ABSTRACT ALGEBRA Trento External Study Center

Course Intended Learning At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
Outcomes A. define binary operation and its properties.
b. show that the binary operation is commutative and associative.
C. solve problem involving binary operation
Essential Questions What is binary operation and its properties?
How to show that the given binary operation is a commutative and associative ?
How solve problems involving binary operation?
Overview
The basic operations of mathematics- addition, subtraction, division and multiplication are performed on two
operands. Even when we try to add three numbers, we add two of them and then add the third number to the
result of the two numbers. Thus, the basic mathematical operations are performed on two numbers and are
known as binary operations (the word binary means two).

Learning Targets At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Show that binary operation commutative and associative and solve problem involving binary operation.

Activation of Prior
1 Knowledge
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 We take the set of numbers on which the binary operations are performed as X. The operations (addition, subtraction,
division, multiplication, etc.) can be generalised as a binary operation is performed on two elements (say a and b) from set X.
The result of the operation on a and b is another element from the same set X.
Let’s Try:
Try to answer all questions. In general, if you have some knowledge about a question, it is better to try to answer it. You will not be penalized for guessing.

1. Subtraction is not a binary operation in

a. R
4. Commutative means that
b. Z
a. 4 x 5 = 5 x 4
c. Q
b. 4 x 5 x 3 = 60
d. N
c. 4(a + b) = 4 x a + 4 x b
d. 3 + (4 + 6) = (3 + 4) + 6
2. Which of the following is an associative binary equation?
a. a ∗ b = b ∗ a 5. Suppose a ♠ b = 3a + 2b. Find 3 ♠ 2
b. a ♠ b ♠ c = c ♠ b ♠ a a. 12
c. (a ♠ b) ♠ c = a ♠ (b ♠ c) b. 13
d. a ∗ b = a ∗ b c. 5
d. 6
3. Ifa*b=ab then 2*5
a. 10
b. 25
c. 32
d. 52

Presentation and Binary operations

development of - Let A be non-empty set, and * said to be binary operation on A. if a*b is defined for all a,b € A. In other words, * is a
Concepts rule for any two elements in the set S.
- On set A is function mapping A x A into S

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Examples 7. If a*b= 2x+3,

Solution
First solve for x=
x= 4 ө 6
= 4(6)+4-6
= 24+(-2)
= 22

a*b= 2x+3
= 2(22)+3
8. If a*b= 2a-b2, evaluate a*b = 47
(i). 2*4 (ii). (1*3)*4
Solution

(i). (ii).
2*4 = 2a-b2 (1*3)*4 = 2a-b2
= 2(2) – (4)2
= 4-16 Consider
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= -12 (1*3)= 2a-b2

= 2(1)-(3)2
= 2-9
= -7
Now,
(1*3)*4 = (-7)*4
a*b= 2a-b2
(-7)*4= 2a-b2
= 2(-7)- (4)2
= -14-16

(1*3)*4 = -30

Properties of Binary Operation:

Closure Property
Let S be a no empty Set. A binary operation * is said to be a closed binary operation on S,
if a*b є S, Ɐa,b є S.

Example
1. Determine whether the operation ominus on Z+ is closed?
Consider that Universal S has elements of positive integers (Z+ )
Consider a=1 , b= 2
aϴb= ab+a-b
= 1(2)+1-2
=1 which is Positive Integer, then ominus on Z+ is closed.
Commutative Property

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A binary operation * on a set A is commutative if a*b= b*a for all (a,b) є A (non empty sets).
Binary operation + and x are commutative, hence – and ÷ are not commutative.
Example.
1. Show that a*b= a+b+ab is commutative for all a,b є R. ab
b*a= b+a+ba 2. Show that a*b= is commutative for all a,b є R.
4
= a+b+ab ab
a*b =a*b , therefore a*b= a+b+ab is commutative binary a*b=
4
operation
ba ab
b*a= =
4 4
ab
 a*b= b*a , therefore a*b= is commutative binary
4

Associative Property
A binary operation * define in set R of real number is associative if:
(a*b)*c= a*(b*c) for all a,b c є R.

Example
1. Show that a*b = a+ab is binary For
associative.

Let start with a*(b*c) where b*c= b+bc

a*(b*c) = a*(b+bc)
(a*b)*c = (a+ab)*c = a+a(b+bc)
= a+ab+ (a+ab)c = a+ab+ abc
(a*b)*c = a+ab+ac+abc
(a*b)*c ≠ a*(b*c) is not associative

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2.Show that a*b= a+b+ab is binary associative

Let start with

(a*b)*c= (a+b+ab)*c where b*c= b+c+bc
= (a+b+ab)+c+(a+b+ab)c = a*(b+c+bc)
= a+b+ab+c+ac+bc+abc = a+(b+c+bc)+a(b+c+bc)
= a+b+c+bc+ab+ac+abc
= a+ b+ c +ab+ bc +ac + abc

(a*b)*c = a*(b*c) is associative

3.Identity Property
There is a unique identity element e ε G such that for any other g ε G, we
have e · g = g
e + g = g.
Such identity of multiplication is 1, and identity of addition is 0

4.Inverses: for any g ε G, there is a unique g-1 such that

g · g-1 = e.
g-1 · g= e

The following curated contents to be able to actively participate in our synchronous and asynchronous discussions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKoMerdR2Ig
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzsAehzmjrU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxRYOUq7qT4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycdCqpS8_SA&t=83s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CfoWmZw6EA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x-gZK5mAyw

Application the
generalized concepts
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Binary Operations Limited is one of the pioneers in providing I.T. infrastructure and solutions on various
platforms. IT Solutions has been patronized by the corporate world since inception. Blending intuition and rigor
with ground reality business acumen, I.T. Solutions believes in going beyond the role of a mere solution provider
to its clientel

Assessment
Learning Task 5 : Each question is equal to 4 points based on the rubric given below.
(Write your answer in a drawing book )
Solve the following problems in the space provided below.

1. If a*b= a+5ab+b, Find:

i) 9*11

ii) 5*7

Rubric: 2. Prove or disprove if it is associative If a*b= a-3b+2

3. Show that a*b= a+b+ab is binary cummutative

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Key Points to Ponder

The binary operation can be defined as an operation * which is performed on a set A. The function is given by *: A * A → A. So the
operation * performed on operands a and b is denoted by a * b.

 Let us show that addition is a binary operation on real numbers (R) and natural numbers (N). So if we add two operands which are natural
numbers a and b, the result will also be a natural number. The same holds good for real numbers. Hence,
+ : R x R → R is given by (a, b) → a + b
+ : N x N → N is given by (a, b) → a + b

 Let us show that multiplication is a binary operation on real numbers (R) and natural numbers (N). So if we multiply two operands which are natural
numbers a and b, the result will also be a natural number. The same holds good for real numbers. Hence,

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x: R x R → R is given by (a, b) → a x b
x: N x N → N is given by (a, b) → a x b

 Let us show that subtraction is a binary operation on real numbers (R). So if we subtract two operands which are real numbers a and b, the result will
also be a real number. The same does not hold good for natural numbers. It is because if we take two natural numbers, 3 and 4 as a and b, then 3 – 4 =
-1, which is not a natural number. Hence,
– : R x R → R is given by (a, b)→ a – b
Similarly, the division cannot be defined on real numbers. This is because / : R x R → R is given by (a, b)→ aa/b. Now if we take b as 0 here, a/b is not
defined.

Additional Readings
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/relations-and-functions/binary-operations/

https://byjus.com/maths/binary-operation/

Unit 6 Introduction to Group

Course Intended Learning At the end of the unit, the students are expected.
Outcomes
a. explain the definition of a group and identify as well as produce examples
b. prove the elementary properties of a group;

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c. construct and/or complete Cayley tables for finite groups;

d. use the elementary properties of a group to solve unknown variable.

Essential Questions What is group and its identities?

How prove the elementary properties of a group?
How use elementary properties of a group to solve unknown variable ?
Overview The earliest study of groups as such probably goes back to the work of Lagrange in the late 18th century. However, this
work was somewhat isolated, and 1846 publications of Augustin Louis Cauchy and Galois are more commonly referred
to as the beginning of group theory. The theory did not develop in a vacuum, and so three important threads in its pre-
history are developed here.

Learning Targets At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Prove the elementary properties of a group

 Galois is the first to use the words group (groupe in French) and primitive in their modern meanings. He did not
Activation of Prior use primitive group but called equation primitive an equation whose Galois group is primitive. He discovered the notion
Knowledge of normal subgroups and found that a solvable primitive group may be identified to a subgroup of the affine group of
an affine space over a finite field of prime order.
Let’s Try:

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ABSTRACT ALGEBRA Trento External Study Center

Try to answer all questions. In general, if you have some knowledge about a question, it is better to try to answer it. You will not be penalized for guessing.

1. The set of all real numbers under the usual multiplication operation
is not a group since
a. multiplication is not a binary operation
b. multiplication is not associative 4. Let G={1,i,-i,-1} is
c. identity element does not exist a. Semi group
d. zero has no inverse b. Subgroup
c. Cyclic group
2. In the group (G, .), the value of (a-1b)-1 is d. Abelian group
a. ab-1
b. b-1a
5. Which of the following is a group under addition?
c. a-1b
d. ba-1 a. The set of all positive integers
b. The set of all odd integers
3. The set of integers Z with the binary operation " ∗" defined as c. The set of all negative integers
a∗b=a+b+1 for a, b∈Z, is a group. The inverse of a is d. The set of all even integers

a. 0
b. -2
c. a-2
d. -a-2
Presentation and A group (G,·) is a nonempty set G together with a binary operation * on G such that the following
conditions hold:
development of
Concepts (i) Closure: For all a,b   G the element a · b is a uniquely defined element of G.
(ii) Associativity: For all a,b,c   G, we have

a · (b · c) = (a · b) · c.

(iii) Identity: There exists an identity element e   G such that

e · a = a and a · e = a for all a   G.

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(iv) Inverses: For each a   G there exists an inverse element a-1   G such that

a · a-1 = e and a-1 · a = e

A group G is said to be a finite group if the set G has a finite number of elements. In this case, the number of elements is called the order of G, denoted by |
G|.

“Things to Remember”

N – set of natural numbers Q+- set of positive rational numbers

R- set of real numbers Q set of negative rational numbers
–

Z- Set of integers Zn- modulo n

Z+ - set of positive integers a* b- Binary operation
Z- set of negative integers

Example 1. Show if (Z, · ) is group or not Show that (R , *) is a group or not , where R is the set of real numbers and * is the binary operation defined by
a.b
a*b=
 Closure. 3
Define a,b ε Z, (a,b) → (a· b) ε Z , Therefore Closure.  Closure

 Associative a.b
Define a,b ε Z, (a,b) → ( ) ε R , Therefore Closure.
Define a,b, c ε Z, a · (b · c) = (a · b) · c.
3

Try -2, 5,7 which ε Z  Associative

(-2·5) · 7 = -2· ( 5· 7 )
(-10) · 7= -2 · (35)
-70 = -70 Ok Define a,b, c ε Z, a *(b *c) = (a * b) *c.
Therefore Associative.
(a*b)*c= a*(b*c)

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a*(b*c)
 Identity (a*b)*c
b.c
a.b ¿ a∗( )
Define a ε Z, e= identity , then a ·  e= a ¿( )*c 3
Hence e= a/a= 1 ε Z , Therefore identity. 3
 Inverse
( a . b) . c a .(b . c )
= =
Define a ε Z, e= identity , a-1 = inverse, then a ·  a-1 = e 3 3
Hence, a-1 = e/a ε Z, Therefore not inverse c
=¿. ¿
3 a b.c
¿ ∙( )
3 3
Then, (Z, ·) is not group because it doesn’t satisfies the 4 Properties specifically
the inverse property. abc
¿ abc
9 =
9
Therefore (a*b)*c = a*(b*c), then it is associative

 Identity

Define a ε Z, e= identity , then a * e= a

a∙e
=a
3
3a= ae
 Inverse

Define a ε Z, e= identity , a-1 = inverse, then a * a-1 = e 3a

= ae
a . a−1 a
=3
3
e= 3 , which 3 ε R
a . a−1=9 Then, (R , * ) is identity
9
a−1= , a≠0
a
Then, (R , * ) is inverse

Therefore , (R , * ) where R is the set of real numbers and * is the binary operation
a.b
defined by a * b = is group because it satisfied the 4 Properties .
3
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Matrix can also be a group

Example

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An Abelian group is a group with the additional property of the group operation being commutative

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Cayley Table of the group

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Since Cayley Table is also known as Group Multiplicative table, it can be operate using multiplication process

Example
*
Refers the table at right.

Find a*b
= a

Find b*c
= c

Find d2
=c
Identity of the group
Note that identity form can be
*
a*e=a
b*e=b
c*e=c

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d*e=d
where e is the identity

Consider a * e = a
What element (e) we operate to a that equal to a.
Then, e is b which is the identity.
If you try to operate the other identity form, it follows that the identity is b.
Inverse
*
Note that inverse form is
a * a-1 = e
and identity is b
The inverse of a is d
The inverse of b is b
The inverse of c is c
The inverse of d is a

The following curated contents to be able to actively participate in our synchronous and asynchronous discussions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maACVONq5IU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Ntoo-Ko18&list=RDCMUCD3iLppPpQYyyDEcSlsNdOw&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEmiLhPL0Wg&list=RDCMUCD3iLppPpQYyyDEcSlsNdOw&index=4

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 ABSTRACT ALGEBRA Trento External Study Center

Galois theory arose in direct connection with the study of polynomials, and thus the notion of a group developed
Application the from within the mainstream of classical algebra. However, it also found important applications in other
generalized concepts mathematical disciplines throughout the 19th century, particularly geometry and number theory.
The notion of a group also started to appear prominently in number theory in the 19th century, especially in
Gauss’s work on modular arithmetic. In this context, he proved results that were later reformulated in the abstract
theory of groups—for instance (in modern terms), that in a cyclic group (all elements generated by repeating the
group operation on one element) there always exists a subgroup of every order (number of elements) dividing the
order of the group.

Assessment
Learning Task 6 : Each question is equal to 4 points based on the rubric given below.
(Write your answer in a drawing book )
Part 1

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Part 2.

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ABSTRACT ALGEBRA Trento External Study Center

Part 3
Given the table in right side
*

3.) Find the following operation

3.1
a.) a*d
b.) b*c
c.) c2
d.) a*c
e.) a2

Rubric:

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Key Points to Ponder

In mathematics, a group is a set equipped with a binary operation that combines any two elements to form a third element in such a way that four conditions
called group axioms are satisfied, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility.
One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but groups are encountered in numerous areas within
and outside mathematics, and help focusing on essential structural aspects, by detaching them from the concrete nature of the subject of the study.

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The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s, who introduced the term of group (groupe, in
French) for the symmetry group of the roots of an equation, now called a Galois group.

After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870.

Additional Readings

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Group.html
https://medium.com/cantors-paradise/an-invitation-to-group-theory-c81e21ab739a

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