Comparative study on currently available aggregates in

Bangladesh.

FALL 2020

Md. Mehedi Hasan

17105013
Sabbir Hossain
17105041
Md. Mojammel Haque
13205078

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Asia Pacific

1
Comparative study on currently available aggregates in
Bangladesh.
A thesis submitted by

Md. Mehedi Hasan

17105013
Sabbir Hossain
17105041
Md. Mojammel Haque
13205078

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Fall 2020

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Asia Pacific
Dhaka, Bangladesh

2
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
We thereby recommend that the thesis prepared by Md. Mehedi Hasan, Sabbir

Hossain, Md. Mojammel Haque entitled Comparative study on currently available

aggregates in Bangladesh is accepted as fulfilling the part of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Chairman of the Committee _________________________

(Supervisor) Syed Jamal Uddin Ahmed
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Asia Pacific

Member (External) ______________________

Dr. Md Ashraful Alam
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Asia Pacific

Member (Ex Officio)

3
 ABSTRACT

This thesis is about to alkali silica reaction test. In practical life ASR is take a
long time on concrete to happening but in laboratory we use chemical reaction
test (ASR) to doing this in short time. We use oven which is continuously
tempered our sample at 80 degree C. use appratarus for measuring length every
day and it will continue to 15 days, at the 16 th day we can finalize our ASR
result .

We also do some mechanical test like sieve analysis, unit weight, absorption
capacity, %of void, specific gravity and abrasion value.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty Allah for providing us with the
opportunity to begin and complete this experimental effort.

We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our supervisor Syed Jamal Uddin Ahmed,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific. This research
cannot be successfully completed without his great guidance and patience. In the process we
deal with this research, we have received many constructive suggestions and effective
feedbacks from him.

Thanks to the lab assistant and attendant of the department. We are very grateful to them.

Especially, we would like to give our special thanks to our parents whose patient love enabled
us to complete this research. And at last, but not the least we would like to thank Allah for the
successful completion of our research, Alhumdulillah.

5
 DECLARATION

..……………………………… .……..……………………..

Student Name & ID. Student’s Signature

………………………………. …………………………….

Student Name & ID. Student’s Signature

………………………………. …………………………….

Student Name & ID. Student’s Signature

In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are
true to the best of my knowledge.

Syed Jamal Uddin Ahmed

6
Assistant Professor. . ..……………………………

Department of Civil Engineering. Supervisor’s Signature

University of Asia Pacific.

DEDICATION

Dedicated to

OUR PARENTS

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 4
Acknowledgement 5
Dedication 7
List of Figure 10
List of Table 13
14
1. Introduction 15
1.1 16
1.2 17
1.3 17
1..4 19
2. Literature Review 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Literature review 20
2.3 31
3. Experimental Investigation 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 37
3.2.1 37
3.2.1.1 Fine Aggregate 37
3.2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate 38
3.2.2 39
3.2.3 Cement 40

8
 3.2.4 Water 41
3.2.5 41
3.3 Physical test of material 41
3.3.1 Specific gravity 41
3.4 42

LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
Fig. 2.5
Fig. 2.6
Fig. 2.7
Fig. 2.8
Fig. 2.9
Fig. 2.10
Fig. 2.11
Fig. 2.12
Fig. 2.13
Fig. 2.14
Fig. 2.15
Fig. 2.16
Fig. 2.17
Fig. 2.18
Fig. 2.19
Fig. 2.20
Fig. 2.21
Fig. 2.22
Fig. 2.23

9
Fig. 2.24
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.4 Cement
Fig. 3.5
Fig. 3.6
Fig. 3.7
Fig. 3.8
Fig. 3.9
Fig. 3.10
Fig. 3.11
Fig. 3.12
Fig. 3.13 Slump test
Fig. 3.14
Fig. 3.15 curing
Fig. 3.16 De-shuttering
Fig. 3.17
Fig. 4.1 Absorption capacity of aggregate
Fig. 4.2 Fitness modulus of aggregate
Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.4
Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
Fig. 4.7
Fig. 4.8
Fig. 4.9
Fig. 4.10
Fig. 4.11
Fig. 4.12
Fig. 4.13
Fig. 4.14
Fig. 4.15

10
Fig. 4.16
Fig. 4.17
Fig. 4.18
Fig. 4.19
Fig. 4.20
Fig. 4.21
Fig. 4.22

11
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 4.1

12
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS

TA Tire Aggregate
WTA Waste Tire Aggregate
R Flexural Resistance factor
Fy Yield strength of the steel
Fc Compressive strength of concrete
Ρ Steel ratio.
Ρmax Maximum steel ratio
Ρb Balanced steel ratio
α ,β1 Reduction factor
a Compression depth
ɛu Compression strain limit
ɛy Yield strain
Mn Nominal moment
Ф Strength reduction factor
Mu Ultimate moment
As Area of the reinforcement
Exp Experimental results
LVDT Linear Voltage Displacement Transducers
ITZ Interfacial Transition Zone.
L Left
C Center
R Right

13
 Chapter 1

1.1. Introduction:
Portland cement concrete (PCC), which consists of 60–75 % aggregates, 10–15 % of Portland
cement (with other supplementary cementitious materials or admixtures), and water, has been
recognized as the most widely used construction material in the world. The presence of
reactive amorphous or poorly crystallized structures from some natural aggregates and
the hydroxyl ions in Portland cement, aggregate particles, or admixtures produces a deleterious
chemical reaction in the presence of concrete pore solution. This chemical reaction is
commonly known as the alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR). AAR is a major concrete
durability problem, causing severe damages in many civil engineering infrastructures such as
buildings, pavements, bridges, dams, and other concrete structures worldwide . AAR can be
categorized into two forms of reactions; (i) alkali-silica reaction (ASR) that develops due to
reactive silica minerals in aggregate materials and (ii) alkali carbonate reaction (ACR) caused
by aggregate particles containing carbonate or dolomite.
Due to the high percentage of silica present in most aggregates, the most widespread AAR type
is the ASR (first recognized by Stanton. The silica reacts with available alkali from the cement
to form a hygroscopic alkali-silica gel. Most concrete structures built in the United States
during the 1940s have been affected by ASR and become deficient over time. ASR causes
severe damages that manifested as extensive expansion, cracking, aggregates pop-out, gel
exudation, and harmful white deposits on the concrete surfaces.
Numerous researches have been conducted on ASR over the last century, beginning from
Stanton's pioneering work in 1940. The number of articles on ASR has grown extensively,
making the subject of ASR in concrete a popular durability problem. Despite ASR being well
studied over these years, the United States and Canada have recently identified structural
distresses caused by ASR in Seabrook nuclear powers and Macaques Dams, respectively .Such
recent problems call for continuous research and review on recent developments. The
deterioration of concrete caused by ASR is continual, expansive, and generally slow .This
reaction produces an alkali-silica gel over time and leads to progressive deformation of

14
concrete due to internal forces triggering loss in serviceability and longevity .The ASR-
induced distress, in turn, results in major damage in concrete structures and eventually results
in the demolition of the structure. This phenomenon/mechanism has been highlighted in
several research works.

Numerous test methods have been developed to evaluate aggregates' detrimental reactivity as
ASR. Some of these test methods are the ASTM C 295: Petrographic examination of
aggregates, ASTM C 1260: Accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT), and ASTM C 1293: Concrete
prism test (CPT) .Over time, these evaluation methods have exhibited shortcomings .that
produced false-positive or false-negative results contrary to field performance. These
necessitated the need for re-evaluating the methods. Therefore, a new ASR testing method
called "AASHTO TP 110 (recently renamed as AASHTO T 380 in 2019.- Miniature concrete
prism test (MCPT)" was developed in 2014 to overcome the shortcomings. Also, this method
has been adopted for ASR mitigation strategies in concrete.
There is a continuous need to review the state-of-the-art of ASR mechanisms due to the
associated complex sequential reactions, severe effects on concrete life span, and the
inconsistencies of evaluation techniques. Furthermore, recent problems and research continue
to abound on ASR, such as the development of the new AASHTO TP 110. Therefore, this
study provides an explicit explanation of the ASR mechanism (thermodynamics and kinetics)
and its numerous effects on civil infrastructures (such as highway pavement and bridges). A
full description of the test procedures used to determine aggregates susceptibility to ASR is
also discussed, including results from recent publications. A case study was also conducted to
evaluate the new method's (MCPT) performance, as used by recent researchers, over the
previous well-known test methods.

1.2. Background of ASR

ASR is a deleterious chemical reaction with a multi-stage process and sequential reactions. In
some aggregate, the active silica constituents react with alkalis in the cementitious materials,
producing alkali-silica gel. The reaction product (gel) is hygroscopic, with a remarkable ability
to absorb water. In the presence of moisture, the gel expands, excavatable by varying climatic
conditions (such as temperature, relative humidity), and subsequently leading to cracks and
other ASR-induced distress. An insufficient amount of silica in aggregates, alkali

15
 concentration, and moisture will not result in an amount of gel capable of causing deleterious
effects. The schematic of the ASR mechanism is shown in.

1.3. Chemistry of alkali-silica reaction

The ASR is a chemical reaction between reactive silica in aggregates and hydroxyl ions in
concrete pore solution. The state of silica (SiO2) in the aggregates is chemically passive (in the
form of quartz) and mainly structured as siloxane groups (≡Si-O-Si≡). However, the
disorderliness of crystalline silica at the surface causes them to have the affinity to attract water
and produce amorphous hydrous silica (silanol group [≡Si-OH]). Thereafter, the silica(s)
inclines towards dissolution in the presence of highly concentrated hydroxyl ions by first
neutralizing the silanol groups (≡Si-OH) and then neutralizing the siloxane groups (≡Si-O-Si≡)
as illustrated in Eqs. 1 and 2 .

≡Si-OH + OH− = Si-O− + H2O…… (1)

≡Si-O-Si≡ + 2OH− = 2Si-O- + H2O… (2)

As the structures (≡Si-OH, ≡Si-O-Si≡) gradually break down, they also attract the soluble
alkali hydroxides present abundantly in the concrete pore solution as NaOH or KOH .The
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 produced from cement hydration, also adds to the hydroxyl ions
(OH−) in the pore solution. Alkali-silicate solution and gel (depending on the level of moisture)
are the preliminary products of the reaction between these siloxane groups (≡Si-O-Si≡) and
hydroxyl ions (Eq. 3). Thereafter, the Si-OH reacts with more OH − and alkali metals forming
alkali silicate hydrate and water as presented in Eqs. 4 and 5

≡Si-O-Si≡ + OH− + R+(Na or K) = ≡Si-O-Na + H-O-Si≡……..(3)

≡Si-OH + OH− + Na+ = ≡Si-O-Na + H2O………………………….(4)

≡Si-OH + OH− + Na+ = ≡Si-O-Na + H2O………………………….(5)

16
 A diffusion process of this hydrated alkali-silicate gel occurs within the aggregates to
the cement paste, which then reacts with the paste's calcium ions to form an alkali-calcium-
silicate hydrate gel. In the presence of moisture, this final product expands. An excess
expansion generates cracks at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregate and
cement paste that cumulates into stress and cracks in concrete structures .illustrates the
schematic picture of ASR chemistry in concrete structures as adopted from .

1.4. Reactive aggregates

The durability and chemical stability of a concrete structure is determined by the quality of
aggregates used in such a structure. About 65–75 % of the concrete volume is made up of
aggregates. As a result, aggregate (coarse and fine) significantly influences the development of
ASR and the concrete properties affected by ASR. According to the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) report, many aggregate sources have been reported reactive
(containing highly reactive silica content) and exhibited high ASR potential when exposed to a
solution of high alkalinity. chemical composition, crystallinity, amorphous structure of
aggregates, and the degree of solubility of the amorphous silicate in alkaline pore solution all
affect the aggregate susceptibility to ASR. According to the literature, many of the well-known
aggregates used for concrete production have been reported to be susceptible to ASR; this is
summarized. As shown by Berube ,some reactive aggregates are andesite, chart, opal,
tridymite, cristobalite, acid volcanic glass, siliceous rocks, basalt glass, and dacite. In contrast,
dolomite, limestone, chalcedony, cryptocrystalline quartz, and strained quartz rocks were
found not to be prone to ASR expansion but to ACR expansion .

1.5. Effect of ASR on civil infrastructures.

The effects of ASR are not immediate but continual over time as silica and alkali's reaction
persists in a moist environment. This harmful reaction then causes expansion over time,
resulting in severe distresses and deterioration of civil infrastructures. In the end, ASR affects
the engineering properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural
strength, or modulus elasticity over time. It also results in deflection, relative
movement, permanent deformation, cracking, surface pop-outs, joints materials (sealant)
extrusion, surface deposits (gel exudation and efflorescence), discolorations and so on. ASR
effects are to a large extent characteristic of every concrete structure; however, in this review,
the effects of ASR is only discussed on major highway infrastructure. 

17
1.6. Factors affecting alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

The ASR gel does not directly cause concrete's distress but absorbs moisture in the
surrounding to expand and induce internal stresses. Such stresses can exceed the tensile
strength of concrete, causing progressive cracking and associated deterioration. The three main
components widely regarded as essential for ASR in concrete materials are:

a. Presence of reactive siliceous components in aggregates (both coarse and fine fractions)
b. Adequate alkali content from cementitious materials, and
c. Presence of moisture along with other factors, such as temperature and additives.

1.7. Objective of Study

a. To test various types of aggregate (Concrete), By ASR test and determine that which
aggregate in more reactive silica.

b. By expansion (higher is bad) choose the right aggregate for construction.

18
1.8. Thesis outlines

Chapter 1 contains some basic concepts about ASR and its history . It also includes general
concepts, background, objective of study and problem statements

Chapter 2 includes introduction, literature on ASR, Physical and Mechanical test.

Chapter 3 experimental investigation of all chemical and mechanical test of aggregate.

Chapter 4 Result and discussion according to all teste on aggregate.

Chapter 5 Conclusion summary and all given reference.

19
 CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction:

The literature review is an overview of major writings and other sources on a topic. These
chapter is including with some reference which is Published on Journal related with ASR
(Alkali Silica Reaction) test and its effect on concrete.

2.2 Research on ASR (Alkali Silica Reaction):

2.2.1 Cao et al., (2021) To rapidly assess the potential risk of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in
concrete, they accelerated test using an autoclave by adopting multi-cycle 80 C steam warming
at atmospheric pressure is proposed. Mechanical properties of concrete under accelerated ASR
test were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the period required for
assessing the potential risk of ASR in concrete (dacite aggregate in this study) can be shortened
to 37 days.

20
Figer:2.2.1. Grading curve of crushed aggregates (Cao et al.,2021)

Figure:2.2.2. Expansion of concrete prisms after 3 cycles in the autoclave and Mass change of
concrete prisms after 3 cycles in the autoclave. (Cao et al.,2021)

Figure:2.2.3. Expansion – Alkali content relationship (80 C steam warming). (Cao et al.,2021)

Results obtained from specimens with 3.0% Na2Oeq boosting. The expansion was increase by
every cycle. An accelerated test method for assessing the potential risk of alkali-silica reaction
in concrete using an autoclave is proposed in this study: a testing regime of 3 cycles of steam
warming at 80 C using an autoclave, with 60 h per cycle. Basing on the method, the effects of
temperature.

21
2.2.2. Figueira et al.,2019 The chemical and physical mechanisms for ASR remain poorly
understood. This lack of knowledge leads to incapacity to assess risk, cost-effectively predict
service life, and efficiently mitigate the deterioration process due to ASR in concrete

structures. This manuscript aims to review the most recent and relevant achievements and the
existing knowledge concerning the reaction mechanisms of ASR.

Figure: 2.2.4. Sequential steps of ASR. ( Figueira et al.,2019)

Figure:2.2.5. Schematic representation of the mechanism of the ASR in concrete. ( Figueira et

al.,2019)

Figure 2.2.6. Schematic of the model proposed by Poole with the formation of alkali-silica gel
due to attack of sodium (Na+) or potassium (K+) ions. Only the Na+ ions are represented.
(Figueira et al.,2019)

22
2.2.3 Allard et al.,2018 told that ASR can progressively and significantly affect the mechanical
properties of that material. A study was launched to gain a better understanding of the effects
of ASR on the behavior of thick concrete slabs without shear reinforcement. For this project,
highly reactive concrete mixes were designed to accelerate the development of ASR. The
results obtained from the expansion monitoring of the concrete slabs will be presented
hereafter, with the emphasis given on highlighting the effects resulting from the reinforcement
detailing on the spatial deformations with the progress of ASR.

Figure 2.2.7. Average longitudinal (A) and vertical (B) expansions on the side face of slabs 1-
R2 and 2-R3 over time. (Allard et al.,2018)

Figure 2.2.8. Vertical (A) and transversal (B) expansions on the extremity of slabs 1-R2 and 2-
R3 over time. (Allard et al.,2018)

23
 Figure. 2.2.9. Average longitudinal (A) and transversal (B) expansions on the top surface of
slabs 1-R2 and 2-R3. (Allard et al.,2018)

2.3. Physical Property

Sieve Analysis

2.3.1. Guo et al.,2020 informed that soil aggregate size distribution (DASD) is an important
parameter in evaluating soil management practices or modeling of wind erosion and dust
emissions.

Los Angeles Abrasion test

2.3.2. Mohajerani et al.,2017 According this paper The Los Angeles (LA) abrasion method is
commonly used for determining the abrasion characteristics and classification of the granular
materials used in road and pavement construction. The abrasion resistance of materials can
significantly affect the service life of road pavements when exposed to long-term dynamic
traffic loads. The result of this test determines the damage percentage of aggregate which is
damage by the machine.

24
 Figure 2.3.1. Los Angeles abrasion testing machine. (Mohajerani et al.,2017)

Specific gravity

2.3.2. According to Bezgin et al.,2017, high-density concrete sleepers give the essential
stability to railway tracks for high-speed travel due to their higher density and weight.
Concrete's greater durability as a construction material for railway track sleepers is also a
significant factor.

2.4. Mechanical property

Compression strength

2.4.1. Jalal et al.,2020 from that compressive strength results are plotted in (Fig.2.4.1), for
water cement (WC) and air-cured (AC) conditions. As can be observed from the figure,
strengths of the specimens cured in air are all lower than those of water-cured specimens. This
is apparently due to availability of more humidity in wet condition for better hydration of the
cementitious materials.

25
 Figure 2.4.1. (Jalal et al.,2020)

CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the experimental program and the constituent materials used to
investigate the quality of coarse aggregate of currently available in Bangladesh. In this
experimental work, we are performed to Physical, Mechanical and Chemical test on aggregate.
Several parameters were considered in test program such as material preparation, health
precaution etc.

The laboratory investigation considers of test for both fresh and hardened concrete properties.
Fresh concrete was tested for slump flow to ensure reasonable workability of concrete. The test
for hardened concrete included compression tests for strength. Aggregate silica reactivity test

26
on different aggregate and which aggregate good for construction site and also discussed to
moisture content, unit weight, specific gravity, the grain size distribution. All the tests are
performed by following ASTM method.

3.2 Properties of Raw Materials

In this research project there were thirteen types of coarse aggregate used for comparison of
Coarse aggregate. The maximum size of stone chips was 20 mm and minimum size 4.75mm
and also used two types Sylhet sand was used as fine aggregate. CEM II/BM type cement was
used in this project. Materials were collected from local market.

3.3 Materials investigation

3.3.1 Aggregates

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with
water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete.

Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture
proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important process.
Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered
include:

 grading

 durability

 particle shape and surface texture

 abrasion and skid resistance

 unit weights and voids

 absorption and surface moisture

Aggregate are mainly two types.

 Coarse Aggregate
 Fine Aggregate

27
3.3.1.1 Coarse Aggregate

Aggregate is one of the most important component parts of the Concrete. Coarse

Aggregates gives volume to the Concrete. The Aggregates which will get retained on the 4.75
mm sieve or the aggregates which have size more than 4.75 mm are known as Coarse
aggregate. Coarse Aggregates in concrete provides body and strength to the concrete and acts
as a filler material which will give the homogeneous mass of the concrete. In this project, we
are used 12 types of stone chips and another is brick chips.

Figure 3.1: Different types coarse aggregate

28
3.3.1.1.1 Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate

Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of Weight of Aggregate to the Weight of equal Volume
of water. The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or
quality of the material. Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those
with high specific gravity. This property helps in a general identification of aggregates. This
standard is issued under the fixed designation ASTM C127-03.

Figure 3.2: Determination of Specific Gravity

29
3.3.1.1.2 Bulk unit weight determination

The bulk density or unit weight of an aggregate is the mass or weight of the aggregate required
to fill a container of a specified unit volume. The volume referred to here is that occupied by
both aggregates and the voids between aggregate particles. The approximate bulk density of
aggregate commonly used in normal-weight concrete ranges from about 1200 to 1750 kg/m3
(75 to 110 lb./ft3). This test method is issued under fixed designation of ASTM C29-03.

30
 Figure 3.3: Unit test on different coarse aggregate

3.3.1.1.3 Abrasion value of coarse aggregate

Abrasion test is carried out to test the hardness property of aggregates. The principle of Los
Angeles abrasion test is to find the percentage wear due to relative rubbing action between the
aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charge. This test method is issued under fixed
designation of ASTM C131-03.

31
 Figure 3.3: Los Angles abrasion test on coarse aggregate (Dubai-1)

3.3.1.1.4 Sieve Analysis of Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate is the one retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve. When the aggregate contains sizes
differently in suitable proportions, it is called graded aggregate. The workability of concrete is
also improved with well graded aggregate. Single size aggregates make the concrete harsh and
does not work well with trowel and between the cables, strands or sheathing. 

3.3.1.2 Fine Aggregate

For this research purpose, Sylhet sand was used as fine aggregate having FM value is
FM1=3.192 and FM2=3.128 that is available in local market. Saturated surface dry condition
was used for concrete casting. Fig. 3.6 express the SSD condition of sand.

Figure 3.6: SSD condition of sand.

3.3.1.2.1 Sieve analysis of Sand

Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate) is an index number which represents the mean size
of the particles in sand. It is calculated by performing sieve analysis with standard sieves. The
cumulative percentage retained on each sieve is added and subtracted by 100 gives the value of
fineness modulus. Fine aggregate means the aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve. To
find the fineness modulus of fine aggregate we need sieve sizes of 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,
0.6mm, 0.3mm and 0.15mm. Fineness modulus of finer aggregate is lower than fineness

32
modulus of coarse aggregate. This test method is under issued fixed designation of ASTM
C136-03.

Table 3.1 sieve analysis of Fine aggregate-1

Aggregate type: FA-1      

Sieve Sieve Materials % Materials Cumulative %
% Finer
number Opening(mm) Retained(gm) Retained Retained
3inch 76.2 0 0 0 100
1.5 inch 38.1 0 0 0 100
3/4 inch 19.05 0 0 0 100
3/8 inch 9.5 0 0 0 100
#4 4.75 5.5 1.1 1.1 98.9
#8 2.36 30 6 7.1 92.9
#16 1.19 149 29.8 36.9 63.1
#30 0.59 206 41.2 78.1 21.9
#50 0.3 91 18.2 96.3 3.7
#100 0.15 17 3.4 99.7 0.3
Pan   1.5 0.3 100 0
Total   500      
           
FM 3.192        

Table 3.2: sieve analysis of Fine aggregate-1

Aggregate
type: FA-2          
Materials %
Sieve Sieve Cumulative
Retained(gm Materials % Finer
number Opening(mm) % Retained
) Retained
3inch 76.2 0 0 0 100
1.5 inch 38.1 0 0 0 100
3/4 inch 19.05 0 0 0 100
3/8 inch 9.5 0 0 0 100
#4 4.75 0 0 0 100
#8 2.36 54.5 5.45 5.45 94.55
#16 1.19 305 30.5 35.95 64.05
#30 0.59 407.5 40.75 76.7 23.3
#50 0.3 187.5 18.75 95.45 4.55
#100 0.15 38 3.8 99.25 0.75
Pan   7.5 0.75 100 0

33
 Total   1000      
           
FM 3.128        

Combined Sieve Analysis fo FA

110
100
98.9 100 100 100 100
100 94.55
92.9
90
80
70 64.05
63.1
60 FA-2
%Finer

50 FA-1

40
30 23.3
21.9
20
10 4.55
3.7
0.75
0.299999999999997
0
0.1 1 10 100

Sieve Opening(mm)

Figure 3.7: Combined graph of Fine aggregate

3.3.1.2.2 Unit weight and voids in Fine Aggregate

Unit weight or Specific Weight of sand is calculated by the product of the density of sand and
the standard gravity of sand. In another word, the Unit weight of sand is the ratio of the total
weight of sand to the total volume of sand. This test method is issued under fixed designation
of ASTM C29.

Unit Weight of SSD Condition(kg/m3)

% of Voids 1614.5626020

Unit Weight-OD(kg/m3) 1923

1615 42.5520979520
1605.8018061
285
9365
1610 1604.3165467
43 6259
42 1605
1610 38.5775950668
41
1600 1569.5443645 037
40 1600
1590 1 0839 34 2
39 1580
38 1570
37 1560
36 1550
1 1 2
 Figure 3.8: Unit weight and voids in Fine Aggregate

3.3.1.2.3 Specific gravity and absorption capacity in Sand

Specific gravity of fine aggregate (sand) is the ratio of the weight of given volume of
aggregates to the weight of equal volume of water. The specific gravity of sands is considered
to be around 2.65.

Specific Gravity and Absoption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate

Serial NO. Sand Type Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of Bulk Bulk Apparent Absorption
(Syhlet) OD Sand- Pycnometer Pycnometer + SSD Sand- Specific Specific Specific Capacity (%)
A(gm) + Water- Water+Sand- S(gm) Gravity(SS Gravity Gravity,S
B(gm) C(gm) D)-Ss (OD)-Sd
1 Type-1 541 1244.5 1583 563 2.5077951 2.40979955 2.67160494 4.066543438
2 TYPE-2 588.5 1244.5 1611 606.5 2.5270833 2.45208333 2.6509009 3.058623619

35
 Absorption Capacity (%)

4.06654343807
763
3.05862361937
4.5 128
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Type-1 TYPE-2

Bulk Specific Gravity(SSD)-Ss

2.52708333333
333
2.53
2.525 2.50779510022
2.52 272
2.515
2.51
2.505
2.5
2.495
Type-1 TYPE-2

Figure 3.9: Specific gravity and absorption capacity in Sand

Figure 3.10: Pycnometer, water and sand.

3.3.1.3 Cement

36
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction to bind materials together by setting,
hardening, and adhering to them. Cement is typically used to bind sand and gravel (aggregate)
together rather than on its own. Masonry mortar is made from cement mixed with fine
aggregate, while concrete is made from sand and gravel. Concrete is the most frequently used
substance on the earth, second only to water in terms of consumption. Casting specimens were
done with Portland composite cement (PCC).

Figure 3.11: Cement

3.3.1.4 Water
Workability, compressive strengths, permeability and water tightness, durability and
weathering, drying shrinkage, and the possibility for cracking are all controlled by the amount
of water in concrete. The concrete casting and subsequent curing of the specimen were done
with drinkable water.

37
 CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

The results of the test, which was performed in the UAP laboratory, are presented in this
chapter. In this chapter, we will examine the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of
various forms of coarse aggregate, as well as determine which types are appropriate for our
construction site.

4.2 Experimental Investigation

Comparison of aggregate physical qualities, as well as a strength test on a manufactured

cylinder comprised of various coarse aggregates. The ASR test is a chemical test, and it is the
most notable test in our study. ASR active aggregate is the most hazardous to a concrete
structure and causes concrete surface cracking. We're looking at which aggregates are ASR
active or not.

4.3 Experimental Result

4.3.1 Compression of physical properties on aggregate

4.3.1.1 Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate

For bulk specific gravity (for both SD and OD condition) Brick value are minimum in number
but Absorption capacity percentage are very high for Brick. So the concrete which make with
brick have a lower performance concrete.

And other sample are slightly very in that test, we can say that other are quite similar or
average.

38
Table 4.1: Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate
Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate
Serial Name of Weight in Weight in Weight in Bulk Bulk Apparent Absorption
No. Aggregate air (OD)- air (SSD)- Water Specific Specific Specific Capacity
A(gm) B(gm) (SSD)- Gravity(S Gravity Gravity,Sa (%)
C(gm) SD)-Ss (OD)-Sd
1 Bhutan Toorsa 3896 3986 2560 2.7952314 2.7321178 2.916168 2.3100616
2 Bhutan Sevoke(1) 2975 2994 1855 2.6286216 2.6119403 2.65625 0.6386555
3 Indian Pakur(1) 2991 3010 1878.5 2.6601856 2.6433937 2.688539 0.6352391
4 Indian Pakur(2)R 5338.5 5454.5 3440.5 2.708292 2.6506951 2.812698 2.172895
5 Dubai(1)L 3131.5 3161.5 2020.5 2.7708151 2.7445223 2.818632 0.9580073
6 Dubai(2)S 3038 3071 1929.5 2.6903198 2.6614104 2.740641 1.0862409
7 Dubai(micro) 4307 4339.5 2770 2.7648933 2.744186 2.802212 0.7545856
8 Vietnam 2926.5 2944.5 1864.5 2.7263889 2.7097222 2.75565 0.6150692
9 Brick 3066.5 3586 1832 2.0444698 1.7482896 2.484002 16.941138
10 Bhutan Sevoke(2)R 5378.5 5420 3416 2.7045908 2.6838822 2.740637 0.7715906
11 Thailand 3750 3763 2377.5 2.715987 2.7066041 2.73224 0.3466667
12 Shingles 3181 3267 1973.5 2.5257055 2.4592192 2.634369 2.7035523
13 Dubai(3)M-1 2933 2954.5 1919.5 2.8545894 2.8338164 2.893932 0.7330378

Bulk Specific Gravity(SSD)-Ss

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
sa 1) (1
) )R )L )S o) m i ck 2)
R nd es -1
or e( ur r(2 i(1 i(2 i cr na Br e( ai
la gl )M
To ok k u ba a m e t
ok
in i( 3
an Se
v Pa Pa
k
Du Du
b i( Vi ev Th Sh ba
ut an ba S
an i a n D u n Du
Bh ut In
d di ta
Bh In hu
B

39
 Bulk Specific Gravity (OD)-Sd
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
sa ( 1) r(1
)
2)
R )L )S o) am i ck 2)
R nd es -1
or ke u ( i (1 i (2 i cr tn Br e( la gl ) M
T o
vo a k ur
ba ba m i e ok ai in i( 3
an S e P Pa
k
Du Du ai
( V v Th Sh ba
ut an ia
n
a n ub Se Du
h d i D an
B hut In In
d ut
B B h

Apparent Specific Gravity,Sa

3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
. ) . )L o) ... s
rs
a k.. r(1 r.. )S m i ck nd le -1
o vo u ku i( 1 i(2 i cr tna Br vok i la ng )M
To e
Pa
k a ba ba m e e a i ( 3
n S n
P
Du Du
i( Vi S Th Sh ai
uta tan i a n ia uba ta
n
ub
u d u D
Bh Bh In
d In D
B h

Absorption Capacity (%)

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
sa 1) (1
) )R )L )S o) m i ck 2)
R nd es -1
or e( ur r(2 i( 1 i(2 icr na Br e( la gl )M
T o ok k u ba a m e t
ok ai in i( 3
an Se
v Pa Pa
k
Du Du
b i( Vi v Th S h
ba
ut an ba Se
h an di a n D u
an Du
B ut In di ut
B h In
Bh

Figure 4.1: Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Coarse Aggregate

40
4.3.1.2: Sieve analysis on Coarse Aggregate.
We analyse various coarse sample according to sieve analysis we get FM (Fineness modulus ).
From our result we get that the highest FM is Sel>Mrt-1>Mrt-2(8.21>8.08>8.00),and lowest
FM we get in Macro(5.77)and Sir-Dubai(6.97). Other are similar and average (around 7.00-
7.5). Our maximum sample FM range is ok for standard value.

Sieve analysis

Sieve
Analysis
110 SEL
100 100
98.55 100 Dubai(L)
100 94.9428571428571
89.4666666666667
88.8448275862069 Indian
90 Pakur(l)
80.4833333333333
80.4166666666667
80 77.5862068965517 Bhutan
Sevok
70 63.9333333333333 Dubai sir
59.7380792478173
60 54 Bhutan-L
%Finer

50 45.8 Singles
40 35.2240896358543 Bricks
27.9285714285714 RHD
30 24.8166666666667 Bhutan
20 13.1166666666667 RHD Pakur
10 7.28
5.66666666666666 Macro
2.33.05172413793102
1.82072829131653
1.75000000000001
1.2760241773002 1
0 0 0 0 0.599999999999994
0 0 00.862068965517238
0.400000000000006 Combined
0
0.1 1 10 100 of CA

Sieve Opening(mm)

Figure 4.2: Combined gradation graph on coarse aggregate

41
4.3.1.3 Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregate
To know the percentage of voids in aggregate is very important for concrete strength because
low % voids gives better strength on concrete. In the table 4.2 we test all 13 sample and there
% of voids, unit weight and also absorption capacity.

Table 4.2: Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregate

Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregate

Serial Name of Aggregate Avg. Weight Weight Weight Mold Mass of Unit Absorpti Unit Bulk % of
NO. of of Mold of Stone Volume- Water Weight- on Weight of Specific Voids
Weight of Mold+Stone(kg)
Mold+Stone m3 OD(kg/m Capacity SSD Gravity-
(kg) 3) % Condition(k OD
1 Bhutan Toorsa 25.07 25.03 25.05 25.05 10.53 14.52 0.009473 9.4726 1532.842 2.310062 g/m3)
1568.25169 2.732118 43.89546
2 Bhutan Sevoke(1) 25.01 25.03 25.025 25.02166667 10.53 14.49167 0.009473 9.4726 1529.851 0.638655 1539.62149 2.61194 41.42856
3 Indian Pakur(1) 25.6 25.52 25.66 25.59333333 10.53 15.06333 0.009473 9.4726 1590.201 0.635239 1600.30208 2.643394 39.84246
4 Indian Pakur(2)R 26.34 26.32 26.35 26.33666667 10.53 15.80667 0.009473 9.4726 1668.672 2.172895 1704.93095 2.650695 37.04774
5 Dubai(1)L 25.93 25.92 25.925 25.925 10.53 15.395 0.009473 9.4726 1625.214 0.958007 1640.78344 2.744522 40.78337
6 Dubai(2)S 26.32 26.35 26.3 26.32333333 10.53 15.79333 0.009473 9.4726 1667.265 1.086241 1685.3754 2.66141 37.35409
7 Dubai(micro) 27.5 27.45 27.55 27.5 10.53 16.97 0.009473 9.4726 1791.483 0.754586 1805.00107 2.744186 34.71715
8 Vietnam 26.25 26.2 26.18 26.21 10.53 15.68 0.009473 9.4726 1655.301 0.615069 1665.48179 2.709722 38.91254
9 Brick 19.89 19.9 19.87 19.88666667 10.53 9.356667 0.009473 9.4726 987.7612 16.94114 1155.09918 1.74829 43.50128
10 Bhutan Sevoke(2)R 25.99 25.94 25.96 25.96333333 10.53 15.43333 0.009473 9.4726 1629.261 0.771591 1641.83175 2.683882 39.29463
11 Thailand 25.98 26.05 26 26.01 10.53 15.48 0.009473 9.4726 1634.187 0.346667 1639.85221 2.706604 39.62224
12 Shingles 25.25 25.3 25.15 25.23333333 10.53 14.70333 0.009473 9.4726 1552.196 2.703552 1594.16059 2.459219 36.88256
13 Dubai(3)M-1 26.28 26.35 26.3 26.31 10.53 15.78 0.009473 9.4726 1665.857 0.733038 1678.06868 2.833816 41.21506

42
 Unit Weight of SSD Condition(kg/m3)
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
) ) L )
rs
a (1 r(1 r(2)
R 1) i(2)
S ro nam i ck )R nd gles M-1
o ke u i ( i c t Br ke(2 aila in 3)
To o k u ba a m e
Sh bai(
a n S ev n Pa Pak D u D ub a i( Vi e vo Th
ut b S
n di
a an Du Du
Bh huta In ndi tan
B I u
Bh

Unit Weight-OD(kg/m3)
1600
1200
800
400
0
) ) )L o)
sa (1 (1 )R )S m i ck )R nd es -1
or ke ur r(2 i( 1 i(2 i cr tna Br (2 ila ngl )M
To o
Pa
k u ba a m e ke a i ( 3
n Se
v
Pa
k
Du Du
b i( Vi vo Th Sh ai
uta n i a n n uba Se ub
a a D
Bh ut In
d di D an
Bh In ut
Bh

% of Voids
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
sa 1) (1
) )R )L )S o) m i ck 2)
R nd es -1
or e( ur r(2 i(1 i( 2 i cr na Br e( ai
la gl )M
T o ok k u ba ba m e t
ok
in i( 3
an e v Pa Pa
k
Du Du
i( Vi v Th S h
ba
ut
S an ba Se
h an di a n D u
an Du
B ut In di ut
B h In
Bh

Figure 4.2: Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregate

43
4.3.1.4 Abrasion and Impact test on Coarse Aggregate by Los Angles
Machine

This test is done to check how much capable an aggregate to bear any kind of crashing and
impact load instantly. We check all our sample and get the Abrasion Value percentage , we get
the higher abrasion value for Brick, Singles, Bhutan toorsa and Bhutan Sevoke. This four
sample are absolutely not useable for high strength concrete and their work purpus but it can
be used in making of low strength concrete. We get the Vietnam sample which abrasion value
is less then others so it can be used as a high strength concrete product.

Abrasion And Impact test on Coarse Aggregate by Los Angles Machine

             
Serial Aggregate type Weight of Weight of Total Weight of Abrasion
NO. Retained 12.5 Retained Weight Retained Value
mm 9.5 mm (gm) 1.7 mm (%)
sieve(gm) sieve(gm) sieve (gm)
1 Bhutan Toorsa 2500 2500 5000 3737.5 25.25
2 Bhutan Sevoke(1) 2500 2500 5000 3705 25.9
3 Indian Pakur (1) 2500 2500 5000 4440.5 11.19
4 Indian Pakur (2)R 2500 2500 5000 4359 12.82
5 Dubai (1)L 2500 2500 5000 4491 10.18
6 Dubai (2)S 2500 2500 5000 4457 10.86
7 Dubai(micro) 2500 2500 5000 4248 15.04
8 Vietnam 2500 2500 5000 4503 9.94
9 Brick 2500 2500 5000 3077 38.46
Bhutan Sevoke
10 (2)R 2500 2500 5000 4217 15.66
11 Thailand 2500 2500 5000 4487 10.26
12 Shingles 2500 2500 5000 3005 39.9
13 Dubai (3)M-1 2500 2500 5000 4420.5 11.59

Unit Weight and Voids of Fine aggregate

Serial Name of Avg. Weight of Weight of Mold Mass of Unit Absorpti Unit Bulk % of
NO. Aggregate Weight of Mold(kg) Sand(kg) Volume- Water Weight- on Weight of Specific Voids
Weight of Mold+Sand(kg) Mold+Sa m
3 OD(kg/m Capacity SSD Gravity-
nd(kg) 3) % Condition OD
44 (kg/m3)
1 FA-1 9.75 9.76 9.75 9.75333 5.39 4.36333 0.00278 2.78 1569.54 2.31006 1605.8 2.73212 42.5521
2 FA-2 9.82 9.88 9.85 9.85 5.39 4.46 0.00278 2.78 1604.32 0.63866 1614.56 2.61194 38.5776
 Abrasion And Impact test on Coarse Aggregate by Los
Angles Machine
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
sa 1) (1
) )R )L )S o) m i ck 2)
R nd es -1
or e( ur r(2 i(1 i(2 i cr na Br e( ai
la gl )M
T o ok k u ba a m et ok
in i( 3
an e v Pa Pa
k
Du Du
b i( Vi v Th S h
ba
ut
S an ba Se
h an di a n D u
an Du
B ut In di ut
B h In h
B

Figure 4.3: Abrasion and Impact test on Coarse Aggregate by Los Angles Machine.

4.3.2:Comparasion on Mechanical test

we test sieve analysis, specific gravity, unit weight, absorption capacity, % void, abrasion and
impact test.
We can tested bulk specific gravity. In this test brick (1.6) have the lower result and other are
averge (around 2-2.5). We also test the absorption capacity and this time brick have get the
height % of value. We tested sieve analysis which result graph are showen at figure 4.2.
We test unit weight for both SSD and OD condition and for both brick have the minimum
weight per m3.
The impact test also done by the los angles machine. We get the Abrasion value in percentage.
serial Aggregate type Abrasion value (%)
1 Bhutan Toorsa 25.25
2 Bhutan Sevoke(1) 25.9
3 Indian Pakur (1) 11.19
4 Indian Pakur (2)R 12.82
5 Dubai (1)L 10.18
6 Dubai (2)S 10.86
7 Dubai(micro) 15.04
8 Vietnam 9.94
9 Brick 38.46
10 Bhutan Sevoke (2)R 15.66
11 Thailand 10.26
12 Shingles 39.9

4.3.3 Comparison on Alkali Silica Reactivity test

45
From below result we can compare the samples ,heigher expension is bad and lower expension
is good for concrete long time uses.

Aggregate type Expension(mm)

Bhutan Toorsa 0.184667
Bhutan Sevoke(1) 0.164
Indian Pakur(1) 0.135333
Indian Pakur(2)R 0.033
Dubai(1)L 0.087667
Dubai(2)S 0.189333
Dubai(micro) 0.0675
Vietnam 0.065667
Brick 0.162
Bhutan Sevoke(2)R 0.057933
Thailand 0.177333
Shingles 0.10933
Dubai(3)M-1 0.075333

ASR test
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
sa 1) (1
) )R )L )S o) m i ck )R nd es -1
or e( ur r(2 i(1 i( 2 i cr na Br (2 i la gl )M
T o ok k u ba ba m et ke a i n ( 3
an e v Pa Pa
k
Du Du
i( Vi vo Th Sh ai
ut n
S
i an n uba Se ub
h ta d a D an D
B u In di ut
Bh In
Bh

46
 Chapter 5
Conclusion and recommendation
In this thesis we comparatively test on some common usage aggregate
in Bangladesh. Our main objective is to identify which aggregate are
perform well in long time usages and perform well in all mechanical
test also. Our all test are done by well observation of us.
The main conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. Bricks have the maximum absorption capacity.
2. The % void are much similar of all our sample.
3. Bhutan toorsa and sevok are not capable of make pavment
in highway because of its high abrasion value, also brick
and singles at the same way to do.
4. In ASR test we have found mixed result of
expansion ,heigher is definetly bad but not avoidable its
also can used the samples in low important constraction
like roadway garder, footpath road etc.

47
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51