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Micro Lecture

The document discusses various microbiological concepts and processes. It describes how tuberculocidal agents can kill Mycobacterium, and how pasteurization uses heat to kill pathogenic organisms. It also discusses freeze drying which removes water from products through freezing and sublimation. Various terms related to microbiology and pathogenic organisms are defined such as halophilic, thermophilic, and piezophilic organisms.

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Alliana O. Balansay
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26 views

Micro Lecture

The document discusses various microbiological concepts and processes. It describes how tuberculocidal agents can kill Mycobacterium, and how pasteurization uses heat to kill pathogenic organisms. It also discusses freeze drying which removes water from products through freezing and sublimation. Various terms related to microbiology and pathogenic organisms are defined such as halophilic, thermophilic, and piezophilic organisms.

Uploaded by

Alliana O. Balansay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SESSION 9

IT WOULD BE NECESSARY TO USE A TUBERCULOCIDAL AGENT TO KILL MYCOBACTERIUM.

PASTEURIZATION IS SIMILAR TO DISINFECTION BUT SPECIFICALLY REFERS TO THE USE OF HEAT, USUALLY AT TEMPERATURES
BELOW 212° F (100° C), TO KILL MOST ENTERIC PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS.

FREEZE DRYING, WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN AS LYOPHILIZATION, IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING WATER FROM A PRODUCT BY
FREEZING IT THEN SUBLIMING THE ICE TO VAPOR.

HALOPHILIC, THERMOPHILIC, AND PIEZOPHILIC ARE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN AND AROUND HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN.

IF A CELL IS PLACED IN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION, WATER WILL LEAVE THE CELL, AND THE CELL WILL SHRINK.

SPORICIDAL SHOULD BE USED TO PREVENT CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS IN A HOSPITAL SETTING.

THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF STEAM STERILIZATION, AS ACCOMPLISHED IN AN AUTOCLAVE, IS TO EXPOSE EACH ITEM TO DIRECT
STEAM CONTACT AT THE REQUIRED TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE FOR THE SPECIFIED TIME. 

THE GOAL OF MEDICAL ASEPSIS IS TO KILL PATHOGENS WHEREAS THE GOAL OF SURGICAL ASEPSIS IS TO KILL ALL
MICROORGANISMS.

MACCONKEY AGAR IS A SELECTIVE AND DIFFERENTIATING AGAR THAT ONLY GROWS GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL SPECIES; IT


CAN FURTHER DIFFERENTIATE THE GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS BASED ON THEIR LACTOSE METABOLISM.

BLOOD AGAR IS A NON-SELECTIVE MEDIUM THAT CAN BE MADE SELECTIVE FOR CERTAIN PATHOGENS BY THE ADDITION OF
ANTIBIOTICS, CHEMICALS OR DYES.

SESSION 10

PATIENTS WEIGHT IS LEAST LIKELY TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN DECIDING WHICH ANTIBIOTIC TO PRESCRIBE FOR
A PATIENT

SULFONAMIDE DRUGS INHIBIT PRODUCTION OF FOLIC ACID OR A VITAMIN IN THOSE BACTERIA THAT REQUIRE P-
AMINOBENZOIC ACID OR PABA TO SYNTHESIZE FOLIC ACID.

DESTRUCTION OF CAPSULES IS NOT A COMMON MECHANISM BY WHICH ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS KILL OR INHIBIT THE
GROWTH OF BACTERIA.

WHEN TWO OR MORE DRUGS TO WHICH IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED ARE GIVEN TOGETHER,
EACH HELPS PREVENT THE EMERGENCE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI RESISTANT TO THE OTHERS. THE STANDARD OF CARE FOR
INITIATING TREATMENT OF TB DISEASE IS FOUR-DRUG THERAPY.

ARSPHENAMINE, ALSO KNOWN AS SALVARSAN OR COMPOUND 606, IS A DRUG THAT WAS INTRODUCED AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE 1910S AS THE FIRST EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR SYPHILIS AND AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS. 
IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE USE OF TWO DRUGS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

HEART OF EVERY PENICILLIN AND CEPHALOSPORIN MOLECULE IS A DOUBLE RINGED STRUCTURE WHICH IN PENICILLIN
RESEMBLES A HOUSE AND GARAGE. THE GARAGE IS CALLED THE B-LACTAM RING. SOME BACTERIA PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT
DESTROY THE B-LACTAM RING AND THESE ENZYMES ARE KNOWN AS B-LACTAMASES.
SUPERBUG CAN REFER TO AN ORGANISM THAT IS RESISTANT TO ONLY ONE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AND THE TERM USUALLY
REFERS TO MULTIPLY DRUG RESISTANT ORGANISMS.

MRSA AND METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS ARE STRAINS RESISTANT TO ALL AND ANTI
STAPHYLOCOCCAL DRUGS EXCEPT VANCOMYCIN AND ONE OR TWO MORE RECENTLY DEVELOPED DRUGS

VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS SPP STRAINS THAT IS RESISTANT TO MOST ANTI ENTEROCOCCAL DRUGS INCLUDING
VANCOMYCIN.

MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS OR MDR TB THESE STRAINS ARE RESISTANT TO THE TOOL MOST EFFECTIVE FIRSTLINE
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS- ISONIAZID AND RIFAMPIN.

SESSION 12

EPIDEMIC DISEASES OR DISEASES THAT OCCUR IN A GREATER THAN USUAL NUMBER OF CASES IN A PARTICULAR REGION AND
USUALLY OCCUR WITHIN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

PANDEMIC DISEASE IS A DISEASE THAT IS OCCURRING IN EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS IN MANY COUNTRIES SIMULTANEOUSLY
SOMETIMES WORLDWIDE.

ENDEMIC DISEASES ARE THEY SEE SIS THAT ARE ALWAYS PRESENT WITHIN THE POPULATION OF A PARTICULAR GEOGRAPHIC
AREA. THE NUMBER OF CASES OF THE DISEASE MAY FLUCTUATE OVERTIME, BUT THIS IS NEVER DIES OUT COMPLETELY.

THERE MUST BE A MODE OF TRANSMISSION OR AWAY FOR THE PATHOGEN TO TRAVEL FROM ANDY TO ANOTHER PERSON.

THERE MUST BE A PORTAL OF EXIT OR A WAY FOR THE PATHOGEN TO ESCAPE FROM THE RESERVOIR.

MORBIDITY RATE FOR THE DISEASE, WHICH IS USUALLY EXPRESSED THE NUMBER OF NEW CASES OF A PARTICULARE DISEASE
THAT OCCURRED DURING A SPECIFIED TIME PER A SPECIFICALLY DEFINED POPULATION.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PREVALENCE: PERIOD PREVALENCE AND POINT PREVALENCE. THE POINT PREVALENCE OF A
PARTICULAR DISEASE IS THE NUMBER OF CASES OF THE DISEASE EXISTING IN A GIVEN POPULATION AT A PARTICULAR
MOMENT IN TIME.

MORTALITY RATE ALSO KNOWN AS THE DEATH RATE IS THERE A SHOW OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO DIED OF A
PARTICULAR DISEASE DURING A SPECIFIED TIME PERIOD PER A SPECIFIED POPULATION.

EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND THE DETERMINANTS OF
DISEASES IN HUMAN POPULATION, AND WASTE TO PREVENT, CONTROL, OR ERADICATE DISEASES AND POPULATIONS.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE IS DEFINED AS A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE THAT IS EASILY TRANSMITTED FROM ONE PERSON TO
ANOTHER.

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