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QUESTION 1
VQ
IT R1 R2
a
− +
3 kΩ + 5 kΩ
10 V
+ +
VP 30 V Vab VR 8V
− −

Figure 1 b

From Fig. 1
− applying KVL around the loop clockwise starting at 𝑽𝑽𝑷𝑷
− as in Fig. 1(a)
VQ
IT R1 R2
+ − a + −
− +
3 kΩ + 5 kΩ
10 V
+ +
VP 30 V Vab VR 8V
− −

−
b
Figure 1(a)

From Fig. 1(a)

− 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 + 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 + 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 0
(− 30 V) + (3 kΩ) 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 − (10 V) + (5 kΩ) 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 + (8 V) = 0
(− 32 V) + (8 kΩ) 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 = 0
32 V
𝑰𝑰𝑻𝑻 = = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
8 kΩ

From Fig. 1
− assigning current flow to both 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 and 𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑 of 𝒂𝒂 - 𝒃𝒃 clockwise
− as in Fig. 1(b)
VQ
IT R1 R2
+ − a + −
− +
3 kΩ + 5 kΩ
10 V
+ +
VP 30 V Vab VR 8V
− −

−
b
Figure 1(b)

From Fig. 1(b)

− applying KVL around the loop on the 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 of 𝒂𝒂 - 𝒃𝒃 clockwise starting at 𝑽𝑽𝑷𝑷
− 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 + 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 + 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0
(− 30 V) + (3 kΩ)(4 mA) − (10 V) + 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = (30 − 12 + 10) V = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕

𝐀𝐀 𝐋𝐋 𝐓𝐓 𝐄𝐄 𝐑𝐑 𝐍𝐍 𝐀𝐀 𝐓𝐓 𝐈𝐈 𝐕𝐕 𝐄𝐄 𝐋𝐋 𝐘𝐘

From Fig. 1(b)

− applying KVL around the loop on the 𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑 of 𝒂𝒂 - 𝒃𝒃 clockwise starting at 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
− 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 + 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 0
− 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + (5 kΩ)(4 mA) + (8 V) = 0
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = (20 + 8) V = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕

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From Fig. 1
− rearranging and combining the voltage sources
− as in Fig. 1(c) to Fig. 1(d)
IT R1 R2 IT R1 R2
+ − + − + − + −

+ 3 kΩ 5 kΩ 3 kΩ 5 kΩ
VP 30 V
−
+ +
VQ 10 V VT
− −
+
VR 8V
−

Figure 1(c) Figure 1(d)

From Fig. 1(c) to Fig. 1(d)

𝑽𝑽𝑻𝑻 = 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 + 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅
= (30 + 10 − 8) V
= 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐕𝐕

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = 𝑰𝑰𝑻𝑻 = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

From Fig. 1(d)

− the power supplied by the voltage source
𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 = (32 V)(4 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝐼𝐼12 𝑅𝑅1 = (4 mA)2 (3 kΩ) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝐼𝐼22 𝑅𝑅2 = (4 mA)2 (5 kΩ) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− the total power absorbed by all the resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 = (48 + 80) mW = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 ‼!

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QUESTION 2
R1

14 kΩ

+
VS 40 V R2 15 kΩ R3 10 kΩ
−

Figure 2

From Fig. 2
− assigning current through and voltage across each resistor elements, and
− combining series/resistor elements
− as in Fig. 2(a) through Fig. 2(c)
I1 V1
+ −
R 1 = 14 kΩ I2 I3
+ +
+
VS 40 V V2 R 2 = 15 kΩ V3 R 3 = 10 kΩ
−
− −

Figure 2(a)
I1 V1 I1
+ −
R 1 = 14 kΩ
+ +
+ +
VS 40 V V 23 R 23 VS 40 V V 123 R 123
− −
− −

Figure 2(b) Figure 2(c)

From Fig. 2(a) to Fig. 2(b)

15 × 10 150
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑅3 = 15 kΩ ∥ 10 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
15 + 10 25

From Fig. 2(b) to Fig. 2(c)

𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅23 = (14 + 6) kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 2(c)

𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 40 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅123 20 kΩ

From Fig. 2(a)

− applying CDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
𝑅𝑅3 10 kΩ 10
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼1 = ⋅ 2 mA = ⋅ 2 mA = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 (15 + 10) kΩ 25

− applying CDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑

𝑅𝑅2 15 kΩ 15
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 2 mA = ⋅ 2 mA = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 1 (15 + 10) kΩ 25

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From Fig. 2(c)

− the power supplied by the voltage source
𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼1 = (40 V)(2 mA) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

From Fig. 2(a)

− the voltage across each resistor elements
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (14 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (15 kΩ)(0.8 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (10 kΩ)(1.2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (28 V)(2 mA) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (12 V)(0.8 mA) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (12 V)(1.2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− the total power absorbed by all the resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑃3 = (56 + 9.6 + 14.4) mW = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 ‼!

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QUESTION 3
R1 R3

10 kΩ 20 kΩ
R2 R4

40 kΩ 30 kΩ
IS 20 mA

Figure 3

From Fig. 3
− assigning current through each resistor elements
− combining parallel resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 and 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 , and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒 , and
− combining parallel resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
− as in Fig. 3(a) through Fig. 3(c)
R1 I1 I3 R3
− + + −
I 12 I 34
10 kΩ 20 kΩ
R2 I2 I4 R4
− + + −
40 kΩ 30 kΩ
IS 20 mA

Figure 3(a)

R12 I 12 I 34 R34
− + + −

+
IS 20 mA IS 20 mA V 1234 R 1234
−

Figure 3(b) Figure 3(c)

From Fig. 3(a) to Fig. 3(b)

10 × 40 400
𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅𝑅2 = 10 kΩ ∥ 40 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
10 + 40 50
20 × 30 600
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 ∥ 𝑅𝑅4 = 20 kΩ ∥ 30 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
20 + 30 50

From Fig. 3(b) to Fig. 3(c)

8 × 12 96
𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅12 ∥ 𝑅𝑅34 = 8 kΩ ∥ 12 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
8 + 12 20

From Fig. 3(b)

− applying CDR across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 respectively
𝑅𝑅34 12 kΩ 12
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 = ⋅ 20 mA = ⋅ 20 mA = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅34 (12 + 8) kΩ 20
𝑅𝑅12 8 kΩ 8
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 20 mA = ⋅ 20 mA = 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅34 𝑆𝑆 (12 + 8) kΩ 20

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From Fig. 3(a)

− applying CDR across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 and 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 respectively
𝑅𝑅2 40 kΩ 40
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼12 = ⋅ 12 mA = ⋅ 12 mA = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 (10 + 40) kΩ 50
𝑅𝑅1 10 kΩ 10
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 12 mA = ⋅ 12 mA = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 12 (10 + 40) kΩ 50

− applying CDR across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒 respectively

𝑅𝑅4 30 kΩ 30
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼34 = ⋅ 8 mA = ⋅ 8 mA = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 (20 + 30) kΩ 50
𝑅𝑅3 20 kΩ 20
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 8 mA = ⋅ 8 mA = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 34 (20 + 30) kΩ 50

From Fig. 3(c)

− the power supplied by the voltage source
𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆2 𝑅𝑅1234 = (20 mA)2 (4.8 kΩ) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐖𝐖

From Fig. 3(a)

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝐼𝐼12 𝑅𝑅1 = (9.6 mA)2 (10 kΩ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐖𝐖
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝐼𝐼22 𝑅𝑅2 = (2.4 mA)2 (40 kΩ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐖𝐖
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝐼𝐼32 𝑅𝑅3 = (4.8 mA)2 (20 kΩ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐖𝐖
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝐼𝐼42 𝑅𝑅4 = (3.2 mA)2 (30 kΩ) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐖𝐖

− the total power absorbed by all the resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑃3 + 𝑃𝑃4 = (0.9216 + 0.2304 + 0.4608 + 0.3072) W = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐖𝐖

𝑷𝑷𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝑷𝑷𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐖𝐖 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 ‼!

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QUESTION 4

R1 70 kΩ R2 30 kΩ
IO
+
VS 50 V
−

R3 20 kΩ R4 5 kΩ

Figure 4

From Fig. 4
− assigning voltage across and current through each resistor elements, and
− combining parallel resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 and 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 , and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒
− as in Fig. 4(a) to Fig. 4(b)
IS

I1 I2 IS
+ +
V1 R 1 = 70 kΩ V2 R 2 = 30 kΩ +
− − V 12 R 12
IO
+ + −
VS 50 V VA VB VS 50 V
− − +
I3 I4
+ + V 34 R 34
V3 R 3 = 20 kΩ V4 R 4 = 5 kΩ −
− −
Figure 4(b)
Figure 4(a)

From Fig. 4(a) to Fig. 4(b)

70 × 30 2100
𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅𝑅2 = 70 kΩ ∥ 30 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
70 + 30 100
20 × 5 100
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 ∥ 𝑅𝑅4 = 20 kΩ ∥ 5 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
20 + 5 25

From Fig. 4(b)

− applying VDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑅𝑅12 21 kΩ 21
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑉 = ⋅ 50 V = ⋅ 50 V = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐕𝐕
𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅34 𝑆𝑆 (21 + 4) kΩ 25

− applying VDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝑅𝑅34 4 kΩ 4
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑉 = ⋅ 50 V = ⋅ 50 V = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕
𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅34 𝑆𝑆 (21 + 4) kΩ 25

From Fig. 4(a)

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements
𝑉𝑉12 (42 V)2
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 70 kΩ
𝑉𝑉22 (42 V)2
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 30 kΩ
𝑉𝑉32 (8 V)2
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 20 kΩ
𝑉𝑉42 (8 V)2
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅4 5 kΩ

− applying Ohm’s law across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 , 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 , 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 , and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒 respectively

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𝑉𝑉1 42 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 70 kΩ
𝑉𝑉2 42 V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 30 kΩ
𝑉𝑉3 8V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 20 kΩ
𝑉𝑉4 8V
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅4 5 kΩ

− applying KCL at node 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨

𝑰𝑰𝑶𝑶 = 𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼3 = (0.6 − 0.4) mA = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝐀𝐀 𝐋𝐋 𝐓𝐓 𝐄𝐄 𝐑𝐑 𝐍𝐍 𝐀𝐀 𝐓𝐓 𝐈𝐈 𝐕𝐕 𝐄𝐄 𝐋𝐋 𝐘𝐘

− applying KCL at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

𝑰𝑰𝑶𝑶 = 𝐼𝐼4 − 𝐼𝐼2 = (1.6 − 1.4) mA = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 5

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R4

30 kΩ
R6 12 kΩ
R1 R5

5 kΩ 20 kΩ
+
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ R7 60 kΩ
−
R2 R8

15 kΩ 10 kΩ
Figure 5

From Fig. 5
− labeling the nodes,
− rearranging the circuit, and
− combining series/parallel elements
− as in Fig. 5(a) through Fig. 5(g)
R4
b
30 kΩ
R6 12 kΩ
R1 R5
a b
5 kΩ 20 kΩ
+
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ R7 60 kΩ
−
R2 R8
e d
15 kΩ 10 kΩ
Figure 5(a)

R4 R4
+ −
30 kΩ 30 kΩ
R6 I1 R1 R5 R 67
c + − a + − b + −
cd
R1 R5 12 kΩ
a b 5 kΩ I3 3 kΩ
+
5 kΩ 20 kΩ R7 +
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ
+ d −
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ
− 60 kΩ −
R2 R8 R2 R8
− + − +
e e
15 kΩ 10 kΩ 15 kΩ 10 kΩ
Figure 5(b) Figure 5(c)
R4
+ −
30 kΩ
I1 R1 R 567 I1 R1 R 4567
+ − a + − + − a + − cd
cd
5 kΩ I3 5 kΩ I3
+ +
+ +
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ
− −
− −
R2 R8 R2 R8
− + − + − + − +
e e
15 kΩ 10 kΩ 15 kΩ 10 kΩ
Figure 5(d) Figure 5(e)
I1 R1 I1 R1
+ − a + − a
5 kΩ I3 5 kΩ
+ + +
+ +
VS 97.5 V R3 25 kΩ R 45678 VS 97.5 V R 345678
− −
− − −
R2 R2
− + − +
e e
15 kΩ 15 kΩ
Figure 5(f) Figure 5(g)

From Fig. 5(b) to Fig. 5(c)

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12 × 60 720
𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝑅𝑅6 ∥ 𝑅𝑅7 = 12 kΩ ∥ 60 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
12 + 60 72

From Fig. 5(c) to Fig. 5(d)

𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 + 𝑅𝑅67 = (20 + 10) kΩ = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 5(d) to Fig. 5(e)

30 kΩ
𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 ∥ 𝑅𝑅567 = 30 kΩ ∥ 30 kΩ = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
2

From Fig. 5(e) to Fig. 5(f)

𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4567 + 𝑅𝑅8 = (15 + 10) kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 5(f) to Fig. 5(g)

25 kΩ
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 ∥ 𝑅𝑅45678 = 25 kΩ ∥ 25 kΩ = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
2

From Fig. 5(g)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 97.5 V 97.5 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅345678 (5 + 15 + 12.5) kΩ 32.5 kΩ

From Fig. 5(f)

− applying CDR across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑅𝑅45678 25 kΩ 25
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 3 mA = ⋅ 3 mA = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅45678 1 (25 + 25) kΩ 50

QUESTION 6

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R1

4.25 kΩ
R2 R3
= 3R 3 = 2R 5
R4
+
VS 40 V
−
10 kΩ
= 3R 6 3 kΩ
R5 R6

Figure 6

From Fig. 6
− identifying the values of all resistor elements
− assigning voltages and currents, and
− rearranging the circuit
− as in Fig. 6(a)
𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓 = 3 𝑅𝑅6 = 3 (3 kΩ) = 𝟗𝟗 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 = 2 𝑅𝑅5 = 2 (9 kΩ) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 = 3 𝑅𝑅3 = 3 (18 kΩ) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
I1 V1
+ −
R 1 = 4.25 kΩ I2 I3
+ +
V2 R 2 = 54 kΩ V3 R 3 = 18 kΩ
− −
I4 V4
+ + −
VS 40 V
−
I5 R 4 = 10 kΩ I6
+ +
V5 R 5 = 9 kΩ V6 R 6 = 3 kΩ
− −

Figure 6(a)

From Fig. 6(a)

− short-circuit resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒
− as in Fig. 6(b) through Fig. 6(d)
I1 V1
+ −
R 1 = 4.25 kΩ I2 I3
+ +
V2 R 2 = 54 kΩ V3 R 3 = 18 kΩ
− −
I4
+ R4
VS 40 V
−
I5 I6
+ +
V5 R 5 = 9 kΩ V6 R 6 = 3 kΩ
− −

Figure 6(b)
I1 V1 I1 V1
+ − + −
R 1 = 4.25 kΩ + R 1 = 4.25 kΩ
V 23 R 234
+
+ − +
VS 40 V VS 40 V V 2356 R 2356
− + −
−
V 46 R 678
−

Figure 6(c) Figure 6(d)

From Fig. 6(b) to Fig. 6(c)

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54 × 18 972
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑅3 = 54 kΩ ∥ 18 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
54 + 18 72
9×3 27
𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 ∥ 𝑅𝑅6 = 9 kΩ ∥ 3 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
9+3 12

From Fig. 6(c) to Fig. 6(d)

𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅23 + 𝑅𝑅56 = (13.5 + 2.25) kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

From Fig. 6(d)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 40 V 40 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2356 (4.25 + 15.75) kΩ 20 kΩ
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (4.25 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (8.5 V)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

From Fig. 6(c)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 respectively
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅23 𝐼𝐼1 = (13.5 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅56 𝐼𝐼1 = (2.25 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕

From Fig. 6(b)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 respectively
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕

𝑉𝑉2 27 V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 54 kΩ
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (27 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑉𝑉3 27 V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 18 kΩ
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (27 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− applying Ohm’s law across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓 and 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔 respectively

𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑽𝑽𝟔𝟔 = 𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕

𝑉𝑉5 4.5 V
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅5 9 kΩ
𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (4.5 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑉𝑉6 4.5 V
𝑰𝑰𝟔𝟔 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅6 3 kΩ
𝑷𝑷𝟔𝟔 = 𝑉𝑉6 𝐼𝐼6 = (4.5 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

From Fig. 6(a)

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− open-circuit resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒

− as in Fig. 6(e) through Fig. 6(g)
I1 V1
+ −
R 1 = 4.25 kΩ I2 I3
+ +
V2 R 2 = 54 kΩ V3 R 3 = 18 kΩ
− −
I4
+ R5
VS 40 V
−
I5 I6
+ +
V5 R 5 = 9 kΩ V6 R 6 = 3 kΩ
− −

Figure 6(e)
I1 V1 I1 V1
+ − + −
R 1 = 4.25 kΩ I 25 I 36 R 1 = 12 kΩ

+ + +
+ +
VS 40 V V 25 R 25 V 36 R 36 VS 40 V V 2536 R 2536
− −
− − −

Figure 6(f) Figure 6(g)

From Fig. 6(e) to Fig. 6(f)

𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅5 = (54 + 9) kΩ = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅6 = (18 + 3) kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

From Fig. 6(f) to Fig. 6(g)

63 × 21 1323
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅25 ∥ 𝑅𝑅36 = 63 kΩ ∥ 21 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
63 + 21 84

From Fig. 6(g)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 40 V 40 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2356 (4.25 + 15.75) kΩ 20 kΩ
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (4.25 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (8.5 V)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

From Fig. 6(f)

− applying CDR across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 and 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 respectively
𝑅𝑅36 21 kΩ 21
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼 = ⋅ 2 mA = ⋅ 2 mA = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅25 + 𝑅𝑅36 1 (63 + 21) kΩ 84
𝑅𝑅25 63 Ω 63
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = ⋅ 𝐼𝐼1 = ⋅ 2 mA = ⋅ 2 mA = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅25 + 𝑅𝑅36 (63 + 21) kΩ 84

From Fig. 6(e)

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− applying Ohm’s law across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 and 𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓

𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = 𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (54 kΩ)(0.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (27 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (9 kΩ)(0.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (4.5 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− applying Ohm’s law across resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 and 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔

𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = 𝑰𝑰𝟔𝟔 = 𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (18 kΩ)(1.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (27 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑽𝑽𝟔𝟔 = 𝑅𝑅6 𝐼𝐼6 = (3 kΩ)(1.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟔𝟔 = 𝑉𝑉6 𝐼𝐼6 = (4.5 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 7

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R2 R5

36 kΩ 40 kΩ
R1
R4 10 kΩ
20 kΩ
R3 R6
+
VS 45 V 55 kΩ 50 kΩ R7 80 kΩ
−

Figure 7

From Fig. 7
− applying 𝚫𝚫 → 𝐘𝐘 transformation
− on resistors 𝑹𝑹𝟒𝟒 , 𝑹𝑹𝟓𝟓 , and 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔
− rearranging the circuit, and
− combining series/parallel elements
− as in Fig. 7(a) through Fig. 7(c)
R2

36 kΩ R5
RA
V1 RC
+ −
R4
R 1 = 20 kΩ
RB +
+ R3 R6
VS 45 V V7 R 7 = 80 kΩ
−
−
55 kΩ

Figure 7(a)
R2 RA
+ − + −

V1 36 kΩ RC
+ − + −
R 1 = 20 kΩ R3 RB
+ − + −
+
+ 55 kΩ
VS 45 V V7 R 7 = 80 kΩ
−
−

Figure 7(b)
V1 R 2A3B RC
+ − + − + −
R 1 = 20 kΩ
+
+
VS 45 V V7 R 7 = 80 kΩ
−
−

Figure 7(c)

From Fig. 7 to Fig. 7(a)

𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅5 10 × 40 400
𝑹𝑹𝑨𝑨 = = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
𝑅𝑅4 + 𝑅𝑅5 + 𝑅𝑅6 10 + 40 + 50 100
𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅6 10 × 50 500
𝑹𝑹𝑩𝑩 = = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
𝑅𝑅4 + 𝑅𝑅5 + 𝑅𝑅6 10 + 40 + 50 100
𝑅𝑅5 𝑅𝑅6 40 × 50 2000
𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪 = = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
𝑅𝑅4 + 𝑅𝑅5 + 𝑅𝑅6 10 + 40 + 50 100

From Fig. 7(a) to Fig. 7(b)

𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = (36 + 4) kΩ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = (55 + 5) kΩ = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 7(b) to Fig. 7(c)

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40 × 60 2400
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2𝐴𝐴 ∥ 𝑅𝑅3𝐵𝐵 = 40 kΩ ∥ 60 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
40 + 60 100

From Fig. 7(c)

− applying VDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏
𝑅𝑅1 20 kΩ 20
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑉 = ⋅ 45 V = ⋅ 45 V = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2𝐴𝐴3𝐵𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅7 𝑆𝑆 (20 + 24 + 20 + 80) kΩ 144

− applying VDR across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝟕𝟕

𝑅𝑅7 80 kΩ 80
𝑽𝑽𝟕𝟕 = ⋅ 𝑉𝑉 = ⋅ 45 V = ⋅ 45 V = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2𝐴𝐴3𝐵𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅7 𝑆𝑆 (20 + 24 + 20 + 80) kΩ 144

QUESTION 8

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IS

R R

R
+
VS 25 V
−
R R R R

R R

Figure 8

From Fig. 8
− combining the three series/parallel resistors on the 𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑
− as in Fig. 8(a) to Fig. 8(b)
IS IS

R R R R

R R
+ +
VS 25 V VS 25 V
− −
R R R RA R R RB

R R

Figure 8(a) Figure 8(b)

From Fig. 8 to Fig. 8(a)

𝑹𝑹𝑨𝑨 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅 = (18 + 18) kΩ = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 8(a) to Fig. 8(b)

18 × 36 648
𝑹𝑹𝑩𝑩 = 𝑅𝑅 ∥ 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 18 kΩ ∥ 36 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
18 + 36 54

From Fig. 8(b)

− applying 𝚫𝚫 → 𝐘𝐘 transformation on all resistors 𝑹𝑹
− rearranging the circuit, and
− combining series/parallel resistors
− as in Fig. 8(c) through Fig. 8(f)
IS IS
a a

RY
RY
R R
b b
RY RY
RY
R RY
+ +
VS 25 V c d VS 25 V c
− −
RY d
RY
R R RB
e e RB
RY RY
RY RY
f R g f g
Figure 8(c) Figure 8(d)

IS IS IS

RY RY

+
+ + +
VS 25 V RC RD VS 25 V R CD VS 25 V RS
− − −
−

RY RY

Figure 8(e) Figure 8(f) Figure 8(g)

From Fig. 8(c) to Fig. 8(d)

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𝑅𝑅𝛥𝛥 𝑅𝑅 18
𝑹𝑹𝒀𝒀 = = = kΩ = 𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
3 3 3

From Fig. 8(d) through Fig. 8(e)

𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪 = 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 + 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 = (6 + 6) kΩ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
𝑹𝑹𝑫𝑫 = 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 + 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 = (6 + 12 + 6) kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 8(e) to Fig. 8(f)

12 × 24 288
𝑹𝑹𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷 = 12 kΩ ∥ 24 kΩ = kΩ = kΩ = 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀
12 + 24 36

From Fig. 8(f) to Fig. 8(g)

𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺 = 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 + 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 = (6 + 8 + 6) kΩ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝛀𝛀

From Fig. 8(g)

− applying Ohm’s law across resistor 𝑹𝑹𝑺𝑺
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 25 V
𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 20 kΩ

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