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7 - C Knowledge Representation

This document discusses knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. It describes how knowledge-based agents use a knowledge base to store information about the world and perform reasoning. The knowledge base contains sentences in a knowledge representation language that represent facts and relationships. Operations like adding new information and querying information can involve inference to derive new knowledge. Different methods for representing knowledge are discussed, including logic, semantic networks, frames and rules. The characteristics of good knowledge representation systems, like inferential adequacy, are also covered. An example application called the Wumpus World is described to illustrate how a knowledge-based agent can operate in a simulated environment.

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Pratik Raj
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73 views

7 - C Knowledge Representation

This document discusses knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. It describes how knowledge-based agents use a knowledge base to store information about the world and perform reasoning. The knowledge base contains sentences in a knowledge representation language that represent facts and relationships. Operations like adding new information and querying information can involve inference to derive new knowledge. Different methods for representing knowledge are discussed, including logic, semantic networks, frames and rules. The characteristics of good knowledge representation systems, like inferential adequacy, are also covered. An example application called the Wumpus World is described to illustrate how a knowledge-based agent can operate in a simulated environment.

Uploaded by

Pratik Raj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge Representation
Contents
 Logical Agents
 Knowledge-based Agents
 Data  Information  Knowledge
 Knowledge Representation
 KR Characteristics
Logical Agents
 Humans know things and do reasoning, which are important
for artificial agents
 intelligence of humans is achieved by processes of reasoning
that operate on internal representations of knowledge
 In AI, this approach to intelligence is embodied in
knowledge-based agents
Knowledge-based Agents
 The central component is the knowledge base, or KB
 A knowledge base is a set of sentences
 A sentence,
 expressed in a language called a knowledge representation language
 logic languages
 represents some assertion about the world
 Operations,
 TELL - add new sentences to the KB
 ASK - a way to query what is known
 Both operations may involve inference - deriving new
sentences from old
Knowledge-based agent
 KB initially contain some background knowledge
 Each time the agent program is called, it does three things.
 First, it TELLs the knowledge base what it perceives.
 Second, it ASKs the knowledge base what action it should perform.
 extensive reasoning may be done about the current state, the

outcomes of possible action sequences


 Third, the agent program TELLs the knowledge base which action was
chosen, and the agent executes the action.
 three functions that implement the interface
 constructs a sentence asserting that the agent perceived the given
percept at the given time.
 constructs a sentence that asks what action should be done at the current
time.
 constructs a sentence asserting that the chosen action was executed.
Knowledge-based agent
Knowledge-based agent
 A knowledge-based agent can be built in two ways,
 declarative approach
 Starting with an empty knowledge base
 the agent designer can TELL sentences one by one until the agent
knows how to operate in its environment.
 procedural approach
 encodes desired behaviors directly as program code
 successful agent often combines both declarative and
procedural elements in its design
Representation
 Knowledge can take many forms and examples,
 It is raining
 Earth is round
 Humans are idiots
 how knowledge and facts about the world can be represented?
 how should an AI agent store and manipulate knowledge?
 what kinds of reasoning can be done with that knowledge

Data Information Knowledge


disconnected facts data with context, processing relationships among patterns
relationships among facts Knowledge is derived from
information by applying rules
Data  Information  Knowledge
Data: 20, 25, 30
This set of numbers are data representing a set of test results for a student.
(On their own they have no meaning because they have no context.)
Information:
The data has been processed and given context. It is now meaningful information.

student’s results Test 1 Test 2 Test 3


Raw mark 20 25 30
Max mark 20 50 100
Percentage 100% 50% 30%

Knowledge
The teacher can see that student’s results are showing a downward trend.
The teacher applies the rule of 40% for a pass to gain the knowledge that
student has passed Tests 1 and 2, and failed Test 3.
Data  Information  Knowledge
Ice Cream Shop Profit 2017 2018 2019
Month Profit in lakhs
200
2017 2018 2019 190

Jan 100.2 107.38 133.49 180

profit (in lakhs rupee)


170

Feb 120.28 126.56 136.04 160


150
Mar 143.86 163.54 163.95 140

Apr 142.81 161.53 170.26


130
120

May 168.32 194.48 199.17 110


100
Jun 161.67 184.14 190.22 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jul 155.02 177.00 178.34


Months

Aug 142.65 164.48 173.04


Sep 132.46 134.80 145.29 Knowledge
Oct 137.12 143.74 170.96 Which are the months the profit is better
Nov 109.53 138.42 144.83 than previous month in all three years?
Dec 111.23 118.49 129.22
March, May and October
10
Knowledge Representation
 knowledge representation can be considered at two levels :
 knowledge level at which facts are described, and
 symbol level at which the representations of the objects, defined in
terms of symbols, can be manipulated in the programs.

 Knowledge Representation models are often based on:


 Logic
 Semantic Net
 Frames
 Rules
Characteristics of KR
 Inferential adequacy and efficiency
 Can it infer knowledge from different relations and do it efficiently
 ability to manipulate the representational structures and to derive new
structure
 Acquisitional adequacy
 system’s ability to gain additional knowledge based on the
environment provide, using automatic methods
 Representational adequacy
 ability to represent all kinds of knowledge required
Logical Reasoning
 the agent draws a conclusion from the available information
 conclusion is guaranteed to be correct, if the available
information is correct
 This is a fundamental property of logical reasoning.
The Wumpus World
 environment in which knowledge-based agents can show their worth
The Wumpus World
 Performance measure
 +1000 for climbing out with the gold,
 –1000 for falling into a pit or being eaten by the wumpus,
 –1 for each action taken and –10 for using up the arrow
 game ends either when the agent dies or agent get out with gold
 Environment
 A 4 × 4 grid of rooms, starts in the square [1,1]
 Actuators
 Forward, TurnLeft by 90◦, or TurnRight by 90◦, Grab, Shoot, Climb
 Sensors
 Stench, Breeze, Glitter, Bump and Scream

[Stench, Breeze, None, None, None]


The Wumpus World

[None, None, None, None, None] [None, Breeze, None, None, None]
The Wumpus World

[Stench, None, None, None, None] [Stench, Breeze, Glitter, None, None]
The End…

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