88 Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice For the diffusion with Hydrogen, viscosity is 0.0085 cp, pressure is 1333 N/m?, molecular weight is 2 and temperature is 298 K. Then _32u[_rr_]° 2 |2ueM 3.28510 [ 8314 x 298 T 1333 2xmx1x2 = 9.06 x 10% m Proe diameter d = 0.2 um = 0.2 x 106m Therefore, d_ 02x10 <=———— = 0.022 A 9.06 x10 Hence, Knudsen diffusion occurs. Now, 02x10] [8x1 x 8314 x 298 7° [Dx Inew cayarogeny =| 3 |*] ag = 1.184 x 10 m/s Dx, Na= ap (Pai ~ Paz) 1.184 x 104 = 314 x 298 x 0.0356 (1333 - = 1.789 x 10° kmol/m? s Ans. EXERCISES Note: Any missing data may be taken from literature. 1. Estimate the diffusivities of the following gas mixtures: (i) Acetone-air at STP (ii) Toluene-air, 1 Standard atm., 30°C. (iii) Aniline-air, STP. (Ans: (i) 9.2838 x 10% m/s (ii) 8.3186 x 10° m’/s (iii) 6.8596 x 10° ms) 2, Estimate the diffusivity of ethanol in water at 10°C. | (Ans: 1.008 x 10 m?/s)3. 4. 5. 6. 7 Diffusion 39 Ethanol is diffusing through a layer of water of thickness 3 mm at 20°C. Diffusivity of alcohol in water is 0.52 x 10 ms. The concentrations on opposite sides of water film are 4% and 10% (by weight) of alcohol respectively are 0.99 and 0.98 g/cm?. Assuming that water film is stagnant, estimate (i) the flux of alcohol and (ii) concentration of alcohol in the middle of water film. (Ans: (i) 2.432 x 10-7 kmol/m’s (ii) 0.029 (mole fraction)) Through the accidental opening of a valve, water has been spilled on the floor of an industrial plant in a remote, difficult to reach area. It is desired to estimate the time required to evaporate the water into the surrounding quiescent air. The water layer is 1 mm thick and may be assumed to remain at a constant temperature of 24°C. The air is also at 24°C and 1 atm pressure with an absolute humidity of 0.002 kg water vapour/kg of dry air. The evaporation is assumed to take place by molecular diffusion through a gas film 0.5 cm thick. Diffusion coefficient for water vapour in air is 0.259 cm’/s. (Ans: 13.67 hours) Calculate the rate of diffusion of NaCl at 18°C through a stagnant film of NaCl-water mixture 1 mm thick when the concentrations are 20% and 10% (by weight) respectively on either side of the film. Diffusivity of NaCl in water is 1.26 x 10 m/s. The densities of 20% and 10% NaCI solutions are 1149 and 1067 kg/m’ respectively. (Ans: 2.81 x 10% kmol/m? s) In an Oy-Ny gas mixture at 1.01325 bar and 20°C, the concentration of O, at two planes 0.002 m apart are 20% and 10% volume respectively. (i) Calculate the rate of diffusion of O, expressed as kg motes of oxygen/m’ s for the case where Nz is non diffusing Do, = 0.181 x 10+ m’ss. (ii) Calculate the rate of diffusion of oxygen in kmol/m? s assuming equimolal counter diffusion. (Ans: (i) 4.4326 x 10% kmol/m? s_ (ii) 3.763 x 10> kmol/m? s) A vertical glass tube of diameter 0.3 cm is filled with benzene at 30°C to a depth of 2 cm from top end. After 24 hours, the liquid level in the tube had fallen to 2.5 cm from the top end. Estimate the diffusivity of benzene into air if the air above the liquid surface in the tube is stagnant. The vapour pressure and density of benzene at 30°C are 60 mm Hg and 800 kg/m? respectively. (Ans: 0.4 x 10° m/s) A vertical glass tube 1 cm in diameter is filled with liquid acetone to a depth of 5 cm from the top open end. After 4 hours of operation at 303 K and at a total pressure of 1 atm., the level dropped by 2 mm. The density of the liquid is 790 kg/m? and its vapour pressure is at 288 mm Hg under the given operating conditions. Neglecting the counter diffusion of air to replace the liquid, calculate the diffusivity of acetone in air. (Ans: 0.49 x 10° m%/s)40 9 10. i. 12. 13. 14. Mass Transfer—Theory and Practice A gas mixture containing 1/5 hydrogen and 4/5 methane by volume is prepared through which oxygen is allowed to diffuse. The total pressure is 1 x 10° N/m? and temperature is 2°C. Estimate the rate of diffusion of O, through the gas film of thickness 3 mm when concentration change across the film is 12 to 7% by volume. Diffusivity data at 1 atm., 0°C is @— Dopsty = 7-1 x 10% m/sec. (i) Doycuy = 1-88 x 10% msec. (Ans: 1.82 x 10% kmol/m?s) A volatile organic compound costing Rs. 6.50 per kg is stirred in a tank 8 m in diameter and open to the atmosphere. A stagnant air film of thickness 10 mm is covering the surface of the compound, beyond which the compound is absent. If the atmospheric temperature is 27°C, vapour pressure of the compound is 160 mmHg and its diffusivity is 0.02 m’/h, calculate the loss in rupees per day. Molecular weight of the organic compound is 78. (Ans: Rs. 11,745/day) Estimate the rate of diffusion of chloropicrin (CCl, NO,) into air, which is stagnant at 25°C and 1 atm. pressure. Diffusivity = 0.088 cm’/s, vapour pressure at 25°C of CCl; NO, is 23.81 mm Hg, Density of chloropicrin = 1.65 g/cm®. Surface area of liquid exposed for evaporation = 2.29 cm?. Distance from liquid level to top of tube is 11.14 cm. (Ans: 0.28 x 107! kmol/s) A mixture of alcohol and water vapour is rectified by contact with alcohol- water liquid solution. Alcohol is transferred from gas phase to liquid phase and water from liquid to gas phase. The model flow rates are maintained equal but in opposite directions. The temperature 80°C and pressure of 1 atmosphere are maintained constant. Both components diffuse through a gas film of 0.15 mm thick. The molal concentration of alcohol on outer and inner sides of the film is 85% and 10% respectively. Calculate (i) the rate of diffusion of alcohol, (ii) rate of diffusion of water in kg per hour through a film area of one cm. The diffusivity is 0.184 cm’/s. (Ans: (i) 3.17 x 10° kmol/s (ii) 11.435 kg/h) Ammonia is diffusing through an inert air film 2 mm thick at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. The concentration of NH is 10% by volume on one side of the film and zero on the other side. Estimate the effect on the rate of diffusion of raising the total pressure to 5 atmospheres. ‘The diffusivity of NH; in air at 0°C and 1 atm. is 0.198 cm/s. (Ans: 48.18 x 10° kmol/m? s) Alcohol is diffusing from gas to liquid and water from liquid to gas under conditions of equimolal counter diffusion at 35°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The molal concentrations of alcohol on the two sides of a gas film 0.3 mm thick are 80% and 10% respectively. Assuming the diffusivity of alcohol-water vapour to be 0.18 cm’s, calculate the rate of diffusion of15. Diffusion 41 alcohol and water in kilograms per hour through an area of 100 cm’. Molecular weight of alcohol = 74.1; R = 82.06 cm? - atm g mol K. (Ans: 4.43 kg/h) Oxygen is diffusing through a stagnant layer of methane 5 mm thick. The temperature is 0°C and the pressure of 1 atmosphere. Calculate the rate of diffusion of oxygen in kilograms per hour through 1 m? of methane film when the concentration change across the film is 15% to 5% oxygen by volume. The value of diffusivity may be taken as 0.184 cm/s. R = 82.06 cm? atm/g mol K. (Ans: 1.05 kg/hr)