DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout-560078

Department of Information Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “Air Quality

Control Systems” is a bona fide work carried out by B

VARUN(1DS15IS018) in the partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering

in Information Science and Engineering, Visvesvaraya

Technological University, Belagavi, for the year 2019. The

seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic

requirements with respect of the seminar prescribed for Bachelor

of Engineering degree.
 Air Quality Control Systems

Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all those

who have been kind enough to guide when needed which has led to the

successful completion of the seminar.

I would like to convey my immense gratitude to Dr. C.P.S Prakash, Principal,

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering and Dr. K.N. Rama Mohan Babu,

Professor and Head, Department of Information Science and Engineering,

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, for their continuous

support and encouragement which enabled me to come up with this seminar and

also thank them for providing the right ambience for carrying out the same.

I extend my sincere thanks to seminar coordinators, Mrs. Krupashankari S S,

Assistant Professor and Mrs. Bindu Bhargavi S M, Assistant Professor,

Department of Information Science and Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College

of Engineering, Bangalore, for their guidance and suggestions for successful

completion of my seminar.

I extend my gratitude to all the teaching and the non-teaching staff members of

the Department of Information Science and Engineering who rendered their

valuable time for successful completion of this seminar.

Name: B Varun

USN: 1DS15IS018

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CONTENT PAGE NO
1. Domain
1.1 Internet Of Things 3
1.1.1 How IOT Works
1.1.2 Benefits of IOT
1.2 Big Data Analytics 4
1.2.1 Big Data Analytics Technologies and Tools
2. Introduction 5
3. Abstract 7
4. Need for Smart City 7
5. Literature Survey 8-11
5.1 IoT-Based Smart City Development using Big Data Analytical Approach
5.2 IoT Solutions for Smart Cities
5.3 A Survey on Smart Cities’ IoT
5.4 Survey on IOT based Smart City
5.5 Smart Cities: An Overview of the Technology Trends Driving Smart Cities
5.6 Implementation of IoT Technology in building Smart Cities
5.7 A Review on Internet of Things Solutions for Smart City Applications
5.8 Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Smart Cities
6. IOT technologies for Smart City 12
7. System Overview 13
7.1 Application 14
7.2 Analytical Architecture and Implementation Model 15
8. System Implementation and Data generation 17
9. Data Analysis and Impact on Society 19
10. Challenges 22
Conclusion 24
References 25

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE NO

1. Sensors Deployment 14
2. System Architecture and Implementation 16
3. The vehicular network 18
4. Graphs 19-21

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1. Domain

1.1 Internet of things

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of devices such as vehicles, and home appliances
that contain electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which allows these
things to connect, interact and exchange data.

The IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops,
laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled
physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with technology, these devices can
communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and
controlled.

1.1.1 How IOT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors,
sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway
or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information
they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention,

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although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.The connectivity, networking and communication protocols
used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications
deployed.

1.1.2 Benefits of IOT

The internet of things offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:

● monitor their overall business processes;

● improve the customer experience;
● save time and money;
● enhance employee productivity;
● integrate and adapt business models;
● make better business decisions; and
● generate more revenue.

1.2 Big Data Analytics

Big data analytics is the often complex process of examining large and varied data sets -- or
big data -- to uncover information including hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market
trends and customer preferences that can help organizations make informed business
decisions.On a broad scale, data analytics technologies and techniques provide a means to
analyze data sets and draw conclusions about them to help organizations make informed
business decisions. BI queries answer basic questions about business operations and
performance.Big data analytics is a form of advanced analytics, which involves complex
applications with elements such as predictive models, statistical algorithms and what-if
analysis powered by high-performance analytics systems.

1.2.1 Big data analytics technologies and tools

Unstructured and semi-structured data types typically don't fit well in traditional data
warehouses that are based on relational databases oriented to structured data sets. Further,

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data warehouses may not be able to handle the processing demands posed by sets of big data
that need to be updated frequently -- or even continually, as in the case of real-time data on
stock trading, the online activities of website visitors or the performance of mobile
applications.

As a result, many of the organizations that collect, process and analyze big data turn to
NoSQL databases, as well as Hadoop and its companion tools, including:

● YARN: a cluster management technology and one of the key features in second-
generation Hadoop.
● MapReduce: a software framework that allows developers to write programs that
process massive amounts of unstructured data in parallel across a distributed cluster of
processors or stand-alone computers.
● Spark: an open source, parallel processing framework that enables users to run large-
scale data analytics applications across clustered systems.
● HBase: a column-oriented key/value data store built to run on top of the Hadoop
Distributed File System (HDFS).
● Hive: an open source data warehouse system for querying and analyzing large data
sets stored in Hadoop files.
● Kafka: a distributed publish/subscribe messaging system designed to replace
traditional message brokers.
● Pig: an open source technology that offers a high-level mechanism for the parallel
programming of MapReduce jobs executed on Hadoop clusters.

2. Introduction

The need for better public services, and infrastructure has become a necessity for many
governments and huge business complexes. This is to cope with the growing population in
many cities along with the shift of populations to urban areas rather than rural areas around
the world. This has triggered the initiative of IoT to serve this necessity since all devices can
communicate with each other, the users, and their administrators. The Internet of Things term
was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1998 when he wrote ”The Internet of Things has the

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potential to change the world, just as the Internet did. Maybe even more so.”Later it was
formally made known by the International Telecommunication Union in 2005 by defining
that ”from anytime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for
anything”.Due the incorporation of ubiquitous and pervasive computing, the trend of living is
now changing.one of the report notified that in 2050, seventy percent of the world population
will live in cities. Hence, a rapid increase has been seen in the transition of the population
towards cities. Therefore, for urbanization, it is an utmost important factor to comprehend the
demand for service profiling to enhance the efficiency and may bring the recent advancement
in the city management.

Presently, few organization are on the way with their IoT platforms for live monitoring,
planning and gathering urban process parameters. For instance, Japan’s broadband access is
providing the facility of communication between people, people and things, and things and
things [2]. Similarly, S. Korea’s smart home enables their people to access things remotely
[3]. Singapore next generation I-Hub [4] intentions to comprehend the next generation “U”
type network through a secure and ubiquitous network [5].

Hence, The use of IoT for smart systems results in enhancing the number of things to be
interconnected with each other, which results in the overwhelming amount of the
heterogeneous data, referred to big data. Analyzing such data based on the user needs and
choices, the cities would become even smarter. However, the discussed system works at a
limited level, without considering the importance of Big Data generation and handling. Such
activities should be followed by the amount of data collected, offline and real-time big data
processing and analysis, and decision making. Usually, data collection and analysis
techniques are difficult to achieve in such environment. Therefore, there is a need to
incorporate smart technology that could efficiently collect the data, performed analysis, take
real-time decisions and predict the future for better city planning and development. Having
understood the feasibility and potential of the IoT and the smart systems, in this paper, we
propel the concept of smart systems toward the smart city development based on big data
analytics. In the paper, we proposed the complete architecture to the developed smart city and
did urban planning using IoT-based Big Data analytics. The system provides the guidance to
all the government authorities to make their cities smarter and intelligent in order to take a
decision at real-time based on current city scenarios.

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3. Abstract

To satisfy the needs of public and develop the city smartly, the use of IoT devices, such as
sensors, actuators, and smartphones, etc., and the smart system is the very fast and valuable
source. However, interconnecting thousands of IoT devices while communicating with each
other over the Internet to establish a smart system, results in the generation of huge amount of
data, termed as Big Data. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a smart city
system based on IoT using Big Data Analytics. We use sensors deployment including smart
home sensors, vehicular networking, weather and water sensors, smart parking sensors,
surveillance objects, etc. The complete architecture and implementation model is proposed,
which is implemented using Hadoop ecosystem in a real environment. The system
implementation consists of various steps that start from data generation and collecting,
aggregating, filtration, classification, preprocessing, computing and finished at decision
making. The efficiency in Big Data processing is achieved using spark over Hadoop. The
system is practically implemented by taken smart systems as city data source to develop
smart city. The evaluation results show that the proposed system is scalable and efficient.

4. Need for Smart City

City planning and development smart city applications have major impact area on the life of
citizens. This includes the effect on the citizen in terms of health and safety, disaster
management, pollution control, and so on so forth. Apparently, different other service domain
applications are identified that utilizes smart city IoT infrastructure to provision operations in
air, noise, pollution, and surveillance system in the cities.

However, in the development of any metropolitan, the transport system has a key role. Even a
country can only progress rapidly if his transportation system and the facilities of
transportation to the citizen are remarkable. A good transportation system makes the task to
be performed promptly. The smarter transportation has a lot of other benefits, such as
reduction of pollution, facilitation of citizens, rapid development, economy improvement, and
many more.

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Moreover, in this electronic era, where billions of devices are connected on the internet
generate millions of terabytes of Big Data. The big data generated by the various IoT systems
is used to analyze different aspects of smart city. A similar concept is followed using the IoT
paradigm and the big data concepts for urban planning. Thus, to analyze such amount of data
and make intelligent decisions is a major challenge. Therefore, based on the need of the
citizens and authorities, we focus on the building of city the more smartly by providing real-
time information regarding the city for the citizens as well authorities.

5. Literature Survey

5.1 IoT-Based Smart City Development using Big Data Analytical Approach

M. Mazhar Rathore, Awais Ahmad, and Anand Paul,Student Member proposed that, to meet
the needs of urban public and the city development smartly, the use of IoT devices, such as
sensors, actuators, and smartphones, etc., and the smart system is the very fast and valuable
source. However, interconnecting thousands of IoT devices while communicating with each
other over the Internet to establish a smart system, results in the generation of huge amount of
data, termed as Big Data. To integrate IoT services in order to get real-time city data and then
processing such big amount of data in an efficient way aimed at establishing smart city is a
challenging task. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a smart city system
based on IoT using Big Data Analytics.

5.2 IoT Solutions for Smart Cities

Himadri Nath Saha1, Supratim Auddy, Avimita Chatterjee1, Subrata Pal, Susmit Sarkar,
Rocky Singh, Amrendra Kumar Singh, Priyanshu Sharan, Sohini Banerjee, Ritwik Sarkar,
Ankita Maity, proposed that, the concept of Smart City IoT is a comprehensive and layered
framework that caters to the needs of multiple facets of projects related to smart city and thus
allowing cities to utilise urban networking in order to increase economic prowess, and build
more efficient, unique technological solutions to deal with the numerous challenges of the
city. Smart City is the product of advanced development of the new era of information
technology and smart economy, based on the mesh networking of the Internet,
telecommunications network, broadcast network, wireless networking and other end-to-end

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sensor networking where Internet of Things technology (IoT) as its heart. The Internet of
Things is modular approach to integrate sensors (RFID, IR, GPS, laser scanners, etc.) Into
everyday objects, and inter connecting them over the internet through specific protocols for
exchange of information and communications, which leads to achieving intelligent
recognition, location tracking, monitoring and management. Along with the technological
support from IoT, smart cities quintessentially need to conquer three features of being;
instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. A Smart City can only be formed by
interconnecting all of these intelligent features at their advanced stage of IOT development.
The objective of this paper is how Internet and Sensors can help to develop a city to smart.

5.3 A Survey on Smart Cities’ IoT

Ahmed Samy Nassar, Ahmed Hossam Montasser, Nashwa Abdelbaki proposed that, the large
deployment of Internet of Things(IoT) is actually enabling Smart City projects and initiatives
all over the world. Objects used in daily life are being equipped with electronic devices and
protocol suites in order to make them interconnected and connected to the Internet. According
to a recent Gartner study, 50 billion connected objects will be deployed in smart cities by
2020. These connected objects will make our cities smart. However, they will also open up
risks and privacy issues. As various smart city initiatives and projects have been launched in
recent years, we have witnessed not only the expected benefits but the risks introduced. We
describe the current and future trends of smart city and IoT. We also discuss the interaction
between smart cities and IoT and explain some of the drivers behind the evolution and
development of IoT and smart city. Finally, we discuss some of the IoT weaknesses and how
they can be addressed when used for smart cities.

5.4 Survey on IOT based Smart City

Gokulnath,Marietta, Deepa, Senthil Prabhu, Praveen Kumar Reddy, Kavitha B proposed that,
the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a numerous and diverse amount of products
and real life implementations for smart cities in the last few years. With the many
opportunities and challenges, the academic and industrial field has come up with many
hardware and middleware platforms. We categorise these different IoT applications and
solutions into different domains and present an application for each. This survey aims at
defining the state-of-the-art major and common technologies, frameworks, and applications

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used to open doors to drive future research and to spark new ideas for other industrial
ventures. Also, we discuss the significant challenges, and opportunities facing this field.

5.5 Smart Cities: An Overview of the Technology Trends Driving Smart Cities

Rodger Lea proposed that, from a technological perspective, the smart city ecosystem is a
complex one comprising many technology areas. Major players operate in several areas,
providing solutions that complement (and sometimes overlap) other players. Those
companies that are able, are working toward a convergence point where they can provide
end‐to‐end solutions for city technology needs. However, most players lack the scale to
achieve this and must work in collaboration with partners from other technology segments.
To visualize the technology ecosystem, we can identify five key technology groupings
Telecom, IT players, Governance, Energy and Infrastructure, Building Automation.

5.6 Implementation of IoT Technology in building Smart Cities

Prof. K.Adisesha, Dr.B.Lakshma Reddy, Dr. Narasaiah. B proposed that, today the world is
moving in building smart Cities and people want the world on their hands, It outlets the
revolutions of computing and smart environment. Some technologies like ambient
intelligence satisfy the maximum need of smart world but these technologies are not tightly
coupled with internet, so the people need another technology extension. Internet of Things
(IoT) is an ideal emerging technology to influence the internet and communication
technologies. Simply "Internet of Things" connected “living and non living things" through
“internet". Traditionally in the object oriented paradigm everything in the world is considered
as an object, but in the IoT paradigm everything in the world is considered as a smart object,
and allows them to communicate to each other through the internet technologies by physically
or virtually. IoT is the network of physical objects-devices, vehicles, buildings and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity-that enables
these objects to collect and exchange data. The internet of things allows objects to be sensed
and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure. According to the Gartner, 260
million objects will be connected by year 2020. Several companies and governments have
tried to make references with IoT in initial times, but nowadays in manufacturing, retail and
SOC (Social Overhead Capital) industries, successful best practices are built recently. In this

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paper,we summarized tangible IoT based service models which are helpful to academic,
Traffic Service and industrial world to understand IoT Business.

5.7 A Review on Internet of Things Solutions for Intelligent Energy Control in Buildings
for Smart City Applications

Iman Khajehnasiri, Abouzar Estebsari, Marian Verhelst, Georges Gielen proposed that, A
smart city exploits sustainable information and communication technologies to improve the
quality and the performance of urban services for citizens and government, while reducing
resources consumption. Intelligent energy control in buildings is an important aspect in this.
The Internet of Things can provide a solution. It aims to connect numerous heterogeneous
devices through the internet, for which it needs a flexible layered architecture where the
things, the people and the cloud services are combined to facilitate an application task. Such
flexible IoT hierarchical architecture model will be introduced in this paper with an overview
of each key component for intelligent energy control in buildings for smart cities.

5.8 Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Smart Cities

Badis, Rida , Sherali, AchrafI proposed that, The large deployment of Internet of
Things(IoT) is actually enabling Smart City projects and initiatives all over the world.
Objects used in daily life are being equipped with electronic devices and protocol suites in
order to make them interconnected and connected to the Internet. According to a recent
Gartner study, 50 billion connected objects will be deployed in smart cities by 2020. These
connected objects will make our cities smart. However, they will also open up risks and
privacy issues. As various smart city initiatives and projects have been launched in recent
years, we have witnessed not only the expected benefits but the risks introduced. We describe
the current and future trends of smart city and IoT. We also discuss the interaction between
smart cities and IoT and explain some of the drivers behind the evolution and development of
IoT and smart city. Finally, we discuss some of the IoT weaknesses and how they can be
addressed when used for smart cities.

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6. IOT technologies for Smart City

The IoT is a broadband system that utilizations standard correspondence conventions while
its meeting point is the Internet. The primary idea of the IoT is the general nearness of articles
that can be measured, surmised, comprehended and that can change nature. On this premise,
IoT is empowered by the improvements of different questions and also correspondence
advances. Included things in the IoT comprise of savvy gadgets including cell phones and
different items like foodstuff, apparatus, point of interest, landmark, show-stopper that can
participate together to give a typical target. The effect of the IoT on the life of clients can be
considered as its key component . A portion of the IoT-related advancements are talked about
in the accompanying.

● Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

These frameworks comprising of perusers and labels are assuming a key part with
regards to the IoT. By applying these advancements to any included protest, it is
conceivable to complete their programmed ID and dole out a remarkable
computerized personality to each question, keeping in mind the end goal to be fused in
the system and identified with the advanced data and administration.

● Wireless sensor network (WSN)

WSNs can give distinctive reasonable information and furthermore might be utilized
as a part of many cases, for example, social insurance, government and ecological
administrations and seismic detecting . Moreover, WSNs could be coordinated with
RFID frameworks to increase a few objectives like acquiring data in regards to the
position, development, temperature, and so on.

● Addressing

And in addition the Internet can empower a surprising interconnection of individuals,

the current pattern in the IoT can correspondingly give an interconnection of items
and things, so as to set up savvy situations. To this end, the capacity of particularly
distinguishing articles is pivotal for good results of the IoT. This is because of the way
that extraordinarily tending to the expansive scale mix of items is fundamental for
controlling them by means of the Internet. Notwithstanding the said uniqueness idea,

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unwavering quality, versatility and also industriousness indicate the key necessities to
build up a one of a kind tending to plot .

● Middleware

Accordingly of a few issues identified with the heterogeneity of contributing things, to

the limited stockpiling and process capacity, and also to the colossal assorted qualities
of uses, the middleware assumes a basic part in the interconnection of the items to the
application layer. The key target of the middleware is, in fact, to succinctly
incorporate the functionalities and correspondence capacities of every single included
gadget.

7. System Overview

To develop the IoT-based smart city, we deployed several wireless and wired sensors,
surveillance cameras, emergency buttons in streets, and other fixed devices. The main
challenge in this regard is to achieve smart city system and link smart system generated data
at one place. We do this by placing the main data hub linking all smart system to have all
smart system data at a central place. Figure 1 shows the sensors and smart system deployment
in order to generate data using a central hub for building the smart city. In order to get Real-
time city data, we proposed to deploy many sensors at different places to achieve smart
homes, smart parking, weather and water systems, vehicular traffic, environment population
and surveillance system. These systems are used by the authorities to make an intelligent
decision based on the real-time data to establish the smart city.

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7.1 Applications

● Smart Home
In a smart home, the home is continuously monitored by sending data generated from
the sensors, e.g., the smoke and temperature to detect a fire at real-time, the electricity
and gas consumption to effectively manage the power, gas, and water consumption to
the houses and different areas of the city.Smart meters are an important component in
smart homes since they measure electricity and gas accurately, provide you with a
better understanding of your usage, and in some cases report back to the service
provider. SensIPro provides an analytical automation tool that could be helpful in
notifying when there is a healthcare and privacy analytics. Another component that
creates a smart home is smart appliances which are consumer electronics commonly
found in households. Logging data generated from these smart appliances and sending
them back to the manufacturers in a format that can be a great insight as Takenaka

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discuss. This will enable manufacturers to provide maintenance, mass customization,

new services or products for smart appliances.

● Smart Parking
The smart parking helps in managing the vehicles coming and going out of different
car parking zones. Thus by smart car parking analysis, the need for new car parking at
specific areas can be identified. In our system, the citizens easily get the information
of the nearest free slot and suitable place for parking at real-time.

● Smart Weather and Water system

Weather and water system provides the weather related data like temperature, rain,
humidity, pressure, wind speed and water levels at rivers, lakes, dams, and other
reservoirs. In the world, most of the flood occur due to the rain and similarly few by
snow melting and dam breakage. Therefore, we use rain measuring sensors and snow
melting parameters in order to predict the flood earlier. We also predict about the
water reservoirs in advance in order to meet the need of the water to the citizens.

● Smart Vehicle Traffic System

Vehicular traffic information is the most significant source of a smart city. Through this
type of data source and with useful real-time analysis the citizen and as well as
government can get more benefits. In our smart city system, we are getting the traffic
information by GPRS, vehicular sensors, as well as the sensors placed on the front
screen of the car. We get the location of each vehicle the number of vehicles between
two pairs of sensors placed at the various location of the city. Moreover, if any
accident happens, the front screen will be damage and the sensor will send the alert to
the police, traffic authorities, and hospital.

● Smart Environmental Pollution System

A city can never be smart with unhealthy citizens. Therefore, while designing smart
city, we put a separate module to get environment data which includes gases
information such as particular metals, carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide, ozone, and
noise as well as. The citizens are alerted when any of the toxic gas is more in the air.

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7.2 Analytical Architecture and Implementation Model

The Analytical Architecture and Implementation Model is based on the needs of the smart
city, the proposed an architecture and the implementation to analyze IoT-based smart systems
to establish smart city by real-time analysis. The system complete architecture and
implementation model is given in Figure 2. It shows the full details of all the steps performed
from data generation to decision making and applications. Initially, every system will
generate their data,

such as smart home generated data, vehicular data, smart parking data, etc. At every system,
there is relay node, collecting data from all sensors and then sending to the Intelligent City
Building through GW, The Internet, and the central data-Hub.

Intelligent City Building is the main analysis system that is responsible for all activities from
data collection, filtration to Decision making. It contains various servers equipped with many
advanced analytical algorithms at various levels.

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At data preprocessing level, the data is collected by fast network cards and driver, so that it
cannot lose any packets. As the sensors have a lot of metadata, and the sensors also generate
the heterogeneous type of data. Therefore, all the unnecessary metadata and the redundant
data are discarded at filtration server. The classification server classifies the incoming data
from the various system by the message type and the identifier. After classification, the
classified data is converted to the organized form, i.e., understandable to the Hadoop
ecosystem, such as sequence file or tabular for with parameters information. Since we are
dealing with a large amount of data (termed as big data). Therefore, we need a system that
could efficiently process a large size of real-time (smart city) as well as offline (urban
planning) data. To meet these requirements, we used Hadoop ecosystem, which contains
Master nodes, and various data nodes under the Master node.

The Hadoop ecosystem has HDFS file storage, which divides the data into an equal amount of
chunks and stored them in multiple data nodes. Later, the parallel processing is performed on
these chunks using MapReduce system. Hadoop basically used for batch processing,
However, in order to use it for real-time analytics, we used Spark over the Hadoop system.
All the processing calculations, results generation are done at Hadoop ecosystem. Finally, the
decision making is performed based on the results generated by Hadoop ecosystem. The
decision-making approach uses machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing and
decision models. The generated results are used for many smart city activates such as shown
as applications in Figure 2.

8. System Implementation and Data Generation

We implement the whole system on Hadoop ecosystem taking it as the Intelligent City
Building. All the smart systems are connected to the main system, which collects the real-
time data. All the remaining activities are performed by the Hadoop ecosystem. For the city
vehicular network data collection, we developed a hardware-based vehicular network with
two vehicles and a base station as shown in Figure 3, to generate real data such as location,
speed, time, etc. The base station is attached to the system by USB port that transmits the
vehicular information to the system. For the other smart systems, we used existing smart
systems datasets, which we replayed from another computer system to make the real-time
environment. The real-time traffic is processed by Hadoop-pcap-lib, Hadoop-pcap-scr-de

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libraries and converted into sequence file to make it capable of processing on Hadoop. Each
facility of the smart city is implemented as a separated class or sub-module. Citizens have
limited access to the results of these modules, and the government has full access to them.

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9. Data Analysis and Impact on Society

The data analysis using the developed system. The analysis results can be used for many purposes
and benefited the society from common citizen to businessman and the government authorities. Here,
we are highlighting some of the impacts and benefits gains by the citizens and the government by the
real data analysis.

Figure 4 are the graphs generated to show the average speed of the vehicles on the road when
the intensity of the vehicles is low and high respectively. Which shows the higher speed when
the intensity of the traffic is low and lower average speed when then the intensity of the
traffic is higher.

Figure 5 shows the intensity of the traffic between two points at a various time.

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Figure 6 is the graph generated by the system to show the estimated time to reach to the other
point based on the average speed of the vehicles and the intensity of the vehicles.

The system also checks out the over speed vehicles. The over speed area of the Madrid
Highway with respect to a number of vehicles are shown in figure 7. From this analysis, A
citizen can decide which is the suitable routes to reach the destination depending on the on
the current traffic scenario. Moreover, the government can control traffic and make optimize
plan at runtime to decrease the intensity of the traffic on the crowded road.

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The car parking analysis in the city are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9 that describe the free
and consumed slots of several parking lots on various time slots. From such type of analysis
results, the citizens are updated to select the best suitable parking lot near their location. He
can save his fuel without manually searching the free car garage. In a nutshell, It makes the
profit equilibrium between the low as well as high-profit merchants by diverting customer to
free parking lots. Moreover, The government can make urban planning build more parking
areas near the places where most of the people normally go.

Here we are just taking one case of water management, which benefits the government
regarding proper control and planning of water usage. Figure 10 shows the consumption of
water for various calculated by the system from each home consumption.

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10. Challenges

This segment manages the regular difficulties raised by the utilization of the IoT-based
shrewd urban areas.

● Security and protection

At the point when every one of the information are gathered and broke down in a
typical IoT stage, the framework can be subjected to a few assaults (e.g., cross-site
scripting, and side-channel). Moreover, such a framework is presented to vital
vulnerabilities. Besides, multi-occupancy of this framework can likewise draw out the
security issues and cause the spillage of information.

● Heterogeneity
The IoT framework has regularly advanced with recognized arrangements in which
each framework segment is weaved to the specific application setting. As needs be,
the experts must dissect their objective situations, decide the required processing
equipment and programming and after that coordinate these heterogeneous
subsystems. The presence of such foundations and the arrangement of a reasonable
working together plan between them can be really a major testing assignment for the
IoT framework.

● Dependability
There are some dependability issues that have emerged in the IoT-based framework.
For example, in view of the vehicles' versatility, the correspondence with them is not
sufficiently dependable. Besides, the nearness of various brilliant gadgets will bring
about some unwavering quality difficulties as far as their disappointment. perhaps
appropriated over wide range situations. The IoT frameworks give an appropriate
stage that can break down and coordinate information originating from various
gadgets. Be that as it may, such vast size of data requires appropriate capacity and
computational ability gathered at high-rate which makes run of the mill challenges
harder to overcome. Then again, the appropriation of the IoT gadgets can influence

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the checking assignments in light of the fact that these gadgets must deal with the
defer identified with flow and network.

● Legitimate and social angles

The IoT framework might be administration in view of the client gave data. For such
cases, the specialist organization must be as per diverse

neighborhood and global laws. Additionally, the clients ought to have enough
motivations to partake in the characterized situations and information accumulation. It
will be more advantageous if openings are given to the clients to choose and partake
in submitting information which mean a thing.

● Huge information
Considering around 50 billion gadgets, it is unquestionably important to focus on
exchanging, putting away and reviewing and furthermore examining such a gigantic
measure of information created by them. Clearly the IoT frameworks will be a portion
of the real assets of enormous information.

● Sensor systems
Sensor systems can be considered as a standout amongst the most vital innovations to
empower the IoT. This innovation can shape the world by giving the capacity of
measuring, gathering, and comprehension natural markers. Late advancements and
enhancements in innovations have given gadgets high productivity and ease to utilize
remote detecting applications in substantial scale. Moreover, cell phones are related
with an assorted qualities of sensors and, subsequently, they empower an assortment
of portable applications in a few ranges of IoT. To this end, the major testing
assignment is to prepare the extensive scale information of the sensors regarding
vitality and system limits and different instabilities.

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Conclusion

The greatest surge of population movement in the history of mankind is being witnessed by
us. From rural areas to urban areas, modernization has been an integral part of shaping the
lifestyle of the people. It is suggested in the latest UN report on Smart Cities that by 2040, the
world will need to create 10.000 new cities. China is already in the process of building 100
new cities which will accommodate the 385 million people predicted to be move from the
rural areas to the city. There are several private sector developments which have already
begun such as planit Valley in Portugal and Lavasa in India. “Smart City” is a term which can
be interpreted as a shorthand for technology-enabled services in society, which means that
Information and Communication Technology or ICT is critical for its implementation. The
judicial use of ICT technologies has proven invaluable in dealing with the aforementioned
challenges in an effective way.

The smart city has a major impact on country’s economy. Strong and smart city system helps
in taking a quick and intelligent decision. This paper focuses on the implementation of the
smart city by the use of the IoT-based smart system. Various smart systems are used to get
real-time city data to make a decision. The Hadoop ecosystem is used to process Big Data
generated by all the smart systems deployed in the city. The System is practically
implemented and tested on real data. In future we are planning the actual deployment of all
Smart systems, testing the accuracy of the system, considering security issues.

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References

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[3] M.Mazhar Rathore,Awais Ahmad, and Anand Paul, Member “IoT-Based Smart City
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[15] Giroux, Sylvain, and Hélène Pigot. From Smart Homes to Smart Care: ICOST 2005, 3rd
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