Practical Workbook

CS-115
Computer Programming

Name _____________________________
Year _____________________________
Batch _____________________________
Roll No _____________________________
Department: __________________________________

Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology
 Practical Workbook
CS-115
Computer Programming

Prepared by:

Mr. Kashif Asrar

Ms. Ibshar Ishrat

Revised in:

September 2019

Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology
 INTRODUCTION

This workbook for CS-115 Computer Programming introduces basic as well as intermediate level
concepts of programming using Python language. Each lab session begins with a brief theory of
the topic. Many details have not been incorporated as the same is to be covered in Theory classes.
The Exercise section follows this section.

The Course Profile of CS-115 Computer Programming lays down the following Course Learning
Outcome:
“Practice computer programming using constructs of a high level language. (C3, PLO-5)”

All lab sessions of this workbook have been designed to assist the achievement of the above CLO.
A rubric to evaluate student’s performance has been provided at the end of the workbook.

The Workbook has been arranged as fourteen labs starting with a practical on the Introduction to
programming environment and fundamentals of programming language. Next few lab sessions
deal with familiarization with different data types and operations supported by those data types.
Single stepping; an efficient debugging and error detection technique is discussed in Lab session
4. Next lab session covers decision making in programming and its application. Lab session 6 and
7 introduce the concepts of loops with different examples to use them in programming.

Lab session 8 introduces a new tool ‘PyCharm’ for execution of python projects and scripts.
Function declaration and definition concepts and examples are discussed in lab sessions 9, 10 and
11. The next lab session deals with the advanced data type in python named ‘tuples’ for which
Project Jupyter- (a web based application to code scripts and run projects) would be used.

In the final lab operations on files like reading and writing have been discussed. These operations
enable the users to handle not only large amount of data, but also data of different types (integers,
characters etc.) and to do so efficiently.
 CONTENTS
Lab Session No. Title Page No.

1 Explore programming fundamentals and Python IDLE 1

2 Practice operations on integers and string data types 7

3 Use decision making in programming (if –else & conditional operator) 11

4 Carry out Debugging of Programs through IDLE 15

5 Use repetition structures – while loop, for loops and their nesting 21

6 Practice operations on List Data Type object 27

7 Practice operations on DICTIONARY Data Type object 31

8 Explore PyCharm for the execution of python scripts and projects 35

9 Construct functions (Using PyCharm) 41

10 Construct recursive functions (Using PyCharm) 45

11 Construct generator functions (Using PyCharm) 49

12 Practice implementation of tuples on Jupyter Notebook 52

13 Practice file handling to read and write data (Using PyCharm) 57

14 Complex Engineering Activity 60

Computer Programming Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 01

Explore programming fundamentals and Python IDLE

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computer programming is the act of writing computer programs, which are a sequence of instructions
written using a computer programming language to perform a specified task by the computer. There
exists a large number of high level languages. Some of these include BASIC, C, C++, FORTRAN, Java,
Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Visual Basic etc.

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics.
Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, makes it
very attractive for Rapid Application Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to
connect existing components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability and
therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Python supports modules and packages, which
encourages program modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard
library are available in source or binary form without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely
distributed.

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT WITH PYTHON IDE

This lab session introduces the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) of Python and shows how
to enter, edit, save, retrieve, compile, link, and run a python program in such an environment.

Hello-World Program (Approach-1)

After installation of Python, follow following steps to develop and execute python program
 Create a python script file by replacing the extension of text file (.txt) with (.py).
 Right click on the file (say first.py) and select “Edit with IDLE”.
 The file will be opened as shown in figure 1.1

Fig. 1.1
 Type the program and click on “run > run module “or press F5 to execute the program.
The window (on the next page) will appear showing the output of program

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Fig. 1.2
 After the prompt (>>>), any command typed will be executed as soon as Enter key will be
pressed.

Hello-World Program (Approach-2)

After installation of Python, perform the following steps to develop and execute the python program.
 Create a python script file by replacing the extension of text file (.txt) with (.py).
 Open command prompt by clicking on command prompt from the start> All Programs >
Accessories

Fig. 1.3
 Change the path of DOS to the folder containing First.py with ‘cd’ command

Fig. 1.4

 Run the script by using command ‘python First.py’

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Fig. 1.5

PYTHON IDLE OPTIONS

Format Menu

1. Indent Region
Shifts selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
2. De-indent Region
Shifts selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
3. Comment Out Region
Inserts ## in front of selected lines.
4. Uncomment Region
Removes leading # or ## from selected lines.
5. Tabify Region
Turns leading stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using 4 space blocks to indent
Python code.)
6. Untabify Region
Turns all tabs into the correct number of spaces.
7. Toggle Tabs
Opens a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.
8. New Indent Width
Opens a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python community is 4
spaces.
9. Format Paragraph
Reformats the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or multiline string or
selected line in a string. All lines in the paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where
N defaults to 72.
10. Strip trailing whitespace
Removes any space characters after the last non-space character of a line.

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RUN Menu
1. Python Shell
Open or wake up the Python Shell window.

2. Check Module

Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the module has not
been saved, IDLE will either prompt the user to save or auto-save, as selected in the General
tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated
in the Editor window.
3. Run Module
Do Check Module (above). If no error, restart the shell to clean the environment then execute
the module. Output is displayed in the Shell window. Note that output requires use of print or
write. When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt. At this point,
one may interactively explore the result of execution. This is similar to executing a file with
python –i file at a command line.

Options Menu
1. Configure IDLE
Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:
Fonts, indentation, key bindings, text color themes, startup windows and size, additional help
sources, and extensions. To use a new built-in color theme (IDLE Dark) with older IDLEs,
save it as a new custom theme.
Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user’s home directory. Problems
caused by bad user configuration files are solved by editing or deleting one or more of the files
in .idlerc.

2. Code Context (toggle)(Editor Window only)

Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context of the code which has
scrolled above the top of the window.

EXERCISE
1. Explore the following Python folders and run random scripts from the folders. Observe the output.
Attach screenshot of any 3 outputs.
i) Lib
ii) Tools -> demo

2. Change the IDLE theme, font-size, font-color and highlights. Attach screenshot of your
configuration.

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Attach screenshot of outputs here

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Lab Session 02

Practice operations on integer and string data types

OPERATIONS ON IDLE
Executing Mathematical Operators on IDLE

Routine mathematical operations like subtraction, multiplication and division can be performed in the
similar way as addition operation performed below:
>>> 123+456 #Addition
579
>>> 123**2 #Power
15129
>>> 2.0 >= 1 # Greater than or equal: mixed-type 1 converted to 1.0
True
>>> 2.0 == 2.0 # Equal value
True
>>> 2.0 != 2.0 # Not equal value
False
Executing String Operators on IDLE

>>> s = 'a\nb\tc'
>>> s
'a\nb\tc'
>>> print(s)
a
b c
>>> S = 'Spam' # Make a 4-character string, and assign it to a name
>>> len(S) # Length
4
>>> S[0] # The first item in S, indexing by zero-based position
'S'
In Python, we can also index backward, from the end—positive indexes count from the left, and
negative indexes count back from the right:
>>> S[-1] # The last item from the end in S
'm'
>>> S[-2] # The second-to-last item from the end
>>> S # A 4-character string
'Spam'

Data Type Conversion

>>> "42" + 1
TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly
>>> int("42"), str(42) # Convert from/to string
(42, '42')
>>> S = "42"
>>> I = 1
>>> S + I
TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly
>>> int(S) + I # Force addition
43

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>>> S + str(I) # Force concatenation

'421'

Slicing
>>> S[1:3] # Slice of S from offsets 1 through 2 (not 3)
'pa'
>>> S[1:] # Everything past the first (1:len(S))
'pam'
>>> S # S itself hasn't changed
'Spam'
Strings are immutable in Python i.e. they cannot be changed in place after they are created. For example,
a string can’t be changed by assigning to one of its positions, but new string can always be assigned to
the same string. Because Python cleans up old objects
>>> S
'Spam'
>>> S[0] = 'z' # Immutable objects cannot be changed
...error text omitted...
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> S = 'z' + S[1:] # But we can run expressions to make new objects
>>> S
'zpam'
>>> 'abc' + 'def' # Concatenation: a new string
'abcdef'
>>> 'Ni!' * 4 # Repetition: like "Ni!" + "Ni!" + ...
'Ni!Ni!Ni!Ni!'

Extended Slicing
The third parameter in square bracket defines
 Difference between the indexes to be printed on output
 Direction of access i.e. negative difference define the access direction from right to left
s='Computer'
a=s[::-1]
print(a)
#Output:retupmoC
a=s[1:5:1]
print(a)
# Output:ompu
a=s[1:5:2]
print(a)
# Output:op
a=s[5:1:-1]
print(a)
# Output:tupm

Input Function
input()
The input function reads a line from provided in parenthesis and converts it to a string (stripping a
trailing newline), and returns that to the output screen.

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EXCERCISE

1. Implement quadratic equation to find out both values. Provide at least three set of values for a, b and
c to get the output. A, b and c will be provided by user as input (Hint: use int function)

Write the program here:

a= , b= ,c= X1= X2=

a= , b= ,c= X1= X2=

a= , b= ,c= X1= X2=

2. Write down the slicing statements to generate following outputs when

string=’COMPUTERPROGRAMMING’:

Output: PUTER Statement:

Output: GRAMM Statement:

Output: PROGRAM Statement:

Output: COMPUTER Statement:

3. Write down the extended slicing statements to generate following outputs when
string=’COMPUTERPROGRAMMING’

Output: RETUP Statement:

Output: MMARG Statement:

Output: MARGORP Statement:

Output: RETUPMOC Statement:

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4. Develop the script to print the following pattern when string is ‘COMPUTER’

COMPUTERS Write the program here:

OMPUTERS
MPUTERS
PUTERS
UTERS
TERS
ERS
RS
S

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Lab Session 03
Use Decision making in programming. (if –else & conditional operator)

DECISION MAKING STRUCTURES

Normally, the program flows along line by line in the order in which it appears in source code. But, it
is sometimes required to execute a particular portion of code only if certain condition is true; or false
i.e. you have to make decision in the program.

General Format
if test1: # if test
statements1 # Associated block
elif test2: # Optional elifs
statements2
else: # Optional else
statements3

The indentation (blank whitespace all the way to the left of the two nested statements here) is the factor
that defines which code block lies within the condition statement. Python doesn’t care how indents can
be inserted (either spaces or tabs may be used), or how much a statement can be indented (any number
of spaces or tabs can be used). In fact, the indentation of one nested block can be totally different from
that of another. The syntax rule is only that for a given single nested block, all of its statements must be
indented the same distance to the right. If this is not the case, a syntax error will appear, and code will
not run until its indentation is repaired to be consistent. Python almost forces programmers to produce
uniform, regular, and readable code

The one new syntax component in Python is the colon character (:). All Python compound statements
that have other statements nested inside them—follow the same general pattern of a header line
terminated in a colon, followed by a nested block of code usually indented underneath the header line

EXCERCISE

1. Write a program that takes a positive integer as input from user and checks whether the number is
even or odd, and displays an appropriate message on the screen. [Note: For negative numbers,
program does nothing.]

2. Write a script to print the grade (according to given table) when user enters his/her marks.

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Attach code and output here:

3. Write a program that displays “Kamran Akmal” on output, if score >30, Shoaib Akhtar, if 20<score
<30, and Shahid Afridi if 10<score <20.

Write the program here and attach output:

4. Write a program that takes password from user as input. Validate the password on the following
criteria.
‘Password length between 7 to 15 characters which contain at least one numeric digit and a special
character is acceptable.’

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Write the program here and attach output:

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Lab Session 04

Carry out Debugging of Programs through IDLE

TYPES OF ERRORS
There are generally two types of errors namely syntax and logical errors. Syntax errors occur when a
program does not conform to the grammar of a programming language, and the compiler cannot compile
the source file. Logical errors occur when a program does not do what the programmer expects it to do.
Syntax errors are usually easy to fix because the compiler can detect these errors. The logical errors
might only be noticed during runtime. Because logical errors are often hidden in the source code, they
are typically harder to find than syntax errors. The process of finding out defects (logical errors) in the
program and fixing them is known as debugging. Debugging is an integral part of the programming
process.

Program Debugging With IDLE

1. Open Python shell
2. Go to file>New and open a python script file
3. Write a program on that file

Fig. 4.1

4. Go to Python Shell and select the Debug option. A window will appear as shown below

Fig. 4.2

5. Set break point by right clicking on the particular line.

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Fig 4.3

6. Now go to python script and click Run and notice the line highlighted by blue. Note that the
Debug Control window is opened and that the blue line states that the line 1 "S='this is
computer programming'" is ready to be executed

Fig. 4.4

a. Go button will make the program run at normal speed until a breakpoint is
encountered (or input is requested or the program finishes).

b. Step button is used to step through your code, one line at a time.

c. There is a pane "Locals" which shows the value of A and S. This is useful in several
ways. It shows the values of variables as they change, and it shows the types of
variables.

d. Over means that if the statement to be executed has a function call in it, go off and
do the function call without showing any details of the execution or variables, then
return and give the human control again, "step over the function"

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e. Out assumes you are in some function's code, finish execution of the function at
normal speed, return from the function and then give the human control again, "step
out of the function"

f. Quit stops the execution of the entire program

Fig. 4.4
Summary

 Setting breakpoints
 Stepping through the source code one line at a time
 Inspecting the values of variables as they change
 Making corrections to the source as bugs are found
 Rerunning the program to make sure, the fixes are correct

EXCERCISE

1. Write a script that performs at least 5 slicing operation at different position on a string (your
Firstname_LastName) saved in a variable. Each slice operation must be saved in a different
variable. Debug the program to show the assignment of values to variables through ‘debug control’
window through single stepping.

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Attach printout here:

2. Debug at least two programs from previous lab exercises.

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Attach printout here:

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Lab Session 05

Use repetitive structure – while loops, for loops & their nesting

FOR LOOP
The Python for loop begins with a header line that specifies an assignment target (or targets), along with
the object you want to step through. The header is followed by a block of (normally indented) statements
that you want to repeat:

General Format

for target in object: # Assign object items to target

statements # Repeated loop body: use target
else: # Optional else part
statements # If we didn't hit a 'break'

When Python runs a for loop, it assigns the items in the iterable object to the target one by one and
executes the loop body for each. The loop body typically uses the assignment target to refer to the
current item in the sequence as though it were a cursor stepping through the sequence.

WHILE LOOP
While loop repeatedly executes a block of (normally indented) statements as long as a test at the top
keeps evaluating to a true value. It is called a “loop” because control keeps looping back to the start of
the statement until the test becomes false. When the test becomes false, control passes to the statement
that follows the while block. The net effect is that the loop’s body is executed repeatedly while the test
at the top is true. If the test is false to begin with, the body never runs and the while statement is skipped

General Format

while test: # Loop test

statements # Loop body
else: # Optional else
statements # Run if didn't exit loop with break

EXCERCISE

1. Develop a program that takes two strings (string-1, string-2) from user as input and compares string-
1 character by character with string-2 to print the common and un-common characters of string-1
with respect to string-2

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Write the program here and attach the printout of output

2. Write a program to develop a pattern mentioned below:

Note: user input will define the number of lines to be generated with maximum number of *

*
** Write the program here:
***
****
*****
******
*******
********
*********
*********
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

3. Develop a program to find out the largest integer in the list given input by user.

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Write the program here and attach the printout of output

4. Develop a program to generate the table (till 10) of integer given as input by user.

Write the program here and attach the printout of output

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5. Develop a program that takes an integer (end limit of series) from user and print even numbers
within the limit specified by the user.

Write the program here and attach the printout of output

6. Develop a program to perform two simple transactions in a bank as long as user enters „y. to
continue.

Sample Output:

Enter your ID: **** Main Menu (after completing the selected
*********** transaction)
1. Deposit Money Do you want to continue? [y/Y]
2. Withdraw Amount _
3. Login as Different User (goes to Main Menu, if y/Y is
Select your choice …. pressed)

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Write the program here and attach the printout of output

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Lab Session 06
Practice Operations on List Data Type object.

PYTHON LIST
In Python, an object of list data type can be a collection of many data types. Python lists have following
basic properties:
 Ordered collections of arbitrary objects
From a functional view, lists are just places to collect other objects Lists also maintain a left-to-
right positional ordering among the items contained in them (i.e., they are sequences).
 Accessed by offset
A component object of list can be accessed by its position.
 Variable-length, heterogeneous, and arbitrarily nestable
Unlike strings, lists can grow and shrink in place (their lengths can vary), and they can contain
any sort of object, not just one-character strings (they’re heterogeneous). Because lists can
contain other complex objects, they also support arbitrary nesting.
 Of the category “mutable sequence”
Lists are mutable (i.e., can be changed in place) and can respond to all the sequence operations
used with strings, such as indexing, slicing, and concatenation. In fact, sequence operations work
the same on lists as they do on strings; the only difference is that sequence operations such as
concatenation and slicing return new lists instead of new strings when applied to lists. Because
lists are mutable, however, they also support other operations that strings don’t, such as deletion
and index assignment operations, which change the lists in place.

>>> L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!']

>>> L[2] # Offsets start at zero
'SPAM!'
>>> L[−2] # Negative: count from the right
'Spam'
>>> L[1:] # Slicing fetches sections
['Spam', 'SPAM!']
>>> L = [1, 2, 3]
>>> L[1:2] = [4, 5] # Replacement/insertion
>>> L
[1, 4, 5, 3]
>>> L[1:1] = [6, 7] # Insertion (replace nothing)
>>> L
[1, 6, 7, 4, 5, 3]
>>> L[1:2] = [] # Deletion (insert nothing)
>>> L
[1, 7, 4, 5, 3]
>>> L = [1]
>>> L[:0] = [2, 3, 4] # Insert all at :0, an empty slice at front
>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1]
>>> L[len(L):] = [5, 6, 7] # Insert all at len(L):, an empty slice at
end
>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7]
>>> L.extend([8, 9, 10]) # Insert all at end, named method
>>> L
[2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

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List Method Calls

>>> L = ['THIS', 'IS', 'COMPUTER']
>>> L.append('PROGRAMMING') # Append method call: add item at end
>>> L
['THIS', 'IS', 'COMPUTER', 'PROGRAMMING']
>>> L.sort()
>>> L
['COMPUTER', 'IS', 'PROGRAMMING', 'THIS']
>>> L = [1, 2]
>>> L.extend([3, 4, 5]) # Add many items at end (like in-place +)
>>> L
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> L.pop() # Delete and return last item (by default: −1)
5
>>> L
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> L.reverse() # In-place reversal method
>>> L
[4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> list(reversed(L)) # Reversal built-in with a result (iterator)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

EXCERCISE

1. Write commands to perform operations on list L[5,6,8,9,2,1] to convert it into :

[1,2,5,6,8,9] Command=

[1,2,6,8,9] Command=

[1,2,6,8,9,10] Command=

[10,9,8,6,2,1] Command=

[8] Command=

2. Write a program to perform operations on the given list to generate following outputs :
l=['this','is','simple','computer','programming','using','python']

Sample Output
['this', 'is', 'computer', 'programming']

['this','is','simple']

['this','is', 'programming','using','python']

['programming','using','python']

['is', 'this', 'computer', 'programming']

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3. From given list:

gadgets = [“Mobile”, “Laptop”, 100, “Camera”, 310.28, “Speakers”, 27.00,

“Television”, 1000, “Laptop Case”, “Camera Lens”]

a) Create separate lists of strings and numbers.

b) Sort the strings list in ascending order

c) Sort the strings list in descending order

d) Sort the number list from lowest to highest

e) Sort the number list from highest to lowest

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4. Produce a code to get first, second best scores from the list L=[86,86,85,85,85,83,23,45,84,1,2,0]

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Lab Session 07

Practice Operations on DICTIONARY Data Type object.

PYTHON DICTIONARY
A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the dictionary is associated
(or mapped) to a value. The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are
unordered key-value-pairs with following properties:
 Accessed by key, not offset position
Dictionaries are sometimes called associative arrays or hashes. They associate a set of values
with keys, so an item can be fetched out of a dictionary using the key under which it is originally
stored. The same indexing operation can be utilized to get components in a dictionary as in a
list, but the index takes the form of a key, not a relative offset.
 Unordered collections of arbitrary objects
Unlike in a list, items stored in a dictionary aren’t kept in any particular order. Keys provide
the symbolic (not physical) locations of items in a dictionary.
 Variable-length, heterogeneous, and arbitrarily nestable
Like lists, dictionaries can grow and shrink in place (without new copies being made), they can
contain objects of any type, and they support nesting to any depth (they can contain lists, other
dictionaries, and so on). Each key can have just one associated value, but that value can be a
collection of multiple objects if needed, and a given value can be stored under any number of
keys.
 Of the category “mutable mapping”
Dictionary allows in place changes by assigning to indexes (they are mutable), but they don’t
support the sequence operations that work on strings and lists. Because dictionaries are
unordered collections, operations that depend on a fixed positional order (e.g., concatenation,
slicing) don’t make sense. Instead, dictionaries are the only built-in, core type representatives
of the mapping category— objects that map keys to values. Other mappings in Python are
created by imported modules.
 Tables of object references (hash tables)
If lists are arrays of object references that support access by position, dictionaries are unordered
tables of object references that support access by key. Internally, dictionaries are implemented
as hash tables (data structures that support very fast retrieval), which start small and grow on
demand. Moreover, Python employs optimized hashing algorithms to find keys, so retrieval is
quick. Like lists, dictionaries store object references (not copies, unless explicitly asked).

Basic Dictionary Operations

>>> D = {'this': 2, 'is': 1, 'CP': 3} # Make a dictionary
>>> D['this'] # Fetch a value by key
2
>>> D # Order is "scrambled"
{'this': 2, 'is': 1, 'CP': 3}
>>> len(D) # Number of entries in dictionary
3
>>> 'this' in D # Key membership test alternative
True
>>> list(D.keys()) # Create a new list of D's keys
['this', 'is', 'CP']

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Changing Dictionaries in Place

>>> D
{'this': 2, 'is': 1, 'CP': 3}
>>> del D['this'] # Delete entry
>>> D
{'is': 1, 'CP': 3}
>>> D['Course'] = '4' # Add new entry
>>> D
{'is': 1, 'CP': 3, 'Course': '4'}
>>> D = {'this': 2, 'is': 1, 'CP': 3}
>>> D.values()
dict_values([1, 3, '4'])
>>> D.get('this') # A key that is there
2
>>> print(D.get('game')) # A key that is missing
None
>>> D.get('good', 88)
88
# pop a dictionary by key
>>> D
{'this': 2, 'is': 1, 'CP': 3}
>>> D.pop('CP')
3
>>> D
{'is': 1}

Dictionaries as flexible lists:

When a list is used, it is illegal to assign to an offset that is off
the end of the list:
>>> L = []
>>> L[99] = 'spam'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
IndexError: list assignment index out of range

By using integer keys, dictionaries can emulate lists that seem to grow on offset assignment:
>>> D = {}
>>> D[99] = 'spam'
>>> D[99]
'spam'
>>> D
{99: 'spam'}

EXCERCISE

1. Write a script to develop the given dictionary:

D={'CP':'COMPUTER PROGRAMMING',
'FCE':'FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING',
'PST':'PAKISTAN STUDIES',
'BEE':'BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING',}

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Write the program here:

2. Write a statement to add 'F.ENG': 'FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH' in the dictionary of Q1.

3. Write a statement to find out whether the given key (Chinese) is the part of dictionary in Q1.

4. Write a statement to print the value by providing the key (‘CP’) to the dictionary in Q1.

5. Write a program that takes a list of multiple choice responses. E.g. [a, b, c] and prints a dictionary
of question-response pairs {‘Q1’: ‘a’, ‘Q2’:’b’, ‘Q3’:’c’}.

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Computer Programming Lab Session 07
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6. Write a program that will enable a user to enter a restaurant's specials for the day. Each special
will have the name of the dish and a price. In a dictionary of menu items, the name will be the
key, and the price its value. User should be able to enter a name of a dish and get its price.

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Computer Programming Lab Session 08
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 08

Explore PyCharm for the execution of python scripts and projects

PYCHARM
Pycharm is an IDE(Integrated Development Environment) developed for the execution of python scripts
and projects:
Steps:
1. Go to File > New Project
2. Assign the name to new project (say ‘ My_first’)

Fig. 8.1

3. Right click on the project (‘My_first’) and select the option New > Python File
4. Assign a name to that file (say First_script)
5. Write the code in the file and click on ‘Run’ to execute.

Program
#print in triangle
x=int(input("enter the number"))
for n in range(0,x):
n +=1
print ("*" *(0+n))

for n in range(-x,0):
n +=1
print ("*" *(0-n+1))

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Fig. 8.2
EXCERCISE

1. Write a program to print the average of 5 integer values, entered by user using for loop.
Write the program here and attach the printout of output

2. Explore debugging option on PyCharm using the program in Q-1 and describe it in own wording:

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Attach the printout of output

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Computer Programming Lab Session 08
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3. Debug the following code and record your observations. Note the observations (values) for 5-
iterations of while loop. Choose starting and ending range value accordingly.

r1 = int(input("Enter the starting range value?"))

r2 = int(input("Enter the ending range value?"))

num = r1 + 1
count = 0

while num < r2:

res = num % 2

if (num % 2) > 0:
count += 1
num += 1

print("Odd count: %d" % (count))

Variable Iteration #1 Iteration # 2 Iteration #3 Iteration #4 Iteration #5

num
count
res

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Attach the printout of output

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Computer Programming Lab Session 09
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

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Computer Programming Lab Session 09
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 09

Construct functions (Using PyCharm)

FUNCTION
A function is a groups of statements made to execute them more than once in a program. A function has
a name. Functions can compute a result value and can have parameters that serve as function inputs
which may differ each time when function is executed
Functions are used to:
 Reduce the size of code as it increases the code reusability
 Split a complex problem in to multiple modules (functions) to improve manageability

Scope Example

Let’s step through a larger example that demonstrates scope ideas. Suppose we wrote the following
code in a module file:

Fig. 9.1

Example-1

# Global scope

X = 99 # X and func assigned in module: global

def func(Y): # Y and Z assigned in function: locals

# Local scope

Z = X + Y # X is a global
return Z

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func(1) # func in module: result=100

Example-2

X = 88 # Global X
def func():
global X
X = 99 # Global X: outside def
func()
print(X) # Prints 99

EXCERCISE

1. Develop a simple calculator (using functions) that defines addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division operation. User selects the operation and provides the operands then output will be
generated.

Write the program here and attach the printout of output

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2. Debug the program of Q-1 to show the assignment of operands to variables and selection of operator
through ‘debug control’ window through single stepping, over and out options separately.
Write down the difference in execution observed in three debugging ways, also attach the
printout here:

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Computer Programming Lab Session 09
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3. Debug the following code. Observe the output. Is the global variable changing? If not how can
global variable be altered?

name = ‘xyz’

def change_name(new_name):
name = new_name

print(name)

change_name('abc')

print(name)

4. Construct an outer function “out_circle” that takes radius ‘r1’ of an outer circle as argument
and calculates its area. Also construct an inner function “in_circle” that calculates it’s
circumference with a smaller radius. Inner function should be enclosed within the outer function.

Write the program and attach the output here

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Computer Programming Lab Session 10
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 10

Construct recursive functions (Using PyCharm)

RECURSION
Recursion is a way of programming or coding a problem, in which a function calls itself one or more
times in its body. Usually, it is returning the return value of this function call. If a function definition
fulfils the condition of recursion, we call this function a recursive function.

Termination condition
A recursive function has to terminate to be used in a program. A recursive function terminates, if with
every recursive call the solution of the problem is downsized and moves towards a base case. A base
case is a case, where the problem can be solved without further recursion. A recursion can lead to an
infinite loop, if the base case is not met in the calls.

Example:
4! = 4 * 3!
3! = 3 * 2!
2! = 2 * 1
Replacing the calculated values gives us the following expression
4! = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1

Generally we can say: Recursion is a method where the solution to a problem is based on solving smaller
instances of the same problem.

Example
def mysum(L):
if not L:
return 0
else:
return L[0] + mysum(L[1:]) # Call mysum recursively

EXCERCISE

1. Develop and debug the Fibonacci series till user defined limit.

Write the program here and attach the printout of output

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2. Generate the sum of n (user defined) natural number through recursive function. Also debug the
code.

Write the program and attach output here

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3. Develop and debug the recursive function to find the factorial of a number. The number should be
taken as input from user.

Write the program and attach output here

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Computer Programming Lab Session 11
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 11

Construct generator functions (Using PyCharm)

GENERATOR FUNCTIONS
A Python generator is a function that produces a sequence of results. It works by maintaining its local
state, so that the function can resume again exactly where it left off when called subsequent times. Thus,
you can think of a generator as something like a powerful iterator.

The state of the function is maintained through the use of the keyword yield, which has the following
syntax:

yield[expression_list]

How do Python Generators Work?

In order to understand how generators work, let's use the simple example below:

Example-1
def numberGenerator(n):
number = 0
while number < n:
yield number
number + = 1
myGenerator = numberGenerator(3)

print(next(myGenerator))
print(next(myGenerator))
print(next(myGenerator))

The code above defines a generator named numberGenerator, which receives a value n as an
argument, and then defines and uses it as the limit value in a while loop. In addition, it defines a
variable named number and assigns the value zero to it.

Calling the "instantiated" generator (myGenerator) with the next() method runs the generator
code until the first yield statement, which returns 1 in this case.

Even after returning a value to us, the function then keeps the value of the variable number for the
next time the function is called and increases its value by one. So the next time this function is called,
it will pick up right where it left off.

Calling the function two more times, provides us with the next 2 numbers in the sequence, as seen
below:

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Output
0
1
2

If we were to have called this generator again, we would have received

a StopIteration exception since it had completed and returned from its internal while loop.

In conclusion, generator functions are coded as normal def statements, but use yield statements to return
results one at a time, suspending and resuming their state between each

Example-2
def gensquares(N):
for i in range(N):
yield i ** 2 # Resume here later

EXCERCISE

1. Differentiate between recursive and generator functions.

2. Develop a generator function to produce Fibonacci series till n (defined by user)

Write the program and attach output here

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NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

3. Develop a generator function to produce prime number till n (defined by user)

Write the program and attach output here

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Computer Programming Lab Session 12
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 12
Practice implementation of tuples on Project Jupyter

TUPLES
Tuples construct simple groups of objects. They work exactly like lists, except that tuples can’t be
changed in place. (They are immutable)

Tuples should generally store values that are somehow different from each other. For example, we
would not put three stock symbols in a tuple, but we might create a tuple of stock symbol, current
price, high, and low for the day. The primary purpose of a tuple is to aggregate different pieces of data
together into one container.
We can create a tuple by separating the values with a comma. Usually tuples are wrapped in
parentheses to make them easy to read and to group them from other parts of an expression, but this is
not always mandatory. The following two assignments are identical (they record a stock, the current
price, the high, and the low for a rather profitable company):

>>> stock = "GOOD", 613.30, 625.86, 610.50

>>> stock2 = ("GOOD", 613.30, 625.86, 610.50)

Operations on Tuples

>>> t=() #An empty Tuple

>>> (1, 2) + (3, 4) # Concatenation
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> (1, 2) * 4 # Repetition
(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
>>> T = (1, 2, 3, 4) # Indexing, slicing
>>> T[0], T[1:3]
(1, (2, 3))
>>> T = ('cc', 'aa', 'dd', 'bb')
>>> tmp = list(T) #Converting tuple into list
>>> tmp
['cc', 'aa', 'dd', 'bb']
>>> tmp.sort() #Sorting list
>>> tmp
['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd']
>>> T = tuple(tmp) #Converting list into tuple
>>> T
('aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd')
>>> sorted(T) #Sorting Tuple
['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd']

JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

The Jupyter Notebook App is a server-client application that allows editing and running notebook
documents via a web browser. The Jupyter Notebook App can be executed on a local desktop requiring
no internet access or can be accessed through the internet.

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Classic notebook introduces the basic features of IPython.

IPython provides a rich toolkit to help you make the most of using Python interactively. Its main
components are:
• A powerful interactive Python shell
• A Jupyter kernel to work with Python code in Jupyter notebooks and other interactive frontends

Access Notebook Server

Visit https://jupyter.org/try. Select ‘Try Classic Notebook’. The following webpage appears.

Fig 14.1

Creating a Notebook
Click on File>New Notebook>Python3, Your web page should now look like this:

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Fig 14.2

Naming
Move your mouse over the word Untitled and click on the text. You should now see an in-browser
dialog titled Rename Notebook. Rename this one to Hello Jupyter:

Fig 14.3

Running Cells
A Notebook’s cell defaults to using code whenever you first create one, and that cell uses the kernel
that you chose when you started your Notebook.

In this case, you started with Python 3 as your kernel, so that means you can write Python code in
your code cells. Since your initial Notebook has only one empty cell in it, the Notebook can’t really
do anything.

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Thus, to verify that everything is working as it should, you can add some Python code to the cell and
try running its contents.

Let’s try adding the following code to that cell:

print('Hello Jupyter!')
To execute a cell, just select the cell and click the Run button that is in the row of buttons along the
top.

Output

Fig 14.1

If there are multiple cells in Notebook, and the cells are run in order, you can share your variables and
imports across cells. This makes it easy to separate out your code into logical chunks without needing
to reimport libraries or recreate variables or functions in every cell.

When you run a cell, you will notice that there are some square braces next to the word In to the left
of the cell. The square braces will auto fill with a number that indicates the order that you ran the
cells. For example, if you open a fresh Notebook and run the first cell at the top of the Notebook, the
square braces will fill with the number 1.

The Menus
The Jupyter Notebook has several menus that help to interact with the Notebook. The menu runs
along the top of the Notebook. Here is a list of the current menus:

 File
 Edit
 View
 Insert
 Cell
 Kernel
 Widgets
 Help

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Computer Programming Lab Session 12
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EXCERCISE

1. Develop a program to replace last element of all tuples in a list.

Write the program and attach output here

2.

2. Write commands to perform operations on my_tuple = ('p','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g') to convert

it into :

('r', 'o', 'g') Command=

('p', 'r', 'o') Command=

('m', 'i', 'n', 'g') Command=

('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'm', 'i', 'n', 'g') Command=

3. Develop a script that takes a tuple from user and sorts it in reverse order.

Write the program and attach output here

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Computer Programming Lab Session 13
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 13

Practice File Handling to read and write data (Using PyCharm)

FILES
Files are named storage compartments on computer that are managed by operating system.

Here mode can be typically the string 'r' to open for text input (the default), 'w' to create and open for
text output, or 'a' to open for appending text to the end.

Open a text file

fh = open("hello.txt", "r")

Read a text file

fh = open("hello.txt","r")
print (fh.read())

Read one line at a time

fh = open("hello".txt", "r")
print (fh.readline())

Read a list of lines

fh = open("hello.txt.", "r")
print (fh.readlines())

Write to a file
fh = open("hello.txt","w")
write("Hello World")
fh.close()

Write a list of lines to a file

fh = open("hello.txt", "w")
lines_of_text = ["a line of text", "another line of text", "a third
line"]
fh.writelines(lines_of_text)
fh.close()

Append to a file
fh = open("Hello.txt", "a")
write("Hello World again")
fh.close()

Close a file
fh = open("hello.txt", "r")
print fh.read()
fh.close()

Sample Program (to read a file)

f = open("test.txt",'r') # open file in current directory
print (f.read(5))

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print('\n')
print (f.read(8))
print (f.readlines(1))
print (f.readlines())

Output
this
is first
[' file for python\n']
['this is the second line\n', 'this is the third line of first python
file']

Sample Program (to write a file)

file = open('test.txt', 'w')

file.write('This is a first script')

file.write('To add more lines in a file.')

file.close()

EXCERCISE

1. Develop a program to read a file in a remote directory with ‘for loop’

Write your program here

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2. Develop a script that prints the words of file separated by commas.

Write your program here

3. Develop a script to find the longest word in the file.

Write your program here

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Computer Programming Lab Session 14
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 14

Complex Engineering Activity

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problem Statement
Develop a GUI based software application using the basic concepts of Computer Programming. For GUI, any
external library can be imported and used. The project must exhibit use of following basic computer programming
concepts:

 Basic data structures

 Decision Control Structure
 Loops
 Built-in and User defined functions
 Files for different functions
 File for data storage

Complex problem solving attributes covered (as per PEC - OBA manual – 2014)

 Range of resources: Involve the use of diverse resources (and for this purpose, resources include
people, money, equipment, materials, information and technologies).
 Level of interaction: Require resolution of significant problems arising from interactions between
wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering or other issues.
 Innovation: Involve creative use of engineering principles and research-based knowledge in novel
ways.

Task Description

Deliverables

 A proposal at the start of the project (according to the format specified).

 Debugged and tested software application.
 A project report that covers the complete software design process (according to the format specified).

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Computer Programming Rubric
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Course Code: CS 115, Course Title: Computer Programming

Evaluation Rubric
CLO: CLO 2, Taxonomy Level: C3

CRITERIA AND SCALES

Criterion 1: Project objective & background
0.5 1 1.5 2
Many major objectives, Some of the objectives, All major objectives are The objectives are well
constraints and criteria are constraints and criteria are identified. defined.
not identified identified
Criterion 2: Use of programming and logic development skills
0.5 1 1.5 2
Does not make use of Employed some analytical Employ appropriate Employ excellent
analytical tools and/or tools and/or programming analytical tools and/or analytical tools and/or
programming (and logic (and logic development) programming (and logic programming (and logic
development) techniques techniques acquired development) development)
relevant to project techniques techniques
Criterion 3: Project demonstration
0.5 1 1.5 2
The product is incomplete or Present a working product Present a working Present a fully
does not work. The but some desired functions project with support to functioning working
demonstration failed to are malfunctioned. The all desired functions. The project. The
capture what was demonstration only conveys demonstration demonstration
communicated. main ideas. techniques are techniques are very
reasonable. effective.
Criterion 4: Answer to questions
0.5 1 1.5 2
Student has no or very less Student is uncomfortable Student has competent Student has presented
knowledge of both problem with information. Seems knowledge and is at ease full knowledge of both
and solution novice and can answer basic with information problem and solution.
questions only
Criterion 5: Team Work (adjust scale)
0 2 4 6
Worst level of coordination Minimum level of Average level of Maximum level of
among the team members coordination among the coordination among the coordination among the
team members team members team members
Criterion 6: Individual contribution as a team member
0 2 4 6
Worst level of contribution. Minimum level of Average level of Maximum level of
contribution. contribution. contribution.

Total Marks: ________

Teacher’s Signature: ______________________________

 Computer Programming Rubric
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BACHELORS IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

RUBRIC

Course Code: _______________ Week #: _______________ Lab #: _______________

Assigned task: __________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

CRITERIA AND SCALES

Criterion 1: To what level has the student understood the problem?
0 1 2
The student has no idea of the The student has incomplete idea of The student has complete idea of the
problem. the problem. problem.
Criterion 2: To what extent has the student implemented the solution?
0 1 2
The solution has not been
The solution is incomplete. The solution is complete.
implemented.
Criterion 3: What level of accuracy is there in the solution?
0 1 2
There is no accuracy. The solution is partially accurate. The solution is accurate.
Criterion 4: Answer to questions related to the task
0 1 2 3
The student did not answer The student answered a The student answered most The student answered all
any question regarding lab few questions regarding lab of the questions regarding the questions regarding lab
task. task. lab task. task.
Criterion 5: To what extent is the student familiar with the scripting/programming interface?
0 1 2
The student is unfamiliar with the The student is familiar with a few The student is proficient with the
interface. features of the interface. interface.

Total Marks: ________

Teacher’s Signature: ______________________________

 Computer Programming Rubric
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BACHELORS IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

RUBRIC

Course Code: _______________ Week #: _______________ Lab #: _______________

Assigned task: __________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

CRITERIA AND SCALES

Criterion 1: To what level has the student understood the problem?
0 1 2
The student has no idea of the The student has incomplete idea of The student has complete idea of the
problem. the problem. problem.
Criterion 2: To what extent has the student implemented the solution?
0 1 2
The solution has not been
The solution is incomplete. The solution is complete.
implemented.
Criterion 3: What level of accuracy is there in the solution?
0 1 2
There is no accuracy. The solution is partially accurate. The solution is accurate.
Criterion 4: Answer to questions related to the task
0 1 2 3
The student did not answer The student answered a The student answered most The student answered all
any question regarding lab few questions regarding lab of the questions regarding the questions regarding lab
task. task. lab task. task.
Criterion 5: To what extent is the student familiar with the scripting/programming interface?
0 1 2
The student is unfamiliar with the The student is familiar with a few The student is proficient with the
interface. features of the interface. interface.

Total Marks: ________

Teacher’s Signature: ______________________________

 Computer Programming Rubric
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BACHELORS IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

RUBRIC

Course Code: _______________ Week #: _______________ Lab #: _______________

Assigned task: __________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

CRITERIA AND SCALES

Criterion 1: To what level has the student understood the problem?
0 1 2
The student has no idea of the The student has incomplete idea of The student has complete idea of the
problem. the problem. problem.
Criterion 2: To what extent has the student implemented the solution?
0 1 2
The solution has not been
The solution is incomplete. The solution is complete.
implemented.
Criterion 3: What level of accuracy is there in the solution?
0 1 2
There is no accuracy. The solution is partially accurate. The solution is accurate.
Criterion 4: Answer to questions related to the task
0 1 2 3
The student did not answer The student answered a The student answered most The student answered all
any question regarding lab few questions regarding lab of the questions regarding the questions regarding lab
task. task. lab task. task.
Criterion 5: To what extent is the student familiar with the scripting/programming interface?
0 1 2
The student is unfamiliar with the The student is familiar with a few The student is proficient with the
interface. features of the interface. interface.

Total Marks: ________

Teacher’s Signature: ______________________________