GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD 1162

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

“Description and Execution of Several Linux Commands”

For The Award Of

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(COMPUTER ENGINEERING)

2021-22

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof.Namrata Dakhane

SUBMITTED BY

SR NAME ENROLLMENT NO
01 KACHARE GANESH BHANUDAS 1911620138
02 CHAWARE SANIKA ARJUN 1911620096
 CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.1162

DEPARTMENT OFCOMPUTER ENGINEERING

MICRO PROJECT ON

“Description and Execution of Several Linux Commands”

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “Description And Execution

of Several Linux Commands” being submitted herewith for the award of
DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER
ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD &TECHNICAL
EDUCATION (MSBTE), Mumbai is the result of Micro-project work completed
under my supervision and guidance by Prof.Namrata Dakhane

Mr.____________________________________________

To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work embodied in this Microproject
has not formed earlier the basis for the award of any diploma of this or any other Board
or examining body.

Place: Ambad Prof.Namrata Dakhane

Date: (Micro-Project Guide)

DECLARATION

We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled “Description
and Execution of Several Linux Commands” Is written and submitted by
us to Government Polytechnic Ambad during Year 2020-21, Fifth Semester
for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement of "Operating
System" subject under Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the guidance of

Prof.Namrata Dakhane is our original work.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected in this
project is collected from various sources.

Roll NO Name of student Signature

302 KACHARE GANESH BHANUDAS

305 CHAWARE SANIKA ARJUN

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and
my project guide Prof.namrata dakhane

Department of “COMPUTER ENGINEERING “Government Polytechnic, Ambad

for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over fifth semester. The
work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and
inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant
motivation during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am greatly indebted to
him.

I am very much thankful to, Prof.Mr. G.U.Jadhav Head, Department of

COMPUTER ENGINEERING all HODs of various departments and Prof. Dr. A.M.
JINTURKAR, Principal, Government Polytechnic, Ambad, for his encouragement
and providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the Institute to carry
out experiments and complete this Micro-project work.

I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our
friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.

I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense
help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my
studies without which my work would not have seen light of the day.

With warm regards,

Place: Ambad Yours Sincerely,

Date: ---/---/----- Mr. /Miss. --------------------------------------------
Linux:

Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the

Linux kerne an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991,
by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and
libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux
distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software
Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU
software, causing some controversy.
Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu. Commercial
distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or
Wayland, and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma 5.
Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a
solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone
may create a distribution for any purpose.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86
architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other
operating system. Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other
big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and the only OS used on
TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, having gradually eliminated
all competitors). It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers. The
Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates the
US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300
notebook sales in the US.
Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating system is
typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes
routers, automation controls, televisions, digital video recorders, video game
consoles, and smartwatches. Many smartphones and tablet computers run
Android and other Linux derivatives. Because of the dominance of Android on
smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose
operating systems.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and opensource software
collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed—
commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective
licenses, such as the GNU General Public License.

Creation :

In 1991, while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds became curious about
operating systems. Frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which at the time limited it to
educational use only, he began to work on his own operating system kernel, which
eventually became the Linux kernel.
Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications written
for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel
development took place on Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX
components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU
Project with the fledgling operating system; code licensed under the GNU GPL can be
reused in other computer programs as long as they also are released under the same or a
compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which
prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. Developers worked to integrate
GNU components with the Linux kernel, making a fully functional and free operating
system

Naming of Linux:

Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a portmanteau of "free",
"freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system,
some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year.
Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux", but initially dismissed it as too
egotistical.[43]
In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server () of FUNET
in ftp.funet.fi September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki
University of Technology (HUT), who was one of the volunteer
administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good
name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.
Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".

Design:
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its
basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a
system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control,
networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems. Device drivers are either
integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system
is running.[59]
The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android
being the notable exception. The Project's implementation of the C library functions as
a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace
interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux
development (including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself), and the
coreutils implement many basic Unix tools. The project also develops a popular CLI
shell. The graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top
of an implementation of the X Window System.[60] More recently, the Linux community
seeks to advance to Wayland as the new display server protocol in place of X11. Many
other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems.

List Of Some Linux Command We Have Executed..

1) Cal
2) Date
3) History
4) Hostname
5) Id
6) Man
7) Ls
8) Netstat
 9) Banner
10) Passwd
11) Pwd
12) Sty
13) Time
14) Uname
15) Users
16) Who
17) Who am i

• Description and Output of the Commands

1] Cal :
cal command is a calendar command in Linux which is used to see the
calendar of a specific month or a whole year. Rectangular bracket means it is
optional, so if used without option, it will display a calendar of current month and
year. cal : Shows current month calendar on the terminal.

Syntax : $ cal

Ex. $ cal Output:

 2] Date :
date command is used to display the system date and time. date
command is also used to set date and time of the system. By default the date
command displays the date in the time zone on which unix/linux operating system
is configured.You must be the super-user (root) to change the date and time.

Syntax : $ date

Example : $ date

3] History :
history command is used to view the previously executed command. This
feature was not available in the Bourne shell. Bash and Korn support this feature in
which every command executed is treated as the event and is associated with an event
number using which they can be recalled and changed if required. These commands are
saved in a history file. In Bash shell history command shows the whole list of the
command.

Syntax : $ history
Ex. $ history
 4] Hostname :
hostname command in Linux is used to obtain the DNS(Domain Name
System) name and set the system's hostname or NIS(Network Information System)
domain name. A hostname is a name which is given to a computer and it attached to
the network. Its main purpose is to uniquely identify over a network

Syntax : hostname -[option] [file]

Ex : $ Hostname
Output:
 5] Id :
id command is command which can print real and effective User ID (UID) and
Group ID (GID). An UID is a single identity for a user. While Group ID (GID) can
consist of more than one UID.

By default, id command is installed on most of Linux system. To use it, just type
id on your console. Typing id without no options will result as below. The result will
use the active user.

Syntax : $ id

Example : $ id

Output:

6] Man :
man command in Linux is used to display the user manual of
any command that we can run on the terminal. It provides a detailed view of the
command which includes NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT
STATUS, RETURN VALUES, ERRORS, FILES, VERSIONS, EXAMPLES,
AUTHORS and SEE ALSO..

Every manual is divided into the following sections:

• Executable programs or shell commands
• System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
• Library calls (functions within program libraries
• Games
• Special files (usually found in /dev)
• File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
• Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. groff(7)
• System administration commands (usually only for root)
 • Kernel routines [Non standard]

Some ‘Man’ Command Examples:

7] Ls : ls is a Linux shell command that lists directory contents of files and

directories.

The ls command is one the most commonly used commands in daily Linux/UNIX
operations. The command is used in listing contents inside a directory and is one of the
few commands beginners learn from the onset. In this guide, we will discuss Common
ls commands in Linux and other parameters as well that may be used alongside the
command.

The ls command without any options lists files and directories in a plain format
without displaying much information like file types, permissions, modified date and
time to mention just but a few.

Syntax $ ls [options] [file|dir]

Example : $ ls Output

8] Netstat :
netstat Command Usage on Linux. netstat (network statistics) is a
command-line tool that displays network connections (both incoming and outgoing),
routing tables, and a number of network interface statistics. It is available on Unix,
Unix-like, and Windows NT-based operating systems. Netstat command displays
various network related information such as network connections, routing tables,
interface statistics, masquerade connections, Netstat prints information about the
Linux networking subsystem

Syntax : $ netstat

Example : $ netstat Output:

9] Banner :
banner command in linux is used to print the ASCII character string in large
letter to standrad output.

BANNER COMMAND IN LINUX IS USED TO PRINT THE ASCII CHARACTER STRING IN LARGE LETTER TO

STANDRAD OUTPUT. EXAMPLE 2: PRINTING “OSY PROJECT” IN LARGE LETTERS. THERE ARE TWO

THINGS: FIRST, ALL THE LETTER WILL BE DISPLAYED IN CAPITAL LETTERS IN STANDARD OUTPUT

BANNER' IS A COMMAND WHICH PRINTS A HIGH RESOLUTION TEXT BANNER ON THE SYSTEM

CONSOLE OR IF YOU HAVE A PRINTER CONNECTED TO YOUR MACHINE . THE BANNER PROGRAM ON

UNIX AND UNIX-LIKE OPERATING SYSTEMS OUTPUTS A LARGE ASCII ART VERSION OF THE TEXT THAT IS
SUPPLIED TO IT AS ITS PROGRAM ARGUMENTS .
Syntax:
banner text
Installing :-
Basically it is available in linux but is not active or Install to work. First we
have to install it using the following command after trying banner command.

sudo apt-get install sysvbanner

Steps of installing Banner Command:

1) GO to Terminal In Any Linux.

2) Now ENTER Command “banner [text]”.
3) Then it will show banner command is not installed. You have to install it.
4) Then just after the trying banner command, just type the installing command of
banner –“ sudo apt-get install sysvbanner”.
5) Now it will ask for your user password. Just enter it.
6) And the installing process get started. And then it will work fluently.

Example:

banner OSY PROJECT

Output :
 10] Passwd :
The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts. A
normal user may only change the password for his/her own account, while the
superuser may change the password for any account. passwd also changes the account
or associated password validity period.
the passwd command is used to change the password of a user account. A normal
user can run passwd to change their own password, and a system administrator (the
superuser) can use passwd to change another user's password, or define how that
account's password can be used or changed.
Syntax passwd [options] [LOGIN]

Output:

11] Pwd :
The pwd command is a command line utility for printing the
current working directory. It will print the full system path of the current working
directory to standard output. By default the pwd command ignores symlinks,
although the full physical path of a current directory can be shown with an
option

Syntax : $ pwd

Example : $pwd Output

12] Stty :

stty command in Linux with Examples. stty command in Linux is used to

change and print terminal line settings. Basically, this command shows or changes
terminal characteristics. Example: It will display the characteristics of the terminal.

Syntax stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE]

[SETTING]... stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE]
[-a|--all] stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE]
[-g|--save]
Ex: $ stty

13] Time :
The time command is used to determine how long a given command
takes to run. It is useful for testing the performance of your scripts and commands.
For example, if you have two different scripts doing the same job and you want to
know which one performs better you can use the Linux time command to determine
the duration of execution of each script

Syntax: $ time [-option] <command arg1 arg2…>

Example : $ time

Output :

14] Uname :
The uname Command. The uname command reports basic
information about a computer's software and hardware. When used without any
options, uname reports the name, but not the version number, of the kernel (i.e., the
core of the operating system)

The -a (i.e., all) option tells uname to provide the following information: the name of
the kernel, network node host name (e.g., localhost.localdomain), kernel version
number and release level (e.g., 2.4.20-6), kernel release date, machine hardware
name, CPU (central processing unit) type, hardware platform and operating system
name (e.g., GNU/Linux).

Options are available to allow each of these pieces of information to be reported

individually: -s for kernel name (i.e., the default action), -n for network node host
name, -r for kernel version number and release level, -v for date of release of the
kernel version, -m for machine hardware name, -p for CPU type (not available on some
systems), -i for general hardware platform and -o for operating system.
Syntax uname [OPTION]
Example : $ uname

Output :
15] Users :
users command in Linux system is used to show the user names of users
currently logged in to the current host. It will display who is currently logged in
according to FILE. If the FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as
FILE is common.
Display login names of users currently logged in on system

Syntax: $ users [OPTION]... [FILE]

Syntax

The basic syntax is as follows:

$ users
$ users [fileNameHere]
$ users --help
$ users --version

Example : $ uname Output

16] Who :

The Linux who command. The Linux "who" command lets you
display the users that are currently logged into your Unix computer system.
The basic who command with no command-line arguments shows the names of users
that are currently logged in, and depending on which Unix/Linux system you are
using, may also show the terminal they're logged in on, and the time they logged in.

Syntax : $ who

Example : $ who

Output :

17] Who Am I :

Who am i command is used both in Unix Operating System and as well as in

Windows Operating System. It is basically the concatenation of the strings
“who”,”am”,”i” as whoami. It displays the username of the current user when this
command is invoked. It is similar as running the id command with the options un.

Syntax : $ who am i [OPTION]

Example: $ who am i Output: