DIPLOMACOURSE IN ARCHITECTURE

(SIXTH SEMESTER)

ESTIMATING-COSTING,
SPECIFICATION&VALUATION–II

Module 1 (ANALYSIS OF RATE)

1.1) DEFINITION
1.2) ANALYSIS OF RATE
1.3) QUESTIONS SESSION

JAVED AKRAM (Lecturer in Architecture) S.N.Bose Govt. Polytechnic (Ratua, Malda)

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 Module 1
1.1) DEFINITION

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION)
 What is rate analysis ?
 The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of work is called rate analysis.

 Particular items of works are

Earth works, Concrete Works, Brick works, Stone Works, Wood works, Steel works, Roofing, Plastering,
points & finishing, Flooring, etc.

 The rates of particular item of work depends on the following.

1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance
charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit & Tax. Etc.

 The rates of materials and labour vary from place to place and hence the rates of different
items of work vary from place to place.

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) PURPOSE & FACTORS

 Purpose of rate analysis

1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars items.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond, but
are to be done as per the direction of the client.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour or
due to change in technique.

 Factors affecting the Rate Analysis

1. Quantity of materials
2. Quality of materials
3. Proportion of mortar & Concrete
4. Location of site
5. Transportation charge, condition of the road site
6. Availability of materials, Labour, tools and plants near the construction site
7. Overhead & establishment charges
8. Miscellaneous expenditure and profit
9. Proper management and guidance

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) MATERIAL COST & LEAD

 Material cost

The rate of various materials as per specifications for the items under consideration
can be chalked out from market survey.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site of work. This is inclusive of:
The first cost (cost at origin),
Cost of transport, railway freight (if any), etc.
Local taxes and other charges.

 Lead statement

 The distance between the source of availability of material and construction site is
known as "Lead” and is expressed in Km.
 The cost of conveyance of material depends on lead.
 This statement is required when a material is transported from a distant place, more
than 8kms (5 miles).
 The lead statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item
including first cost, conveyance loading-unloading, stacking charges etc.

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) LEAD
The rate shown in the lead statement are for metalled road and include loading
and staking charges. The environment lead on the metalled roads are arrived
by multiplying by a factor.
a) For metal tracks(MT) – Lead x 1.0
b) For cartze tracks (CT)– Lead x 1.1
c) For Sandy tracks (ST)– Lead x 1.4
A typical lead statement is provided as follows:

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) LEAD
Example :- Prepare the lead statement for the following materials

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) LABOUR COST

 Labour cost

The labour can be classified in to

1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled 2nd Class
3) un skilled

 The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates
 30% of the skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class,
 Remaining 70% as II class.
The rates of materials for Government works are fixed by the superintendent Engineer
for his circle every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers.These rates are
incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.
The length of time required to do a certain piece of the work may vary according to the
skill and mental development of the workmen and working conditions to the particular
job.

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) TASK

 Task or out-turn work

 This is the quantity of work which can be done by an artisan or skilled labour (with the
help of semiskilled and unskilled labours) of the trade working for 8 hours a day

 The outturn of work per artisan varies according to the nature, size, height, situation,
location etc.

 Out-turn is more in larger cities, as the more specialized and experienced labours are
available, than the small cities and country sides.

 In well organised work, less labour is required

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) TASK

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) TASK
A typical labour output constant issued by National Building Organization is provided
bellow:

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) TOOLS , PLANTS & WATER

 Cost of equipment, Tools and Plants (T& P)

 The cost of equipment and ordinary tools and plats and miscellaneous petty items
(sundries) are added to the specific item rate as lump-sum.

 Provision of 2.5 to 3 % of the labour cost is made for such items.

 In certain tools and plants if it is difficult to allocate their use for a particular item of
rate; then the cost of such tools or plants may be allocated to the over-head expenditure.

 For big works and projects where it becomes necessary to use special types of
equipment like batching plants or WMM plant or dumpers or cranes for transportation of
concrete mix, provisions of an amount 1% to 1.5% of the estimated cost is provided in
the estimate under the head “special tools and plants”.

 Water charges

 For drinking purpose of the workers and for the work, arrangement of water is made
sinking tube well; bore well or from temporary connection from municipality. For this
purpose a provision of 1.5 to 2 % of total cost (Material + Labour+ Sundries) is made in
the estimate. 12
Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) OVER HEAD CHARGES

 Over head charges

 Overhead charges include general office expanses, rents, taxes, supervision and
other cost which are indirect expanses on the job.

 Expanses for small tools such as planks, ladders, ropes and other hand tools are also
included in the over-head charges.

 A provision of 2.5% to 5% is made in the rate analysis as overhead charge.

 Overhead charges can be divided under two categories:

1) General Overhead
2) Job overhead.

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Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) OVER HEAD CHARGES

 General overhead
 These are the expanses made throughout the year irrespective to running works in
hand. These include:

•Establishment charge including rent of office space and taxes

•Salaries to office staff
•Purchase of stationary, Printing, postage etc.
•Electricity, telephone and water bills
•Travelling expanses

 Job overhead
 These are the expanses indirectly incurred for the job or the project. These include:

•Salaries of personnel engaged for the work (Site engineers, Surveyors or site
office staff)
•Rent of temporary site office space, electricity, telephone and water bills
•Handling of materials
•Repairs, carriage and depreciation of T & P.
•Labour welfare, safety measures and insurance etc.
•Interest on investment
•Thept and other losses. 14
Module 1.1 (DEFINITION) CONTRACTOR’S PROFIT

 Contractor’s profit

Generally a provision of 10% is made in the rate analysis as contractor’s profit for
ordinary contracts.

For small jobs 15% profit and for large jobs 8% profit may be considered as
reasonable.

Contractors profit is not included in rate analysis if material is supplied by the

department.

Miscellaneous

 Lump sum provisions are made for miscellaneous items.

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 Module 1
1.2) ANALYSIS OF RATE

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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) PROCEDURE

 Procedure of Rate Analysis

The analysis of rates is worked out for the unit payment of the particular item of
work under two heads: Materials and Labour.

The cost of items of work = Material cost + Labour cost

Other costs included to the above cost of items of work are:

Tools and Plants ( T & P ) = 2.5 to 3 % of the labour cost

Transportation cost (if conveyance more than 8 km is considered.)
Water charges = 1.5 to 2 % 0f total cost
Contractor’s profit = 10 %

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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) EARTHWORK IN EXCAVATION
 Earthwork in excavation in foundation including filling in trenches up to
30m lead and 1.5 m lift
Assume volume of excavation = 100 cu m

Particulars Qnty/Nos. Rate(Rs.) Cost (Rs.)

Material Charges N/A N/A N/A
Labour Charges
1. Head Mason ½ Nos. 450.00 Rs./Day 225.00
2. Belder 18 Nos. 250.00 Rs./Day 4500.00
3. Mazdoor 14 Nos. 220.00 Rs./Day 3080.00
T & P, Sundries,Etc. (LS) 3% of Labour Charges 234.15
Total Materials & Labour Charges 8039.15
Add 1.5% Water Charges 120.58
Add 10% Contractor’s Profit 803.91
Grand Total 8963.64
Rate Per Cu.m. Rs. = 89.64
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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) BRICK WORK
 First class brickwork in super structure with cement mortar (1:6)
a) Estimation of Materials
Assume volume of brickwork = 10 cu m
Nominal size of modular brick = 10 cm×10 cm× 20 cm
Hence, the number of bricks required = 10/ 0.1x0.1x0.2 = 5000 Nos.

Actual size of modular brick = 9 cm× 9 cm× 19 cm

The remaining space is filled by mortar, hence the volume of mortar required for 10 cum
= 10 – (5000 × 0.09 ×0.09 × 0.19) = 2.3 cu m.

Additional mortar required for frog filling, brick bonding and wastages @ 15%.
Thus volume of set mortar = 2.3 + 2.3 × 15\100 = 2.64 cum.
But, 1.25 cu m of dry volume of mortar materials produces 1.0 cu m set mortar.
Hence, volume of dry materials required for 2.64 cu m of set mortar
= 1.25 × 2.64 cu m = 3.30 cu m.
[Note: As a thumb rule, dry volume of mortar materials is 30% of brick work]
Sum of proportion of cement and sand = 1+6 = 7
Hence, volume of cement = 3.3/7 = 0.47 cu m.
However, cement is available in 50 kg bag whose volume is 0.0347 cu m.
[Mass = 50 kg; Density =1440 kg/m3; Thus, Volume = 50/1440 = 0.0347 cu m]
[Thumb rule: 1 cu m of cement = 30 bags of cement.]
Therefore, number of bags required = 0.47 / 0.0347 ≈ 13.5 bags.
Volume of sand required = 0.47 × 6 = 2.82 cu m. 19
Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) BRICK WORK
 First class brickwork in super structure with cement mortar (1:6)
b) Rate Analysis
Assume volume of brickwork = 10 cu m
Particulars Qnty/Nos. Rate(Rs.) Cost (Rs.)
Material Charges
1. Brick 5000 Nos. 250.00(/100 Nos.) 12500.00
2. Cement 13.5 Bags 320.00 per bag 4320.00
3. Sand 2.80 Cu.m. 350 per Cu.m. 987.00
Labour Charges
1. Head Mason 2 Nos. 450.00 per Day 900
2. Mason 6 Nos. 350.00 per Day 2100.00
3. Mazdoor 16 Nos. 220.00 per Day 3520.00
4. Bhisti 8 Nos. 220.00 per Day 1760.00
T & P,Sundries,Etc. (LS) 3% of Labour Charges 248.40
Total Materials and Labour 26335.40
Add 1.5% Water Charges 395.00
Add 10% Contractor’s Profit 2633.54
Grand Total 29363.94
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Rate Per Cu.m. Rs. 2936.00
Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) PLASTER
 12 mm thick plaster with cement mortar (1:6)
a) Estimation of Materials

Assume plastering area = 100 sq m

Hence volume of mortar for 12 mm plaster = 100 m × 0.012 m = 1.2 cum

Add 30 % more to the above volume for filling of joints, for making un uniform surface well and for
wastages.
Thus total set volume of mortar including wastages and joint filling etc.
= 1.2 + 1.2 × 30\100 = 1.56 cu m.

As, 1.25 cu m of dry volume of mortar materials produces 1.0 cu m set mortar;

Volume of dry materials required for 1.56 cu m of set mortar is

= 1.25 × 1.56 cu m = 1.95 cu m,

Hence, volume of cement = 1.95/7 = 0.28 cu m.

Number of bags required = 0.28 / 0.0347 ≈ 8 bags.

Volume of sand required = 0.28 × 6 = 1.68 cu m.

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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) PLASTER
 12 mm thick plaster with cement mortar (1:6)
b) Rate Analysis
Assume plastering area = 100 sq m
Particulars Qnty/Nos. Rate(Rs.) Cost (Rs.)
Material Charges
2. Cement 8 Bags 320.00 per bag 2560.00
3. Sand 1.68 Cu.m. 350 per Cu.m. 588.00
Labour Charges
1. Head Mason 2 Nos. 450.00 per Day 900
2. Mason 6 Nos. 350.00 per Day 2100.00
3. Mazdoor 8 Nos. 220.00 per Day 1760.00
4. Bhisti 2 Nos. 220.00 per Day 440.00
T & P,Sundries,Etc. 3% of Labour Charges 156.00
Total Materials and Labour 8504.00
Add 1.5% Water Charges 127.56
Add 10% Contractor’s Profit 850.40
Grand Total 9481.96
Rate Per Cu.m. Rs. 94.82
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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) CEMENT CONCRETE (excluding reinforcement and formwork)
 Cement Concrete (1:2:4) for RC work excluding reinforcement and form work

a) Estimation of Materials
Assume volume of R.C.C. = 10 cu m (Set/Dry volume)

1.54 cu m dry volume of concrete making materials produces 1.0 cu m set concrete

Therefore volume of dry materials required for 10 cu m of set concrete is 15.4 cu m.

Sum of proportion of cement, sand and course aggregate = 1+2+4 = 7

Hence, volume of cement = 15.4/7 = 2.2 cu m.

Number of bags required = 2.2 / 0.0347 ≈ 64 bags.

Volume of sand required = 2.2 × 2 = 4.4 cu m.

Volume of course aggregate required = 2.2 × 4 = 8.8 cu m.

Note: If concrete mixture is employed for mixing of concrete, hiring and running charges
may add @ Rs. 100.00 per cu m of concrete; but the labour may be reduced by 2 beldars
per 10 cu m of concrete.
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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) CEMENT CONCRETE (excluding reinforcement and formwork)
 Cement Concrete (1:2:4) for RC work excluding reinforcement and form work
b) Rate Analysis
Assume, volume of R.C.C. = 10 cu m.
Particulars Qnty/Nos. Rate(Rs.) Cost (Rs.)
Material Charges
1. Cement 64 Bag 320.00 per bag 20480.00
2. Sand 4.4 Cu.m. 350.00 per Cu.m. 1540.00
3. C. Aggregate 8.8 Cu.m. 800.00 per Cu.m. 7040.00
Labour Charges
1. Head Mason ½ Nos. 450.00 per Day 225.00
2. Mason 2 Nos. 350.00 per Day 700.00
3. Mazdoor 10 Nos. 220.00 per Day 2200.00
4. Bhisti 5 Nos. 220.00 per Day 1100.00
5. Belder 10 Nos. 220.00 per Day 2200.00
T&P, Sundries,Etc. 3% of Labour Charges 192.75
Scaffolding 6% of Labour Charges 385.50
Total Materials and Labour 36063.25
Add 1.5% Water Charges 541.00
Add 10% Contractor’s Profit 3606.00
Grand Total 40210.25
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Rate Per Cu.m. Rs. 4021.00
Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) D.P.C
 25 mm thick cement concrete (1:2:4) damp proof course.

a) Estimation of Materials
Assume area of DPC is = 100 sq m
The volume of concrete will be = 0.025*100= 2.5 cum.

the quantity of cement, sand and course aggregates required

for 2.5 cu m concrete are estimated as:

Number of cement bags required = 16½ bags.

Volume of sand required = 1.10 cu m.

Volume of course aggregate required = 2.20 cu m.

Quantity of water proofing compound required = 3% by weight of cement =

= 3% of 16½×50 kg = 25 kg.

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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) D.P.C
 25 mm thick cement concrete (1:2:4) damp proof course.
b) Rate Analysis
Assume area of DPC is = 100 sq m
Particulars Qnty/Nos. Rate(Rs.) Cost (Rs.)
Material Charges
1. Cement 16.5 Bag 320.00 per bag 5280.00
2. Sand 1.1 Cu.m. 350.00 per Cu.m. 385.00
3. C. Aggregate 2.2 Cu.m. 800.00 per Cu.m. 1760.00
4. Water proof cpmpound 25 Kg 25.00 per Kg 625.00
Labour Charges
1. Head Mason ½ Nos. 450.00 per Day 225.00
2. Mason 8 Nos. 350.00 per Day 2800.00
3. Mazdoor 8 Nos. 220.00 per Day 1760.00
4. Bhisti 1 Nos. 220.00 per Day 220.00
T&P, Sundries,Etc. 3% of Labour Charges 150.15
Total Materials and Labour 13205.15
Add 1.5% Water Charges 198.00
Add 10% Contractor’s Profit 1320.50
Grand Total 14723.65
Rate Per Cu.m. Rs. 147.24
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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) EXAMPLE 01

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Module 1.2 (ANALYSIS OF RATE) EXAMPLE 01

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Module 1.3 (QUESTIONS SESSION ) OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.The rate of payment is made for 100 cu m (per % cu m) in case of (8x1)=8
(A) Earth work in excavation
(B) Rock cutting
(C) Excavation in trenches for foundation
(D) All the above
2. The rate of an item of work depends on
(A) Specifications of works
(B) Specifications of materials
(C) Proportion of mortar
(D) All the above
3. Pick up the correct statement from the following
(A) Bricks are paid per thousand
(B) Cement is paid per 50 kg bag
(C) Lime is paid per quintal
(D) All the above
4. Lead and lift is the term used in
(A) Earth work
(B) Reappropriation of funds
(C) Salvage value
(D) Tender notifications

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Module 1.3 (QUESTIONS SESSION ) OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
5. Which of the following is overhead expenditure?
(A) Woman's compensation, insurance etc.
(B) Establishment
(C) Stationery
(D) Water charges
6. For one cubic metre of sand, the member of 50 KG bags required would be
(A) 15
(B) 20
(C) 25
(D) 35
7. Water charges provision of
(A) 1.5 to 2 % of total cost
(B) 2 to 3 % of total cost
(C) 3 to 4 % of total cost
(D) 4 to 5 % of total cost
8. Cost of equipment, Tools and Plants (T& P) depends on
(A) Labour Cost
(B) Material Cost
(C) Labour & Material Cost
(D) Total Cost of a Project

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Module 1.3 (QUESTIONS SESSION ) SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. What is rare analysis? What are the factors affecting the rate analysis? (1+2+2)=5
The rates of particular item of work depends on

2. Calculate the quantity of materials for the following items. (2+3)=5

a. 10 Sq.m. plaster with C.M (1:4) & 12 mm thick
b. 10 Cu.m. First class brickwork with C.M (1:6)

3. Calculate the Rates of following materials by using the lead statement 2

given below.

No. Materials Rate of Source Lead in K.M. Conveyance

(Rs.) ST CT MT Charge per

1 Cement 2100/10 KN 3 2 3 2.50/Cu.m.

2 Brick 850/100 nos. 1 1 5 40.00/1000nos./Km
3 Sand 15/cu.m. 4 3 5 12.00/Km/Cu.m.
4 40mm HBG Metal 250/cu.m. 2 1 2 7.50/Km/Cu.m.

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Module 1.3 (QUESTIONS SESSION ) SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
5. Prepare a data sheet and calculate the cost of the item given below (1X5)=5

a. 10 Cu.m Brick masonry in C.M(1:6)

2 Nos. Head Mason @ Rs. 450.00/Day

6 Nos. Mason @ Rs. 350.00/Day
16 Nos. Mazdoor @ Rs. 250.00/Day
8 Nos. Bhisti @ Rs. 250.00/Day

Lead statement of materials:-

No. Materials Rate of Source Lead in K.M Conveyance
(Rs.) Charge per Km

1 Cement 2600/10 KN At Site N/A

2 Brick 800/100 nos. At Site N/A
3 Sand 15/cu.m. 18 3.00/Cu.m.
4 40mm HBG Metal 210/cu.m. 16 6.00/Cu.m.

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