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Contemporary Teaching Methods and Science Content Knowledge in

Preschool Education: Searching for Connections

Article  in  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · December 2012

DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.121

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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 3649 – 3654

WCES 2012

Contemporary teaching methods and science content knowledge in

preschool education: searching for connections
Paraskevi Kavalari *, Domna Mika Kakana, Vasilia Christidou
University of Thessaly, Pedagogical Department of Preschool Education, Argonafton & Fillelinon, Volos 382 21, Greece

Abstract

in responding to changes of their teaching practice has been often attributed to insufficiency of content
knowledge. The present study aims to investigate (a) the teaching strategies preschool teachers use to approach two science
concepts (sinking/floating and evaporation), and (b) the influence of the content knowledge on the teaching strategies. Interviews

knowledge is not the principal factor that influences teaching processes.

2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Keywords: on, science content knowledge;

1. Introduction

Curriculum implementation has been an issue for many researchers. It has been indicated that in many cases there
is a significant distance between the official curriculum of preschool education and the applied curriculum (Kallery
& Psilos, 2002; Kavalari & Kakana, 2004 in adopting new roles and styles has been attributed
to various factors. When it comes to teaching science concepts, research has indicated the components that are
responsible for the poor teaching of science concepts in preschool education. One of the most important components
is that teachers often have insufficient content knowledge or alternative ideas about science topics (Lawrenz, 1986;
Kruger & Summers, 1988; Kruger, 1990; Kallery & Psilos, 2001; Kallery, 2004). Other researchers have indicated
that teachers show lack of confidence in approaching these topics (Harlen & Holroyd, 1997; Yoon & Onchwari,
2006) and they often doubt about the benefits of science teaching (Eshach & Fried, 2005).
Since year 2003, a new curriculum has been implemented in preschool education in Greece, the Cross-Thematic
Curriculum Framework for Kindergarten (Greek Ministry of Education Greek Pedagogical Institute, 2002),
followed by the complementary Guide for the Kindergarten Teacher (Dafermou, Koulouri & Mpasagianni, 2006).
The new curriculum is inspired by interdisciplinary pedagogy (see Eurybase Network, 2009) and proposes a holistic
approach of the knowledge accompanied by detailed guidelines about the methodology teachers should follow to
approach the teaching objects. It is an open and flexible curriculum and it proposes only a few examples for every
teaching object which can help teachers design equivalent activities. Therefore, it enhance
responsibility for the educational activities that will be finally performed in the classroom. In this context, teachers

* Paraskevi Kavalari. Tel.: +302109947063

E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.121
3650 Paraskevi Kavalari et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 3649 – 3654

mental
needs and interests.
n the way young
to approach two indicative themes
to illustrate the methodology teachers should follow to approach the themes that are appropriate to their classroom.

from this theme pertain to Science Teaching. In this context, the present study focuses on two science concepts,

references, one for each concept, through the presentation of

2. The study

deviance points from the official guidelines of the current curriculum and tries to find connections with the content
knowledge of science.
The study is part of the project
, funded by the European Union, the European Social Fund and National Resources.

2.1. Aim

The aim of the study is to investigate (a) the teaching strategies teachers use to approach two science concepts
(Sinking/floating and Evaporation), and (b) the influence of the content knowledge on the teaching strategies.

2.2. Hypotheses

e will be a
positive correlation between the sufficiency of the content knowledge and the use of contemporary teaching
strategies.

2.3. Method

2.3.1. Sample
The sample of the study consists of 20 preschool teachers working in public schools in Attica, Greece. They are
all women, having from 2 to 29 years of working experience (mean = 11.4). Sixteen have graduated from
Pedagogical Departments and four from a 2-year Pedagogical Academy.

2.3.2. Procedure
The data were collected through semi-structured interviews (average duration = 18 min.) and a questionnaire
which was presented to them at the end of each interview. During the interview teachers were asked questions
concerning their relation with science teaching and their feelings about their sufficiency on this subject. After that,
they were asked to describe the way they usually chose to approach two science concepts, sinking/floating and
evaporation.
At the end of the interview session, the teachers were given a questionnaire, with 14 questions concerning the
content knowledge of these two science concepts. The questions concerned simple science issues that can be
approached with young children in a preschool classroom.
 Paraskevi Kavalari et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 3649 – 3654 3651

3. The results

3.1. Sample

Seven of the participants are familiar only with the Cross - Thematic Curriculum; the rest based their teaching
practice for many years on the old curriculum (Greek Ministry of Education Greek Pedagogical Institute, 1991)
and since 2003 they have been using the Cross - Thematic Curriculum.

3.2. General aspects on science teaching

None of the participants finds that the Science Education courses they took at University helped them enough to
effectively approach science concepts in the classroom. Personal inquiry and exchange of ideas between colleagues
is what helps most. Six mentioned that they feel a great deal of insecurity when dealing with science concepts; one

the children to understand, the rest believe that it depends on the way the teachers present each concept to the
children, and if it is appropriate then they can understand everything.
Nevertheless, they all approach science concepts in their classrooms. The most popular are: water cycle (20),
melting/freezing (18), sinking/floating (18) and evaporation (18). All of the teachers agreed that they organize
science teaching according to the current curriculum. Six mentioned that they have not discarded the old curriculum

3.3. Teaching Sinking/Floating

Thirteen teachers approach the concept each year with their classroom, 5 of them only once and two have never
approached the concept. Three teachers describe that the activity emerges by the children (these teachers insist on
the fact that everything emerges from the children). The rest of them plan the activity as a part of a theme. This
stem from different events
and more than once during the school year (4).

who pose the questions after having observed something and then we try to answer them all together (the same
teacher insists that every topic emerges from the children). Eight begin the approach with a narration to introduce

children put different materials gathered from inside or outside the classroom and observe the results. In other cases
(3) the teacher puts in the water small boats made of different materials. The discussion that follows is about which
materials sink and which float and finally they make a table to classify the materials they used during the
experimentation.

3.4. Teaching Evaporation

Evaporation is one of the most common science concepts, since 18 teachers approach it in their classrooms. One
to approach it yet and one that it confuses children, so she has decided not
to approach it any m
performing the same experiment that uses a cooking pot, something to warm the water and a plate to help the steam
condenses into water again. This experiment almost never emerges from the children but it is an activity planned by
the teacher.
Only six teachers mentioned that they ask children to make predictions, before performing the experiment. Most
of them proceed to a discussion with the children after the demonstration. The procedure is strictly based on
3652 Paraskevi Kavalari et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 3649 – 3654

teachers combine evaporation with melting/freezing, treating them as one concept, the concept of

3.5. Analyzing teaching strategies

The main purpose of the interviews was to reveal if the teaching strategies are based on the official guidelines, or
they regress to The thematic analysis of
the interviews led us to formulate two basic categories that describe the teaching strategies:
Empirical

knowledge is simplified and the experiment is a plain demonstration, lacking systematic observation and reasonable
conclusions. In this context, the teacher poses inappropriate questions and he or she is responsible to transfer
knowledge and interpret the results (Ravanis, 1999). This approach also includes references to the piagetian theory,
which gives emphasis on manipulation of materials, on developing reasoning skills (through grouping, sorting,
(Ravanis, 1999).

experiment and observation are systematic and guide children to test their predictions and come to conclusions by
discussin by providing the
appropriate equipment and embedding processes that facilitate learning (cooperative learning, symbolic
representations, language etc.) (Ravanis, 1999). Table 1 shows the number of references to each category for each
science concept.
Table 1. References to the two categories from the descriptions of the approach of the two science concepts.

Concept Empirical Contemporary

Sinking/Floating 63 10
Evaporation 34 8
Total 97 18

highly increased in the case of Sinking/Floating.

3.6. Content knowledge

The overall score on the content knowledge of the two science concepts that we examined was 5.09 (scale 1
10). The score on Sinking/floating was 4.17 and on Evaporation 6.02. Considering the content of the questions
which concerned simple science issues we evaluate these scores as low.
The main interest of the present study is to have a penetrating view and to find possible connections between a
specific score on content knowledge with specific teaching processes. Table 2 contains the findings for each
participant. The number of references to features of each teaching strategy

Table 2. References to the two teaching strategies and content knowledge score.

Content Content
(number of (number of knowledge (number of (number of knowledge
references) references) (scale 1-10) references) references) (scale 1-10)
Sinking/Floating Evaporation
1 4 5.7 2.8
2 5 1 7.1 2 1 4.2
 Paraskevi Kavalari et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012) 3649 – 3654 3653

3 7.1 2 7.1
4 3 2 2.8 2 4.2
5 4 1 1.4 3 8.5
6 4 2.8 2 7.1
7 6 2.8 1 2 7.1
8 1 10 2 10
9 2 4.2 2 2.8
10 1 2 2.8 1 4.2
11 1 1.4 3 2.8
12 4 7.1 1 10
13 0 2 5.7
14 5 1 7.1 2 1 4.2
15 3 2 2.8 2 4.2
16 4 1 1.4 3 8.5
17 4 2.8 2 7.1
18 6 2.8 1 2 7.1
19 2 4.2 2 2.8
20 4 7.1 1 10

As we see in the table there are 7 participants who explicitly referred to

describing teaching Sinking/Floating. These participants have a low score on the content knowledge of this concept
(mean 3.6). There are 7 participants with a high content knowledge score (5.7 10.0) on this concept; five of them
g nces.

score on the content knowledge (mean 5.6). There are 10 participants who have a high score (7.1 10.0) in the
content knowledge of evaporation; eight of them g

4. Discussion

The present research cannot claim that there is an immediate connection between the teaching strategies and the
content knowledge. It seems that the teaching practice to approach Sinking/Floating and Evaporation is so well
established, that it is not significantly affected by the content knowledge of these science concepts. One must have
an inclusive look by examining and combining all the components that are reflected on the teaching practice, such as
all lead to inappropriate teaching choices. The authors intend
to extend the present study by performing observations in order to have a more detailed view on the way these two
science concepts are approached in preschool classrooms.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mrs Katerina Kazela for her priceless contribution to the present research and the
20 kindergarten teachers who so willingly participated.

References

Eurydice network (2009). Early Childhood Education and Care in Europe: Tackling Social and Cultural Inequalities. Retrieved from
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