Volume 7, Issue 10, October – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Study on the Linear Algebra

Anuja Kisanrao Raundal
Engineering science and humanities
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Center
Nashik, India.

Abstract:- Linear algebra is an initial part of mathematics. device requires long and unmanageable calculations while
It is a major branch of arithmetic related to the performed with the help of hands. For example:
mathematical systems underlying the operations of
addition and scalar multiplication, consisting of the PC graphics, geometric modeling, robotics, and more.
principles of construction of linear equations, matrices,
determinants, vector surfaces, and linear transformations. II. EASE OF USE
Linear algebra is a mathematical subject that deals with
vectors and matrices, and more generally with vector A. Linear algebra
surfaces and linear transformations. Unlike the other The line through the origin of R3 (blue, thick) is a linear
components of arithmetic, which are often fueled by new subspace and a common study of linear algebra. Linear algebra
ideas and unsolved problems, linear algebra is very easy to is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of vectors,
understand. Its value lies in its many applications from vector spaces (also called linear spaces), linear maps (also
mathematical physics to modern algebra and its use in called linear transformations), and systems of linear equations.
engineering and science along with image processing and Vector spaces are a central topic in modern mathematics.
analysis. Linear algebra is therefore widely used in both abstract algebra
and functional analysis. Linear algebra also has concrete
Keywords:- Linear Algebra; Addition; Scalar; Multiplication; expressions in analytic geometry and is generalize in operator
Linear Equations; Matrices; Determinants; Vector Spaces; theory. Since linear models can often approximate nonlinear
models, they have widespread applications in the natural and
I. INTRODUCTION social sciences. Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics
aimed at solving systems of linear equations with finite
Linear algebra is a must-read course for a wide variety of unknowns. In particular, I would like answers to the following
students, at least for a reason. First, such large-scale studies in questions:
various fields of mathematics, multivariate analysis,
differential equations, probability in all fields of physics, • Solution Characterization:
biology, chemistry, economics, finance, psychology, Is there a solution for the given system of linear
sociology, and engineering Few subjects can claim to have a equations? How many solutions are there?
program. Second, this difficulty provides her sophomore year
with an excellent opportunity to find ways to work with • Find solutions:
summary concepts. Linear algebra is one of the most What is a solution set and what is the solution? Linear
recognized mathematical disciplines due to its rich theoretical algebra is a systematic theory for solving systems of linear
underpinnings and many useful programs for technology and equations. Linear equations can be solve by applying different
engineering. Solving the structure of linear equations and operations to either side of the equal sign. These operations
computing determinants are examples of important linear help simplify equations, solve variables, and finally find
algebra problems that have been studied for a long time. solutions. Therefore, we can find the solution of the linear
Leibniz localized his method of definition in 1693, and Kramer equation by following these steps:
in 1750 provided an approach that fixed the structure of linear
equations. This is now called Cramer's Rule. This is the main Step 1: Simplify the formula. This includes removing brackets
basis for improving linear algebra and matrix theory. At the end and other grouping characters, removing fractions, and
of the development of virtual machines, matrix computation combining synonyms.
received a great deal of attention. John von Neumann and Alan Step 2: Isolate variables. Perform addition and subtraction to
Turing are known as pioneers of personal computer put all terms containing variables on only one side of the
technology. They contributed greatly to improving linear PC equation.
algebra. In 1947, von Neumann and Goldstine studied the Step 3: Solve the equation. Multiply and divide to find the
effect of rounding errors on the response of linear equations. answer.
Twelve months later, Turing [Tur48] initiated a method of
factoring matrices into reduced triangular matrices using Example1: x+2y=7
echelon matrices (the factorization is called his LU Corresponding to the x-intercepts and y-intercepts of the
decomposition). There is a lot of interest in linear PC algebra graph, by setting first x=0 and then y=0
right now. This is because today the sphere is recognize as a When x=0
very important device in many areas of PC programming. This we get:
0+2y=7y=3.5

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Volume 7, Issue 10, October – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
When y=0 IV. MATRIX
we get:
x+2(0)=7x=7 A. Definition of matrix: An m × n matrix is an array of
numbers with m rows and n column
So the two points are (0, 3.5) and (7, 0).

Fig.4.1 organization of matrix

In mathematics, a matrix (multiple matrices or less

commonly a matrix) is a rectangular array of numbers, as
shown to the right. Matrices that consist of only one column or
row are vectors, while those with higher dimensions are
Fig.2.1 graph
vectors. A 3D array of numbers is a tensor. Matrices can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied input by input, according to
B. Systems of Linear Equation
the rules corresponding to constructing linear transformations.
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each
These operations satisfy the usual identities, except that matrix
term is either a constant or the product of a constant and a
single variable (to the power of 1). A linear equation can have multiplication is not commutative.
one or more variables. Linear equations are abundant in most
AB=BA ID can fail. One use of matrices is to represent
subfields of mathematics, especially applied mathematics.
linear transformations. Linear transformations are higher-
These arise quite naturally when modeling many phenomena,
dimensional analogues of linear functions of the form f(x) = cx.
but by assuming that the quantity of interest deviates slightly
Where c is a constant. Matrices can also track the coefficients
from the 'background' state, many nonlinear equations can be
of a system of linear equations. For square matrices, the
converted to linear equations It is particularly useful because
determinant and inverse (if any) determine the behavior of the
it can be reduced to Linear equations do not contain exponents.
solution of the corresponding system of linear equations, and
In this article, we consider the case of a single equation looking
the eigenvalues and eigenvectors provide insight into the
for the true solution. All of its content applies to complex
solutions, and more generally to linear equations with geometry of the associated linear transformation. Matrices have
many uses. Physics uses them in various fields such as matrices
coefficients and solutions in all domains.
and matrix mechanics.
III. SOME USEFUL THEOREMS
The latter also led to a detailed investigation of matrices
with infinitely many rows and columns. Graph theory uses
 Every vector space has a basis [1].
matrices to encode the distances of nodes in a graph. B. The
 Any two bases in the same vector space have the same city, connected by roads and computer graphics, uses the
cardinality. Therefore, the dimension of the vector space is matrix to encode the projection of the three-dimensional space
well defined. onto his two-dimensional screen. Matrix calculus generalizes
 A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non- classical analytical concepts such as derivatives of functions
zero. and exponentials of matrices. The latter is repeatedly needed
 A matrix is invertible only if the linear maps it represents when solving ordinary differential equations.
are isomorphic.
 A square matrix is invertible if it has a left or right inverse. Serialism and dodecaphonism are 20th-century musical
 A matrix is positive semidefinite if and only if each of its movements that use square matrices to determine patterns of
eigenvalues is greater than or equal to zero. intervals. Due to their widespread use, considerable effort has
 A matrix is positive definite if and only if each eigenvalue been expended to develop efficient methods of matrix
is greater than zero. computation, especially for large matrices. For this purpose,
 An n × n matrix is diagonalizable iff it has n linearly there are several matrix decomposition methods that represent
independent eigenvectors (that is, we have an invertible matrices as products of other matrices with certain properties
matrix P and a diagonal matrix D with A = PDP-1). that simplify the computation both theoretically and practically.
 The spectral theorem states that we can only orthogonally Sparse matrices, matrices composed mostly of zeros, such as
diagonalizable a matrix if it is symmetric. those encountered in simulating mechanical experiments using
the finite element method, often enable more specific

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Volume 7, Issue 10, October – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
algorithms to accomplish these tasks. Increase. The close 0 − 1 + 12 0−2+2
=| |
relationship between matrices and linear transformations 12 + 11 + 12 −4 + 22 + 2
makes the former an important concept in linear algebra. Other 11 0
=| |
types of entries are also used, such as elements and rings in the 35 20
more general mathematical domain.
C. linear equations
Linear equations are a special case of matrix
B. Matrix multiplication, Linear equations and Linear
multiplication and are closely related to linear equations.
Transformations
(that is, an n × 1 matrix) and A is an m-by-n matrix, then
the matrix equation is Ax = b. where b is part of m ×1. column
vector, for systems of linear equations
A1,1x1 + A1,2x2 + ... + A1,nxn = b1
Am,1x1 + Am,2x2 + ... + Am,nxn = bm .[8]

Thus, matrices can be used to compactly describe and

process multiple linear equations, or systems of linear
equations.

D. Linear Transformation
Matrices and matrix multiplication reveal essential
functionality in the context of linear transformations (also
called linear maps). A real m-by-n matrix A leads to a linear
Fig.4.2 schematic depiction of the matrix transformation Rn → Rm that maps every vector x in Rn to the
(matrix) product Ax (a vector in Rm). Conversely, any linear
Product AB of two matrices A and B transformation f:
Multiplication of two matrices is define only if the
number of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number Rn → Rm from a unique m-by-n matrix A is
of rows of the right matrix. If A is an m-by-n matrix and B is
an n-by-p matrix, then their matrix product AB is the m-by-p Explicitly the (i,j) entry of A is the ith coordinate of f(ej).
matrix whose entries are given by: where ej = (0,...,0,1,0,...,0) is the unit vector 1 at the jth
position, 0 elsewhere. The matrix A represents the linear map
[𝐴𝐵]𝐼, 𝑗 = 𝐴𝐼, 1𝐵1, 𝑗 + 𝐴𝐼, 2 𝐵2, 𝑗 + 𝐴𝑖, 𝑛 𝐵𝑛, 𝑗 f and A is called the transformation matrix of f.
𝑛

= ∑ 𝐴 𝑖, 𝑟 𝐵𝑟, 𝑗 CONCLUSION
𝑛=1
Overall, linear algebra, in addition to its mathematical
Where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ p.[5] For example (the underlined uses, has a wide range of uses and applications in most areas
entry 1 in the product is calculated as the product 1 · 1 + 0 · 1 of engineering, medicine, and biology. As the fields of science
+ 2 · 0 = 1): and engineering grow, so does the use of mathematics,
creating new mathematical problems and requiring new
Matrix multiplication follows the rules (AB)C = A(BC) mathematical skills. In this regard, linear algebra is
(connectivity) and (A+B)C = AC+BC, and C(A+B) = CA+CB particularly responsive to computer science, as it plays a key
(left and right distributions). meet the rules. The size of the role in many important computer science endeavors.
matrix is such that the different products are defined.[6] The
product AB can be defined without BA being defined. That is, REFERENCES
if A and B are m-by-n and n-by-k matrices, respectively, and
m ≠ k. Even if both products are defined, they do not have to [1]. Anton, Howard, “Elementary Linear Algebra,” 5th ed.,
be equal. That is, in general AB ≠ BA. New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-84819-0, 1985.
[2]. Artin, Michael, “Algebra,” Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-
In other words, matrix multiplication is not commutative. 89871-510-1, 1991.
This contrasts sharply with numbers (rational, real, or [3]. Baker, Andrew J., “Matrix Groups: An Introduction to
complex) where the product does not depend on the order of Lie Group Theory,” Berlin, DE; New York, NY:
the factors. Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-1-85233-470-3, 2003.
[4]. Bau III, David, Trefethen, Lloyd N., “Numerical linear
Example1: algebra, Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and
3 −1 Applied Mathematics,” ISBN 978-0-89871-361-9 ,
0 −1 2
| ||1
2| 1995.
4 11 2
6 1
=|
(0 × 3) + (−1 × 1) + (2 × 6) (0 × −1) + (−1 × 2) + (2 × 1)
|
(4 × 3) + (11 × 1) + (2 × 6) (4 × −1) + (11 × 2) + (2 × 1)

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Volume 7, Issue 10, October – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[5]. Beauregard, Raymond A., Fraleigh, John B., “A First
Course In Linear Algebra: with Optional Introduction to
Groups, Rings, and Fields,” Boston: Houghton Mifflin
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[6]. Bretscher, Otto, “Linear Algebra with Applications (3rd
ed.), “Prentice Hall , 1973.
[7]. Bronson, Richard ,” Matrix Methods: An Introduction,”
New York: Academic Press, LCCN 70097490 . 1970.
[8]. Bronson, Richard,” Schaum's outline of theory and
problems of matrix operations,” New York: McGraw–
Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-007978-6 , 1989.

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