Accessibility to all income levels

Activity 10: General Instructions:

1. After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module , you are required to
prepare the following activities.
2. Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.
3. Screenshot the output , then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you
may opt to submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
4. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana,
11, double space, 1” on all sides)

Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Read each statement carefully and complete the correct thought of each statement by choosing the
correct answer inscribed by a parenthesis in the space before each item. Should answers not be found from
the given choices, write the CAPITAL LETTER E.

____________________1. It is one important interdisciplinary area generated by advancement

of science and technology. (Nanoscale, nanosccience)
___________________2. It refers to the science, conducted at the nanoscale.(Nanotechnology,
nanoscience)
____________________3. He discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control
individual atoms and molecules.(Richard Fernman, Richard Feynman)
____________________4. This term was coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi a decade after the
dawn of the use of ultra-precision machining.
( Nanotechnology, Nano science)
____________________5. He discussed in his talked “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
( Richard Fernman, Richard Feynman)
____________________6. It is a billionth of a meter.( nanometer, nanodecimeter)
____________________7.This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a
specimen and develop a well-magnified image.
(field microscopes, electron microscopes)
____________________8. It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the
surface of a material.(AFM, ATM)
____________________9. A microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale
particles,atoms,and small molecules.(Scanner,nanometer)
___________________10. It leads to the development of new products and improved
materials.(Nanoindustrial, Nanomanufacturing)
___________________11. It manufactures products by building them up from atomic and molecular
scale components.(bottom-up,Top-down fabrication)
___________________12. It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale.
(bottom-up,Top-down fabrication)
___________________13.It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is dipped
into a chemical fluid and then utilized to write on a surface.
(Self-assembly, Dip pen lithography)
___________________14. It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by stamping or
printing.(Nano imprint lithography, Chemical vapour deposition)
___________________15.It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films.
(Roll-to-roll processing, atomic layer epitaxy))
_________________16. It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll
of ultrathin plastic or metal .(Roll-to-roll processing,atomic layer epitaxy)
_________________17.Particles selectively build up in tumors, where they permit both precise
imaging.(Nano scale gold, Nano scale silver)
_________________18.It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface.
 57

(Roll-to-roll processing,atomic layer epitaxy)

_________________19. It serves as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2 nm in
diameter.(RNA,DNA)
_________________20. It is a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in
the absence of an outside direction.(Individual assembly, self-assembly).
B. Enumerate the following:
21- 22 Modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy.

23-25 What are the view nanomaterials ?

C. Essay type: explain briefly the following.

1) What are nanomaterials and how are they made?

2) What are the factors that need to be considered before manufacturing materials through
nanotechnology?

3) What are the contributions of nanotechnology for the improvement and sustainability of our
environment?

D. Creative Work.

1) Illustrate or design a product or output that is made up of nanomaterials you want to create. Explain the
materials that make up your product, the steps involved for developing your product, and the specific use
of the final product. What is the significance of your output for the society?

2) Discuss the impact of nanotechnology in various aspects (health, environment, economy,

ethics) of the society.

MODULE 11
YOUTUBE INTERVIEW OF STEPHEN
COLBERT to Dr. NEIL de Grasse
TYSON
 58

OVERVIEW:

Stephen Colbert is a smart science fan and often features great science book authors and scientists
on his show, The Colbert Report. I also appreciate his funny takes on scientific topics such as tissue
engineered meat, the LHC and more.
Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson has appeared on The Colbert Report six times. What a boon
for the world of science that Colbert is willing to feature science and science personalities who will make
science seem enjoyable for the general public. Stephen Colbert, out of character from his show, interviews
Dr. Tyson at the Kimberley Academy in Montclair, New Jersey.
From the video interview of Dr. Neil de Grasse Tyson
Objectives: At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1) Know the magical importance of Science According to Neil Tyson;
2) Summarize the interview of Stephen Colberts to Dr. Neil Tyson;
3) Determine the common interest of Stephen Colbert and Neil Tyson

A. INTRODUCTION OF NEIL TYSON AND STEPHEN COLBERT

Stephen Tyrone Colbert ;Astrophysicist; A Canadian Author. He is a writer, producer, political

commentator, actor and television host. Host of the Colbert Report. The funniest aand the bravest
comedians of out time considering his performance on National Press Club in 2007. As he stood just a few
feet from the president of the United States which we all know the powerful man in the world.
Neil deGrasse Tyson is most famous for popularizing science with such books as The Pluto Files
(2009) and through his frequent appearances on television as a talk show guest or hosting his series about
science, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014). He is 61 years old (5 October 1958), 1.88 m in height.
Jon and his wife, Tracey Stewart, already turned their 12-acre farm into the New Jersey branch of Farm
Sanctuary. Then, in October 2016, they bought another farm – Hockson Farm in Colts Neck, New Jersey.
They actually decided to buy the sprawling 45-acre farm just to create this animal sanctuary
Tyson was accused of sexual misconduct. The American Museum of Natural History said he
would remain director of the Hayden Planetarium. Neil deGrasse Tyson, the astrophysicist who leads the
Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History, will keep his job, the institution said
on Thursday. Neil deGrasse Tyson Net Worth: Neil deGrasse Tyson is an American astrophysicist, author,
and science communicator who has a net worth of $5 million dollars. Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson was born
and raised in New York City where he was educated in the public schools clear through his graduation
from the Bronx High School of Science. Tyson went on to earn his BA in Physics from Harvard and
his PhD in Astrophysics from Columbia.
Stephen Colbert is an author, writer, producer, political commentator, actor and host. confirmed
his presidential ambitions on his October 16, 2007 show, stating his intention to run both on
the Republican and Democratic platforms, but only as a favourite son in his native South Carolina. He has
a gift for working successfully within the realms of research education and policy formation.
Astrophysics is a branch of space science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain
the birth, life and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae and other objects in the universe. It has two
sibling sciences, astronomy and cosmology, and the lines between them blur.
Astrophysicist – a person who study the physical and chemical properties and structures of stars,
planets and other objects in the outer space.

B. COMMON INTEREST OF STEPHEN COLBERT AND DR. NEIL TYSON

1) Share an overarching purpose to make sense of the world.

2) Strategy: They both look at the stars (human or heavenly) for evidence that how things work.
3) They share methods in their respective fields whether it is a search for evidence that makes sense of the
world, in the universe or the creative construction of questions and tests by which the truth and
significance of who or what is before them are evaluated.
4) William Shakespeare: the desire to provide their audience with a lens to see the world from a previously
unconsidered point of view.

Activity 11: General Instructions:

After reading and understanding the underlying concept of this module, you are required to prepare the
following activities.
 59

Submission of activity is on/or before_________________.

Screenshot the output, then submit it to me online through my gmail.(it should be clear or you may opt to
submit your output in the office or upload via _____________.
Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper or encode in a 1 short bond paper (Format: Verdana, 11,
double space, 1” on all sides)
Name:______________________ Subject:________________
Course & Year: ____________ Date:_____________________

A. Summarize the detailed interview of Stephen Colbert to Dr. Neil Tyson(30pts)

B. Matching Type: Match column A to Column B:

Column A Column B
_____1. Incandescent light bulb A. Cosmology
_____2. Telephone B. Albert Einstein
_____3. First automobile C. Humphry Davy
_____4. Computing engine D. Thomas Edison
_____5. Telegraph E. Electron
_____6. Television F. Alexander G. Bell
_____7. Computer mouse G. Henry Ford
_____8. Successful Airplane H. Charles Babbage
_____9. Basketball I. Guglielmo Marconi
_____10. Polaroid camera J. Dr. Neil de Grasse Tyson
_____11. E = mc2 K. Dougla Engelbert
_____12. Electric lamp L. Icy Body
_____13. Mars M. Wright brothers
_____14. Neutrino N. James Naismith
_____15. Astrophysist O. Philo Fansworth
P. Edward Land

C. True or False: Win Latin, science means knowledge. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
_______1. Pi = 3.1415926535…
_______2. In Latin, science means knowledge.
_______3. The Planet X that would end our civilization on year 2012 exist.
_______5. In 1926, they discovered that the universe is expanding which means it may have a
beginning.
_______6. Methane is the combustion of energy, pressure and oxygen.
_______7. Edward Hubble discovered that there are other milky way out there.
_______8. Pluto was vanished because it is a solid matter.
_______9. Dark hole can destroy our planet.
_______10. Large Hardon Collider is found in Switzerland..

D. Enumeration: Enumerate the following:

1-2 What are the science projects of Dr. Tyson?

3-5 What are the beautiful things that Dr. Tyson know about science?
6-7 What are the latest discovery in Astrophysics?
8-10 Give three scientists mentioned in the interview of Neil deGrasse Tyson.

E. Objective Type: Identify the following.

____________________1. The west moon which is snowy wherein the wolves howl.
____________________2. The interviewer in the clip.
____________________3. A space theatre located at the American Museum of Natural History.
____________________4. The world’s largest and most powerful particle collider.
____________________5. A full moon seen during autumn or month of September.
____________________6. A planet in the solar system that was demoted.
____________________7. The interviewee in the clip.
____________________8. It is also called the little neutral ones.
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____________________9.The foundation of technological revolution.

____________________10. The 1st person to pass a wire through a magnetic field.
____________________11. An asteroid that is 370-meter diameter and was discovered in
December 2004.
____________________12. It can make food that last longer.
____________________13. A full moon in June.
____________________14. Where did Stephen Colbert interview Dr. Neil Tyson?
____________________15. A person who study the physical and chemical properties and
structures of the stars, planet and other objects in the outer space.
____________________16. The planet x that would end our civilization on year 2012 exist.
____________________17. Gas found in Mars.
____________________18. He discovered in his telescope that there were these spiral things in
the night sky which are local to us.
____________________19. The full moon that is seen nearest to the time of the autumnal
equinox .
____________________20. The West moon which is white and the wolf don’t turn white so you
see them against it depending on where you live in.
.