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GROUP 6 - PCJ Discussion

The document discusses the juvenile justice system in the Philippines. It defines juvenile delinquency as any unlawful act committed by a minor. The age of majority in the Philippines is 18, making anyone 17 years old or younger a minor. Under the doctrine of parens patriae, the state has a duty to protect and care for minors who cannot care for themselves, as they are considered wards of the state. The government exercises this role through agencies like the Department of Social Welfare and Development.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views

GROUP 6 - PCJ Discussion

The document discusses the juvenile justice system in the Philippines. It defines juvenile delinquency as any unlawful act committed by a minor. The age of majority in the Philippines is 18, making anyone 17 years old or younger a minor. Under the doctrine of parens patriae, the state has a duty to protect and care for minors who cannot care for themselves, as they are considered wards of the state. The government exercises this role through agencies like the Department of Social Welfare and Development.

Uploaded by

Lliana Marcel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6 THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Even the most developed and progressive countries in the world, with their vast resources, have to
contend with the problem of juvenile delinquency. Although the degrees of the severity of the problem
vary from country to country, the fact remains that juvenile delinquency continues to persist despite all
efforts put into its prevention.

Numerous definitions have been formulated to give meaning to the term “juvenile delinquency”.
Some of these are the following:
Juvenile delinquency is the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a
statutory age limit (Siegel, Welsh and Senna, 2007); Juvenile delinquency is defined as acts
committed by a juvenile that, if committed by an adult, would be a criminal act (Del Carmen
and Trulson, 2006);
Although there are many definitions of the term, these definitions have the following common
components: the person involved is a juvenile or minor, there is an act committed or behavior
demonstrated, and such act or behavior is against the law or rules of behavior of society.
Therefore, juvenile delinquency may be simply defined as any act in violation of a law or any
form of behavior that does not conform to the standard of acceptable behavior in society
committed by a minor.
These acts or behavior also take the form of status offenses. A status offense is an act or
behavior that is considered wrong or improper when it is committed by a child or minor. The
term status here refers to the condition of the person as being a minor or a child. Status offenses are
not necessarily illegal acts because not all status offenses violate any written law. However, these
acts and behavior do not conform to the standard of acceptable behavior for children, and therefore,
they must be controlled and corrected. Examples of status offenses are running away from home,
cutting classes in school, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, swearing or using bad language,
showing disrespect to elders and truancy. Truancy is defined as having unexcused absence from
school for a period exceeding twenty (20) days.
Juvenile delinquency is committed by a child or minor:
The age of majority in the Philippines is eighteen (18) years old. This is provided by Republic Act
6809, the law that lowered the age of majority from twenty-one (21) to eighteen years old (18).
This law took effect on December 13, 1989. This means that when a person reaches the age of
eighteen, he is already an adult and no longer a child. This is called emancipation. Emancipation is
defined as the freedom from parental authority upon reaching the age of majority (18) over both the
person and property with the exemption of the capacity to contract marriage.
EXPLANATION: Ang edad ng mayorya sa Pilipinas ay labingwalong (18) taong gulang. Ito ay
itinatadhana ng Republic Act 6809, ang batas na nagpababa sa edad ng mayorya na dati ay
dalawampu't isa (21) hanggang labing walong taong gulang (18). Nagkabisa ang batas na ito noong
Disyembre 13, 1989. Ibig sabihin, kapag ang isang tao ay umabot sa edad na labing-walo, siya ay
nasa hustong gulang na at hindi na bata. Ito ay tinatawag na emancipation. Ang emancipation ay
tinukoy bilang ang kalayaan mula sa awtoridad ng magulang sa pag-abot sa edad ng mayorya (18)
sa parehong tao at ari-arian na may exemption ng kapasidad na makipagkontrata sa kasal.
Therefore, the term minor refers to any person whose age is seventeen (17) years old and
below. The words juvenile, child and youth are synonymous with the word minor and are used
interchangeably.

EXPLANATION: Samakatuwid, ang terminong menor de edad ay tumutukoy sa sinumang tao na ang
edad ay labimpitong (17) taong gulang pababa. Ang mga salitang juvenile, child at youth ay
magkasingkahulugan ng salitang minor at ginagamit ito nang palitan.

If the person who behaved in an unacceptable manner or who violated the law is a child or minor,
then he is called a delinquent or a child in conflict with the law. But if the person who violated the
law is already an adult, then that person is called an offender.

EXPLANATION: Kung ang tao ay nakagawa ng hindi katanggap-tanggap na gawain o lumabag sa


batas ang isang menor de edad o bata, ito ay tinatawag na delikwente o isang bat ana may paglabag
sa batas. Pero, kung ang tao na lumabag sa batas ay nasa tamang edad na, ito ay tinatawag na
nagkasala.

Juvenile delinquency is an act or behavior:


Society has a set of written and unwritten rules on what actions are permissible and not
permissible. The written rules are what we call laws. They tell us what actions should be avoided and
they command what actions should be done. Failure to obey the laws has a corresponding
punishment, which discourages people from violating it. Laws are created by authorities to regulate
our actions so that harmony and order is maintained in our society at all times.

EXPLANATION: Ang lipunan ay may isang hanay kung saan ay may nakasulat at hindi nakasulat na
mga tuntunin sa kung anong mga aksyon ang pinahihintulutan at hindi pinahihintulutan. Ang mga
nakasulat na tuntunin ay tinatawag nating batas. Sinasabi nito sa atin kung anong mga aksyon ang
dapat iwasan at inuutusan tayo nito kung anong mga aksyon ang dapat gawin. Ang pagkabigong
sumunod sa mga batas ay may kaukulang parusa, na naghihikayat sa mga tao na lumabag dito. Ang
mga batas ay nilikha ng mga awtoridad upang ayusin ang ating mga aksyon upang ang pagkakaisa
at kaayusan ay mapanatili sa ating lipunan sa lahat ng oras.
The unwritten rules, sometimes referred to as social norms, are those rules that are not written
down on paper but are being obeyed because of our traditions, customs, culture and beliefs. Although
they are not laws, people are still expected to obey them because these have been generally
regarded as acceptable and also serve the purpose of maintaining harmony and order. Failure to
obey these rules destroys such oder and the offender must be punished one way or another.

EXPLANATION: Ang hindi nakasulat na mga tuntunin, na kung minsan ay tinutukoy bilang mga
pamantayang panlipunan, ay ang mga tuntuning hindi nakasulat sa papel ngunit sinusunod dahil sa
ating mga tradisyon, kaugalian, kultura at paniniwala. Bagama't hindi ito mga batas, inaasahan pa rin
ng mga tao na sundin ang mga ito dahil ang mga ito ay karaniwang itinuturing na katanggap-tanggap
at nagsisilbi rin sa layunin ng pagpapanatili ng pagkakaisa at kaayusan. Isang halimbawa nito ay wala
namang nakasulat sa batas na bawal magsinungaling pero dahil ito ay nakasanayan na base sa
paniniwala at kultura, nagiging masama ito. Ang pagkabigong sumunod sa mga tuntuning ito ay
sumisira sa naturang oder at ang nagkasala ay dapat parusahan sa isang paraan o iba pa isang
halimbawa na ay ang karma, pagtutuwid o iba pa.
Therefore, a child or minor who violated either the written rule or unwritten rule has committed
an act of juvenile delinquency.
EXPLANATION: Samakatuwid, ang isang bata o menor de edad na lumabag sa alinman sa
nakasulat na tuntunin o hindi nakasulat na tuntunin ay nakagawa ng akto ng juvenile delinquency.

THE PARENS PATRIAE PHILOSOPHY


Literally, the term parents patriae is Latin for “parent of the country”. It refers to the role of the
state as sovereign and guardian of persons under legal disability (Black’s Law Dictionary). It also
refers to the traditional role of the state as a sovereign and guardian of person under legal disability,
such as juveniles or the insane. It is a principle that the state must care for those who cannot take
care of themselves, such as minors who lack proper care and custody from their parents (Dannug
and Campanilla, 2004).
EXPLANATION: Sa literal na kahuluganl, ang terminong parents patriae ay Latin para sa " magulang
ng bansa". Ito ay tumutukoy sa tungkulin ng estado bilang soberanya at tagapag-alaga ng mga taong
nasa ilalim ng legal na kapansanan (Black's Law Dictionary). Tinutukoy din nito ang tradisyunal na
tungkulin ng estado bilang isang soberanya at tagapag-alaga ng taong nasa ilalim ng legal na
kapansanan, tulad ng mga kabataan o mga nawawala sa sariling isip o mas kilala sa tawag na baliw.
Ang parents patriae ay isang prinsipyo na dapat pangalagaan ng estado ang mga hindi kayang
pangalagaan ang kanilang sarili, tulad ng mga menor de edad na kulang sa wastong pangangalaga
at pangangalaga mula sa kanilang mga magulang (Dannug at Campanilla, 2004). Sa maikling salita,
ang estado ang bahala sa kapakanan ng taong hindi kayang pangalagaan ang sarili at miski ng
kanilang magulang.
Furthermore, according to this legal philosophy, the government is the guardian of everyone who has
a disability, especially children, and has a legal duty to act in their best interests until the age of
majority (Siegel and Senna, 2007).
EXPLANATION: Higit pa rito, ayon sa legal na pilosopiyang ito, ang pamahalaan ay ang tagapag-
alaga ng lahat ng may kapansanan, lalo na ang mga bata, at may legal na tungkulin na ginagawa ang
kanilang pansariling interes hanggang sa tamang edad. (Siegel at Senna, 2007).
This means that the state has an inherent duty to defend and care for its poor, vulnerable and
disabled members, most particularly, children. This also explains the power of the state to take
abused children from their abusive families and prosecute abusive parents. Abandoned and
neglected children are also placed under the care of government agencies and are put up for
adoption when permissible by law. These functions of the state are exercised through the
Department of Social Welfare and Development, or DSWD, among others.
EXPLANATION: Ang ibig sabihin lamang nito, ang estado ay may likas na tungkulin na ipagtanggol
at pangalagaan ang mga mahihirap, mahina at may kapansanang miyembro nito, lalo na, ang mga
bata. Ipinapaliwanag din nito ang kapangyarihan ng estado na kunin ang mga inaabusong bata mula
sa kanilang mga abusadong pamilya at panagutin ang mga abusadong magulang. Ang mga
inabandona at napabayaang mga bata ay inilalagay din sa ilalim ng pangangalaga ng mga ahensya
ng gobyerno at inilalagay para sa pag-aampon kapag pinahihintulutan ng batas. Ang mga tungkuling
ito ng estado ay isinasagawa sa pamamagitan ng Department of Social Welfare and Development, o
DSWD, bukod sa iba pa na hindi na lingid sa ating kaalaman.

THE NEED TO CONTROL JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

“Today's delinquents are tomorrow’s criminals”.


This saying obviously warns us of the danger of delinquency if it is not controlled or addressed
timely. Studies have shown that children who have shown signs of aggressive behaviors and have
committed different forms of delinquency are at great risk of becoming serious law violators in the
future. If their undesirable, these behaviors might persist until well into their adulthood.
EXPLANATION: Ang kasabihang ito ay malinaw na nagbababala sa atin tungkol sa panganib ng
pagiging kriminal kung hindi ito kinokontrol o natugunan nang paulit-ulit. Ipinapakita ng mga pag-aaral
na ang mga batang nagpakita ng mga palatandaan ng agresibong pag-uugali at nakagawa ng iba't
ibang uri ng kamalian ay nasa mapanganib na maging malubhang paglabag sa batas sa hinaharap.
Kung hindi kanais-nais, ang mga pag-uugaling ito ay maaaring magpatuloy hanggang sa maging
maayos ang kanilang katandaan.
Juvenile delinquency prevention refers to the efforts aimed at preventing children or minors from
committing delinquent acts, anti-social behavior and, ultimately, from getting involved in illegal and
criminal activities at young age. It refers to intervening in young people’s lives prior to their engaging
in delinquency acts (Siegel and Senna, 2007). However, history has proven that the prevention of
delinquency is not an easy task. It is a fact that juvenile delinquency is a problem that has existed and
has continued to exist despite all efforts made by the governments of the different countries across
the globe. Even the riches countries with sufficient government funds to use for the implementation of
their programs and policies could not totally eliminate it.
EXPLANATION: Ayon kay Siegel at Senna, ang pag-iwas sa isang paggawa ng krimen ng isang bata
ay tumutukoy sa mga aksyon o ginagawa na ang layunin ay ang maiwasan ang nga bata o menor de
edad mula sa paggawa ng isang hindi kaaya-ayang bagay, mga ugaling hindi tama at pati na sa
pagkakasangkot sa mga illegal at krimen sa murang edad pa lamang. Ito rin daw ay tumutukoy sa
pakikialam sa buhay ng isang bata lalo pa kung ito ay may kinalaman sa pagkasangkot nya sa isang
hindi tamang bagay. Gayunpaman, ayon na rin sa historya, hindi talaga madaling iwasan ang isang
krimen. Isa nga talagang katotohanan na ang kamalian ng isang kabataan ay parte na ng problem
ana patuloy na lumalawak at nagpapatuloy sa kabila nang aksyon at paggalaw ng gobyerno ng iba’t
ibang bansa sa buong mundo. Kahit nga ang pinakamayayaman na bansa na may sapat na pondo
para sa pagpapatupad ng batas ukol dito ay hindi rin mapuksa ito.
The prevention of delinquency is not just the duty of the government. More importantly, it is the
parents who have the greatest responsibility of ensuring that their children are brought up to be
productive, God-fearing and law-abiding citizens. The other social institutions that play important roles
are the school as the second home of the child, the neighborhood including the neighbors, barangay
officials as the representatives of the government, the church and its religious influence, and the
media, including the internet. The DSWD, the Philippine National Police and other concerned
government agencies and bodies, among others, also have specific roles to play in achieving this
end.
EXPLANATION: Ang pag-iwas sa isang krimen ay hindi lamang tungkulin ng pamahalaan. Higit sa
lahat, ang mga magulang ang may pinakamalaking responsibilidad na tiyakin na ang kanilang mga
anak ay pinalalaki upang maging produktibo, takot sa Diyos at sa mga mamamayan ng batas. Ang
iba pang mga institusyong panlipunan na gumaganap ng mahahalagang tungkulin ay ang paaralan
bilang pangalawang tahanan ng bata, ang komunidad kabilang na ang mga kapwa, opisyal ng
barangay bilang mga kinatawan ng pamahalaan, simbahan at ng impluwensya nito sa relihiyon,
media, pati na sa internet. Ang DSWD, ang Philippine National Police at iba pang nag-aalala sa mga
ahensya ng gobyerno at katawan, bukod pa sa iba, ay may partikular ding papel na gagampanan sa
pagkamit ng layuning ito.
Consequently, the failure of these social institutions to perform their important tasks of developing
and molding our children has very serious implikasyon. And because this is what really happens
sometimes, then the institutions that are expected to help prevent delinquency are actually the same
institutions tha contribute to the problem.
EXPLANATION: Dahil sa mga nabanggit, ang kabiguan ng mga institusiyon na gampanan ang
kanilang mahahalagang gampanin sa paghubog ng mga bata ay nahaharap sa isang consequences,
At dahil ito ang parating nangyayari, ang mga inaasahang institusyon na tutulong upang maiwasan
ang krimen sa mga bata ay nagdudulot din ng problema sa pagdami nito.
Obviously, the roots of juvenile delinquency are complex, the causes are varied and the contributory
factors are numerous. And the key to finding the solution to the problem on delinquency could be in
understanding these roots, causes and contributory factors, no matter how complex, varied and
numerous they may be.
EXPLANATION: Kung titingnan nating Mabuti, ang mga katiwalin ng mga bata o kabataan ay isang
kompliksdong usapin. Ang sanhi nito ay maaaring magkaiba-iba agyundin ang mga sanhi nito. Ang
susi upang makita natin ang solusyon sa problemang ito ay ang pagsusuring Mabuti. Suriin ang ugat
nito, ang mga bagay na maaaring makapagdulot nito sa bata at tandan na kahit gaano pa ito ka
komplikado at karami, palaging may solusyon dito.

CHILD WELFARE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES


In the Philippines, the first juvenile justice system was provided by Act No 1438 which was enacted
on January 11, 1906. This was succeeded by Act No 3203, otherwise known as the Juvenile
Delinquent Law, enacted on December 3, 1924 and became effective in 1927. Soon after, this was
amended by Act No 3559 on November 26, 1929, then again by Article 80 of the Revised Penal
Code in 1932.
EXPLANATION: Sa Pilipinas, ang unang juvenile justice system ay ibinigay bilang Act No 1438 na
ginawa noong Enero 11, 1906. Ito ay nagtagumpay sa pamamagitan ng Act No 3203, na mas kilala
bilang Juvenile Delinquent Law, na ginawa noong Disyembre 3, 1924 at naging epektibo noong 1927.
Hindi nagtagal pagkatapos niyon, ito ay naamyendahan sa pamamagitan ng Act No 3559 noong
Nobyembre 26, 1929, pagkatapos ay muli ng Artikulo 80 ng New Penal Code noong 1932.
Then, during the administration of former President Ferdinand Marcos, Presidential Decree 603,
otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code was issued. This law was approved on
December 10, 1974. This defined who is a youthful offender and how such offender shall be
processed in the justice system. But before the passage of this law, youthful offenders were subjected
to the provisions of the Revised Penal Code, from which the pertinent provisions of PD 603 on
youthful offender were based. Accordingly, the age of criminal liability was over nine years old, if
the minor acted with discernment. But aside from the provisions on youthful offenders, the law also
contained other aspects of child welfare, such as adoption, prohibitions against child abuse and child
labor.
EXPLANATION: Pagkatapos nito, sa pangangasiwa ng dating Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos, ang
Presidential Decree 603, na mas kilala bilang Child and Youth Welfare Code ay isinabatas. Ang batas
na ito ay inaprubahan noong Disyembre 10, 1974. Ipinaliwanag nito ang kabataang may sala at
paano ipoproseso ang gayong nagkasala sa sistema ng katarungan. Ngunit bago ang pahina ng
batas na ito, ang mga nagkasalang kabataan ay napapasailalim sa probisyon ng Revised Penal Code
kung saan ay katulad nito ang probisyon ng PD 603 na nakabasa sa nagkasalang kabataan. Base
rito, ang edad ng mananagutan sa isang krimen ay mas matanda sa labing siyam na gulang kung
ang menor de edad ay umakto ng may kaalaman o sinadya. Pero bukod dito sa probisiyong ito na
tumatalakay sa mga nagkasalang kabataan, ang batas na ito ay tumutukoy din sa kapakanan ng
isang bata katulad ng pag-ampon dito, pag-iwas sa pananakit sa isang bata at pati na ang pagbibigay
mg trabaho sa isang bata nang sapilitan.
From then on, various laws have been enacted to supplement and amend certain provisions of PD
603. There is the Mendicancy Law, or PD 1563, the law that prohibits exploitation of children by
forcing them into begging in the streets, which was enacted on June 11, 1978. Republic Act 7610,
the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act, was
enacted on June 17, 1992. This law defined the various crimes committed against children, which
include child prostitution and other sexual abuses, child trafficking, child pornography and child labor.
EXPLANATION: Mula noon, marami ng batas ang ginawa at pinatibay upang masuportahan at
maisaayos ang mga probisyon ng PD 603. Mayroong tinatawag na Mendicancy Law o ang PD 153.
Ang batas na ito ay upang maiwasan ang pang-aabuso sa mga bata sa pamamagitan ng pagpilit sa
kanila mamalimos sa kalsada o daan. Ito ay pinagtibay noong June 11, 1978. Noong June 17, 1992
naman, ang Republic Act 7610 o kilala bilang the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act ay pinagtibay. Ang batas na ito ay tumutukoy sa ibat ibang uri
ng krimen na nagagawa laban sa mga bata kabilang na ang paggamit sa mga bata sa protitusyon,
sekswal na pang-aabuso sa mga bata, pang-aabuso, mga pagsangkot sa bata sa maseselang
larawan at ang pamimilit sa mga ito na magtrabaho.
The provisions of RA 7610 on child labor, or working children, were later amended by RA 7658
which was approved on November 9, 1993, and again by RA 9231 which was approved on
December 19, 2003.
EXPLANATION: Ang probisiyon ng RA 7610 tungkol pamimilit sa mga bata na magtrabaho o
maghanapbuhay ay kalaunan ding naamyendahan o mas pinalawig ng RA 7658 na naaprubahan
noong November 9, 1993 and napalawig muli ng isa pang batas na kilala bilang RA 9231 na
naaprubahan noong Dec. 19, 2003.
At present, the adoption laws being implemented are RA 8552, otherwise known as The Domestic
Adoption Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998, and RA 8043, the Inter-Country Adoption
Act, enacted on June 7, 1995. However, some procedures on the adoption process were amended
through the passage of RA 9523 on March 12, 2009.
EXPLANATION: Sa kasalukuyan, ang mga batas ukol sap ag-aampon ay naisabatas din. Isang
batas na dito ay ang RA 8552 na mas kilala bilang Domestic Adaption Act ng 1998 na pinagtibay
noong Feb. 25, 1998. Gayundin, isa sa mga batas ay ang RA 8043 na mas kilala bilang Inter-country
Adaption Act na pinagtibay noong June 7, 1995. Sa mga batas na ito, pinag-uusapan ang legal na
proseso sap ag-aampon sa mga bata lalo pa kung walang kapasidad ang magulang nito o hindi
kaya’y naaayon sa gusto ng magulang. Gayundin naman, noong March 12, 2009, naamendahan din
ang mga ito ng RA 9523 na mas pinalawig ang usapin tungkol dito.
The provisions of RA 7610 on child trafficking were supplemented by RA 9208, otherwise known as
the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, made into law on May 26, 2003. This law qualified the
crime of trafficking in person when the victim is a child.

EXPLANATION: Noong May 26, 2003 naman, ang RA 7610 na sinuportahan ng RA 9208 ay
nilagdaan. Ito ay kilala bilang Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003. Ang batas na ito naman ay
tumutukoy sa isang krimen kung saan pinipilit ang isang batang magtrabaho, makisangkot sa sekswal
na gawain at abusuhin ang mga ito. Sa batas na ito isinasakatuparan ang pag-iwas sa mga nasabing
gawain lalo pa’t bata ang biktima rito.
Another important legislation for the protection of children is RA 9262, otherwise known as the
Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, approved on March 8, 2004. This
law provides protection for children from abuses committed by their own parents and certain relatives.
\

EXPLANATION: Isa pa sa mga mahahalagang batas bilang pagprotekta sa mga bata ay ang RA
9262. Ang batas na ito ay kilala bilang Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.
Ang batas na ito ay naglalayong protektahan ang mga kababaihan at kanilang anak sa mga pang-
aabuso at pananamantala na minsa’y natatanggap pa nila sa sariling magulang o kamag-anak. Ang
batas na ito ay pinagtibay noong March 8, 2004.

Then, in 2006, a new law was enacted which substantially repealed the provisions of PD 603
regarding youthful offenders and juvenile justice. This law is RA 9344, otherwise known as the
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. It was approved on April 28, 2006 and became effective
on May 14, 2006.

EXPLANATION: Noong 2006 naman, nagkaroon ng bagong batas na pinagtibay na naglalayong


salungatin ang PD 603 patungkol sa mga nagkasalang kabataan at hustisya ukol sa kabataan, Ang
batas na ito ay ang RA 9344 na mas kilala bilang Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. Ang
batas na ito ay naglalayong bigay ang batang nagkasala o mga bata sa edad na 17 pababa nang
sapat na proceedings at rehabilitasiyon kung saan siya ay lalaking normal at hindi na maulit ang
pangyayari.
One very important feature of the RA 9344 is the amendment of the minimum age of criminal
responsibility which paved the way for the introduction of totally different procedures to be followed.
EXPLANATION: Isa sa mga mahahalagang bagay na mayroon ang RA 9344 ay nang isaayos nito
ang edad ng mga kabataan na dapat managot sa batas na naging daan na rin sa pagsisimula ng
bagong batas at pagsasaayos ng mga ito.

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