International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (IJLLC)

ISSN: 2582-9823
Vol-2, Issue-6, Nov– Dec 2022
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijllc
Article CrossRef DOI: 10.22161/ijllc.2.6.4
Peer-Reviewed Journal

Numerals in Kokborok
Dr. Biman Debbarma

Department of Kokborok, Tripura University (A Central University), Tripura, India

Article Info Abstract
Received: 20 Oct 2022, This paper will describe the numerals used in the Kokborok language.
Received in revised form: 07 Nov 2022, Kokborok belongs to the Bodo-Garo sub-group of the Tibeto-Burman
language family, spoken in the Northeastern state of Tripura, India.
Accepted: 12 Nov 2022,
According to the 2011 census, the Kokborok speakers' total population is
Available online: 18 Nov 2022 around 8,80,537 (23.97% of the total population). This language happens to
Keywords— Tibeto-Burman, decimal, be one of the lingua-franca among the tribes. The numerals in Kokborok are
cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative, of decimal type, i.e., ten base and purely absent of vigesimal, i.e., twenty
fractional, distributive, restrictive. base. Structurally, Kokborok categorizes into six numerals viz., (i) cardinals,
(ii) ordinals, (iii) multiplicative, (iv) fractional, (v) distributive, and (vi)
©2022 The Author(s). Published by AI
restrictive numerals. The raw numbers from one to ten are the basic
Publications. This is an open access
numerals used as compounding for forming higher numerals by addition or
article under the CC BY license
multiplication. Syntactically, in compound nouns, the numeral always follows
the head noun in Kokborok.

I. INTRODUCTION numerals. This framework will refer to forming different

Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language family spoken in forms of digits by basic cardinal numerals. The framework
the Northeastern state of Tripura, India. The language also will also see that the numeral uses classifiers for denoting
does found in the adjoining states of Assam, Mizoram and differential objects. Syntactically, the parameter of basic
the neighbouring country Bangladesh. Linguistically, word order is subject-object-verb (SOV); in that case, the
Kokborok belongs to the Bodo-Garo sub-group of the noun numerals always follow the head nouns in Kokborok.
Tibeto-Burman language family (Benedict, 1972).
According to Shafer (1966-74), Kokborok comes under the II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Western Units of the Barish section within the subdivision
Only a few researchers have worked in detail regarding the
of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Burling (2003) also
numerals in Kokborok. A few researchers who have
came into view with the classification of Kokborok under
worked on numerals in the language are listed below.
the Bodo group of languages now under Bodo-Koch. In
Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Pushpa Pai (1994) briefly described the numeral system as
(TTAADC), Kokborok, one of the state languages, is used decimal type. She also wrote examples of counting with
as a lingua-franca among almost all the tribes. Kokborok twenty bases as kholpe 'twenty', which is of vigesimal type
also got recognition as one of the official languages of the and purely absent in Kokborok.
state by the state Government on 19 January 1979. It has According to Francois Jacquesson (2008), numerals cannot
written literature with no script of its own. Presently, the form without a classifier, and the group classifier is
language is written mainly in the Roman script, especially attached to the digits for counting.
in Colleges, Universities, social media and other religious
In his English-Kokborok-Bengali dictionary, Binoy
books, i.e., the Bible.
Debbarma (2013) wrote a counting method in Kokborok
Generally, numerals are means for counting numbers. The with the gloss in English and Bengali. The purpose of this
basic digits are of a decimal type and are non-derivative book remains only for vocabulary reference.
and monomorphemic in Kokborok. Apart from basic
numerals, all other cardinal numerals derive from basic

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Debbarma / International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (IJLLC), Vol-2, Issue-6 (2022)

In his Kokborok-English dictionary (2017), Binoy (iv) Fractional numerals

Debbarma wrote again on the counting methods in (v) Distributive numerals; and
Kokborok having an English gloss which appears to be (vi) Restrictive numerals
only for reference. In all of his dictionary publication 4.2 Cardinal numerals
series, in the appendix section, Debbarma has included Cardinal numerals are the counting numbers that initiate
numerals as a vocabulary stock with English gloss. from the value of one (1) and ultimately go on in
Samir Debbarma (2014), in his thesis "The Structure of sequential order and are not ordinals, fractional,
Kokborok," described in detail the numerals in Kokborok. distributive, or restrictive numerals. They can be sub-
Still, a few classifications of distributive and restrictive classified into two types, namely.
numerals do need to be included, which are very much (a) Basic numerals
evident in the language. (b) Compound numerals
After a preliminary review, it notices the language many
researchers still need to use to classify the numerals 4.2.1 Basic numerals
linguistically. Therefore, this proposed study may help to In Kokborok, the raw numbers from one to ten (1-10) are
discover reports on digits in Kokborok. basic cardinal numerals. These basic natural numbers from
one to ten are underived and monomorphemic, as shown in
III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Table 1.

The collection of data is from the on-field and off-field Table 1: Basic numeral roots in Kokborok
visits. The technique of telephonic conversation was the Value Numerals Gloss
main instrument used for collecting data for this proposed
1 sa ‘one’
study from several informants from the experts of
Kokborok speakers. The telephonic conversation was also 2 nɨi ‘two’
captured and recorded with the help of a voice recorder. 3 tham ‘three’
The regional varieties like Debbarma, Jamatia, Reang,
4 bɨrɨi ‘four’
Kalai, Rupini, Tripura, Murasing, Noatia, and Uchai were
the dialectical variations in Kokborok, which makes it 5 ba ‘five’
difficult to access the data accurately. Among these 6 dok ‘six’
speakers, the Debbarma dialect is considered the standard
7 sini ‘seven’
variety, comprising its most significant number of speakers
among all the tribes, one being Tripura's princely state 8 car ‘eight’
language. After collecting the data, the language experts 9 cuku ‘nine’
cross-checked, discussed and analyzed it. Other than
10 ci ‘ten’
primary sources, secondary sources are also used, usually
in the form of books, journals, articles, etc., for the
proposed study. 4.1.1 Compound numerals
In addition to basic, cardinal compound numerals can also
be formed employing compounding, i.e., a juxtaposition of
IV. KOKBOROK NUMERALS
two free numeral morphemes. Compound numerals are
4.1 Numerals in Kokborok
unlimited in number and productive, which can create
The value of numerals appears to be purely decimal type higher values in Kokborok. These numerals are also sub-
and vigesimal or quinary, which is of twenty bases or five classified into three types, namely.
bases that have no correspondence in describing the
(a) Compound numerals with the addition
number of digits in Kokborok. Apart from basic numerals,
(b) Compound numerals with multiplication
compound numerals form higher values of integers either
(c) Compound numerals with multiplication plus
by employing addition or multiplication or addition plus
addition
multiplication, as was the case in many South Asian
4.1.1.1 Compound numerals with the addition
languages. Structurally, the Kokborok numerals do classify
into six types, namely. In this case, the numerals are formed by adding basic digits
to the decimal number. So, the compounding numerals in
(i) Cardinal numerals
Kokborok form by juxtaposing a single free numeral
(ii) Ordinal numerals
morpheme to the decimal number. In another sense, the
(iii) Multiplicative numerals

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beginnings of the higher value from eleven to nineteen [7X10=70]

states by adding the lower value from one to nine. In (xvi) car-ci ‘eighty.’
simple terms, the decimal number ten is added with the
[8X10=80]
basic cardinal numerals to create the higher value from
eleven to nineteen, as exemplified below. (xvii) cuku-ci ‘ninety.’
(i) ci-sa ‘eleven.’ [9X10=90]
[10+1=11] 4.1.1.3 Compound numerals with multiplication plus
(ii) ci-nɨi ‘twelve.’ addition
[10+2=12] In Kokborok, the compound numerals are formed by
(iii) h
ci-t am ‘thirteen.’ decade ten multiplied and then added with the basic
cardinal numerals. The compound numerals from 21-29,
[10+3=13]
31-39, 41-49, 51-59, 61-69, 71-79, 81-89, and 91-99 are
(iv) ci-bɨrɨi ‘fourteen.’ formed by the decimal 10 (ten) multiplied by the numerals
[10+4=14] from 2-9 numbers and then added with the basic digits
(v) ci-ba ‘fifteen.’ from 1-9 respectively. The compound numerals with
multiplication and addition are exemplified below in
[10+5=15]
Kokborok.
(vi) ci-dok ‘sixteen.’
(xviii) nɨi-ci-sa ‘twenty one.’
[10+6=16]
[2X10+1=21]
(vii) ci-sini ‘seventeen.’
(xix) tham-ci-nɨi ‘thirty two.’
[10+7=17]
[3X10+2=32]
(viii) ci-car ‘eighteen.’
(xx) bɨrɨi-ci-tham ‘forty three.’
[10+8=18]
[4X10+3=43]
(ix) ci-cuku ‘nineteen.’
(xxi) ba-ci-bɨrɨi ‘fifty four.’
[10+9=19]
[5X10+4=54]
4.1.1.2 Compound numerals with multiplication
(xxii) dok-ci-ba ‘sixty five.’
Apart from addition, the numerals are also formed by the
[6X10+5=65]
multiplication of basic numerals onto the decimal number.
So, compounding is formed with multiplication by (xxiii) sini-ci-dok ‘seventy six.’
juxtaposing a single morpheme to the decimal number. [7X10+6=76]
The numbers twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, (xxiv) car-ci-sini ‘eighty seven.’
eighty, and ninety are the multiplicative compound
[8X10+7=87]
numerals formed with the multiplication of basic digits
from two to nine to the value of ten, as seen from the (xxv) cuku-ci-ba ‘ninety five.’
following examples given below in Kokborok. [9X10+5=95]
(x) nɨi-ci ‘twenty.’ (xxvi) cuku-ci-dok ‘ninety six.’
[2X10=20] [9X10+6=96]
(xi) h
t am-ci ‘thirty.’ (xxvii) cuku-ci-sini ‘ninety seven.’
[3X10=30] [9X10+7=97]
(xii) bɨrɨi-ci ‘forty.’ (xxviii) cuku-ci-car ‘ninety eight.’
[4X10=40] [9X10+8=98]
(xiii) ba-ci ‘fifty.’ (xxix) cuku-ci-cuku ‘ninety nine.’
[5X10=50] [9X10+9=99]
(xiv) dok-ci ‘sixty.’ 4.2 Ordinal numerals
[6X10=60] The usage of ordinal numerals are uncommon in
(xv) sini-ci ‘seventy.’ Kokborok, and instead, it uses by taking loan either from

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Debbarma / International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture (IJLLC), Vol-2, Issue-6 (2022)

Bengali or English. Only one ordinal numeral do use for [CL-10-11=waicisa]

counting the value. It is a non-derivative numeral that 4.4 Fractional numerals
takes no affixes to form a word. The example of an ordinal
Fractional numerals are rational numbers, not cardinals,
numeral is described below, along with Bengali and
ordinals or distributive numerals in Kokborok. Fractional
English loan words.
numerals are formed by prefixing the morpheme khak- to
Table 2: Ordinal numerals in Kokborok the basic cardinal numerals. Generally, the
Sl. No. Kokborok Bengali English Gloss word k ak means ‘separate/divide.’ So, in fractional
h

numerals, the morpheme khak- indicates the meaning of

1 sɨkaŋ prothom first ‘first’
‘half/piece/quarter’ when attached to the cardinal
2 — ditiyo second ‘second’ numerals. Consider the following examples as described
3 — tritiyo third ‘third’ below.
4 — coturtho fourth ‘fourth’ (xli) khak-sa ‘half.’
5 — poncom fifth ‘fifth’ [CL-1=khaksa]
(xlii) khak-nɨi ‘two piece.’
4.3 Multiplicative numerals h
[CL-2=k aknɨi]
In Kokborok, the multiplicative numeral means the (xliii) khak-tham ‘three piece.’
cardinal digits multiplied by a prefixal morpheme. The
[CL-3=khaktham]
morpheme wai- ‘number of times’ prefixes the cardinal
numerals to form the multiplicative numerals. In other (xliv) khak-bɨrɨi ‘four piece.’
words, the classifier wai- can be employed with any h
[CL-4=k akbɨrɨi]
number of values, irrespective of higher or lower, to create (xlv) khak-ba ‘five piece.’
the value of multiplicative numerals. The examples below
h
show how multiplicative digits form in a language. [CL-5=k akba]

(xxx) wai-sa ‘once.’ Sometimes, the classifier morpheme khak- is reduplicated

to get the meaning of ‘quarter.’ It indicates the implication
[CL-1=waisa] that one portion of the length or breadth does divide twice,
(xxxi) wai-nɨi ‘twice.’ which becomes four pieces, as shown in the following
[CL-2=wainɨi] examples.

(xxxii) wai-tham ‘thrice.’ (xlvi)khak-sa-ni khak-sa ‘quarter.’

[CL-3=waitham] [CL-1-GEN CL-1=khak-sa-ni khak-sa]

(xxxiii) wai-bɨrɨi ‘four times.’ It also does notice in the language that the word kosa ‘half’
is used predominantly according to the context of its
[CL-4=waibɨrɨi]
environment. It is used only while indicating about
(xxxiv) wai-ba ‘five times.’ pathway or some eatable fruits like a banana which is of
[CL-5=waiba] elongated and curved shape. Consider the following
examples as shown below.
(xxxv) wai-dok ‘six times.’
(xlvii) ko-sa ‘half.’
[CL-6=waidok]
[CL-1=kosa]
(xxxvi) wai-sini ‘seven times.’
Some sentential examples are shown below in (xlviii) and
[CL-7=waisini]
(xlix).
(xxxvii) wai-car ‘eight times.’
(xlviii) aŋ lama ko-sa sok-kha
[CL-8=waicar]
i road CL-1 reach-PST
(xxxviii) wai-cuku ‘nine times.’
‘I reached half of the way’
[CL-9=waicuku]
(xlix) aŋ thailik ko-sa ca-kha
(xxxix) wai-ci ‘ten times.’
i banana CL-1 eat-PST
[CL-10=waici]
‘I ate half of the banana.’
(xl) wai-ci-sa ‘eleven times.’

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It is also worth mentioning that classifier ko- cannot be ‘Take one comb each.’
used with other cardinal numbers from two to a higher (lxiii) betɨra kai-nɨi-sɨk nahar-di
value. It is used only with the cardinal number sa ‘one.’ It
comb CL-2-each take-IMP
becomes ungrammatical when employed with different
numerals, as exemplified below. ‘Take two combs each.’
(l) ko-nɨi ‘2 half’ # (lxiv) betɨra kai-ba-sɨk nahar-di
[CL-2=konɨi] comb CL-5-each take-IMP
(li) aŋ thailik ko-nɨi ca-kha# ‘Take five combs each.’
i banana CL-1 eat-PST It also noticed in the language that the multiple numbers of
other classifiers are well attested for denoting the value of
‘I ate two half of the banana.’
distributive numerals, as exemplified below.
4.5 Distributive numerals
(lxv) borok khorok -sa sɨk
In Kokborok, the cardinal numeral appears to be followed
by the free morpheme sɨk ‘each’ to the corresponding person CL-1 each
cardinal numerals. The generic classifier kai- cannot be ‘One person each.’
separated from prefixing the cardinal numerals in forming
[denoting human nouns]
distributive numerals. In other words, the generic
classifier kai- is obligatorily prefixed to the cardinal digits (lxvi) buphaŋ phaŋ -sa sɨk
and then followed by the free morpheme sɨk ‘each’ to the tree CL-1 only
corresponding numerals, as seen from the examples given
‘One tree each.’
below.
[denoting plants and trees]
(lii) kai-sa-sɨk ‘one each.’
(lxvii) tok mak-nɨi sɨk
[CL-1-each=kaisa sɨk]
bird CL-2 each
(liii) kai-nɨi-sɨk ‘two each.’
‘Two birds each.’
[CL-2-each=kainɨi sɨk]
[denoting birds and animals]
(liv) kai-tham-sɨk ‘three each.’
(lxviii) mokol kol-sa sɨk
[CL-3-each=kaitham sɨk]
eye CL-1 each
(lv) kai-bɨrɨi-sɨk ‘four each.’ ‘One eyes each.’
[CL-4-each=kaibɨrɨi sɨk] [denoting grains, eyes, seeds, etc.]
(lxix) yakuŋ koŋ-sa sɨk
(lvi) kai-ba-sɨk ‘five each.’
leg CL-1 each
[CL-5-each=kaiba sɨk]
‘One leg each.’
(lvii) kai-dok-sɨk ‘six each.’
[denoting long objects]
[CL-6-each=kaidok sɨk]
(lxx) ri kaŋ-sa sɨk
(lviii) kai-sini-sɨk ‘seven each.’
cloth CL-1 each
[CL-7-each=kaisini sɨk]
‘One cloth each.’
(lix) kai-car-sɨk ‘eight each.’
[denoting flat objects]
[CL-8-each=kaicar sɨk]
(lxxi) khɨtɨŋ tɨŋ-sa sɨk
(lx) kai-cuku-sɨk ‘nine each.’
eye CL-1 each
[CL-9-each=kaicuku sɨk]
‘One thread each.’
(lxi) kai-ci-sɨk ‘ten each.’
[denoting long, narrow/thin objects]
[CL-10-each=kaici sɨk]
(lxxii) tɨi thop-sa sɨk
Some of the sentential examples are given below.
water CL-1 each
(lxii) betɨra kai-sa-sɨk nahar-di
‘One drops of water each.’
comb CL-1-each take-IMP
[denoting drops of liquids]

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4.6 Restrictive numerals

Like distributive numerals, restrictive numerals are also Some of the sentential examples are given below.
formed by the free morpheme simi ‘only,’ followed by the (lxxxviii) borok khorok –sa simi
corresponding cardinal numerals. Here also, the generic
person CL-1 only
classifier kai- is obligatorily used, which is attached to the
cardinal numerals and then the free morpheme simi ‘only’ ‘Only one person.’
is followed to the cardinal numerals to form the lexeme of [denoting human nouns]
restrictive digits. Consider the following examples as
(lxxxix) buphaŋ phaŋ -sa simi
described below.
tree CL-1 only
(lxxiii) kai-sa-simi ‘only one.’
‘Only one tree.’
[CL-1-only=kaisa simi]
[denoting plants & trees]
(lxxiv) kai-nɨi-simi ‘only two.’
(xc) tok mak-nɨi simi
[CL-2-only=kainɨi simi]
bird CL-2 only
(lxxv) kai-tham-simi ‘only three.’
‘Only one bird.’
[CL-3-only=kaitham simi]
[denoting birds and animals]
(lxxvi) kai-bɨrɨi-simi ‘only four.’
(xci) mokol kol-sa simi
[CL-4-only=kaibɨrɨi simi]
eye CL-1 only
(lxxvii) kai-ba-simi ‘only five.’
‘Only one eye.’
[CL-5-only=kaiba simi]
[denoting grains, eyes, seeds, etc.]
(lxxviii) kai-dok-simi ‘only six.’
(xcii) yakuŋ koŋ-sa simi
[CL-6-only=kaidok simi]
leg CL-1 only
(lxxix) kai-sini-simi ‘only seven.’
‘Only one leg.’
[CL-7-only=kaisini simi]
[denoting long objects]
(lxxx) kai-car-simi ‘only eight.’
(xciii) ri kaŋ-sa simi
[CL-8-only=kaicar simi]
cloth CL-1 only
(lxxxi) kai-cuku-simi ‘only nine’
‘Only one cloth.’
[CL-9-only=kaicuku simi]
[denoting flat objects]
(lxxxii) kai-ci-simi ‘only ten.’
(xciv) khɨtɨŋ tɨŋ-sa simi
[CL-10-only=kaici simi]
eye CL-1 only
Apart from generic classifier kai-, multiple numbers of
other classifiers are also employed to mean for restrictive ‘Only one thread.’
numerals for denoting any objects that do use in the [denoting long, narrow/thin objects]
language, and they are shown below with examples as-.
(xcv) tɨi thop-sa simi
h
(lxxxiii) k orok-sa-simi ‘only one person.’
water CL-1 only
h
[CL-1-only=k oroksa simi]
‘Only one drop of water.’
(lxxxiv) khorok-nɨi-simi ‘only two people.’
[denoting drops of liquids]
[CL-2-only=khoroknɨi simi]
(lxxxv) phaŋ-sa-simi ‘only one tree.’
V. CONCLUSIONS
[CL-1-only=phaŋsa simi]
Kokborok belongs to the Bodo-Garo subgroup of the TB
(lxxxvi) phaŋ-nɨi-simi ‘only two trees.’ language family, spoken in the Northeastern state of
[CL-2-only=phaŋnɨi simi] Tripura, India. So, based on the analysis, the numerals in
Kokborok can draw the following conclusions.
(lxxxvii) mak-nɨi-simi ‘only two animals.’
[CL-2-only=maknɨi simi]

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1. The numerals found are of a decimal type and purely PST Past tense marker
absent of vigesimal. TB Tibeto-Burman
2. Six types of numerals are found to be used in the TTAADC Tripura Tribal Areas
language, (i) cardinals, (ii) ordinals, (iii) multiplicative, Autonomous District Council
(iv) fractional, (v) distributive, and (vi) restrictive
numerals.
REFERENCES
3. The basic numerals are non-derivative and
monomorphemic in the language. [1] Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2000. Classifiers: A Typology of
Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford & New York: Oxford
4. The digits from one to ten (1-10) are found to be basic University Press.
cardinal numerals. [2] Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus.
5. Compound numerals are formed by juxtaposing one or Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
more free numeral morphemes. [3] Debbarma A. 1996. Kokborok Primer. Agartala, Tribal
Research Institute.
6. The compound cardinal numerals, the numbers from [4] Debbarma, Samir. 2014. The Structure of Kokborok. Ph.D.
eleven to higher numerals, are derived from the basic Dissertation. Silchar, Assam University.
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7. Syntactically, the numeral always follows the head noun
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8. The finding of ordinal numerals in language usage is [6] Grierson, G.A. Ed., 1903-28. Linguistic Survey of India,
only one; instead, the language makes it communicable Vol. III Part II. Reprinted1967-68, Delhi-Varanasi, Patna,
using Bengali or English. Motilal Banarsidass.
[7] Jacquesson, Francois. 2008a. A Kokborok Grammar:
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and are formed by prefixing bound morphemes to the basic
[10] Pai, P. 1976. A Kokborok Grammar. Mysore, Central
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Institute of Indian Languages.
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11. Both distributive and restrictive numerals are formed Typological Study. Doctoral dissertation, Department of
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2020.
denoting different objects.

Abbreviations and Symbols

# Ungrammatical
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
5 Five
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Eight
9 Nine
10 Ten
CL Classifier
GEN Genitive case marker
IMP Imperative marker

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