The Human Organism CHAPTER

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01

1.1 ANATOMY Two major goals for studying
Anatomy physiology
 Study of body structure 1 To understand and predict the
 Anatomy means to dissect, or body’s responses to stimuli
cut apart and separate, the parts of 2 To understand how the body
the body for study maintains internal conditions
within, a narrow range of
values in the presence of
Types of Anatomy
continually changing internal
1 Systemic Anatomy
and external environment
 Study of the body by
system
 Such as cardiovascular, Types of Physiology
nervous, skeletal, and 1 Human Physiology
muscular systems  The study of a specific
 Taken in most introductory organisms
books 2 Cellular Physiology
2 Regional Anatomy  Examines the processes
 Study of the organization occurring in cells
of the body by areas 3 Systemic Physiology
 Such as head, abdomen, or  Considers the functions of
arm, all systems are studies organ systems
 Taken in most medical and 4 Neurophysiology
dental schools  Focuses on the nervous
3 Surface Anatomy system
 The study of external 5 Cardiovascular Physiology
features  Deals with the heart and
 Such as bony projection, blood vessels
which serve as landmarks for
locating deeper structures Importance of Anatomy &
4 Anatomical Imaging Physiology
 Involves the use of x-rays,  Provides the basis for
ultrasound, MRI, and other understanding diseases
technologies to create picture  Help us to be well prepared to
of internal structure make a decision about our own
health care or that a loved one
1.2 PHYSIOLOGY  Allow us to distinguish between
useful medical treatments and to
Physiology those harmful
 The study of processes and  Allows an understanding of how
functions of the body the body works and responds to
stimuli
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
1.3 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL 5 Organ System Level
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN  A group of organs classified
BODY as a unit because of a common
functions or set of functions
Six Levels of Organization Examples
1 Chemical Level  Digestive System
 Smallest level  Reproductive System
 Involves how atoms, such 6 Organism Level
as hydrogen and carbon,  Any living thing are
interact and combine into considered as a whole,
molecules whether composed of one cell,
2 Cell Level such as bacterium, or trillions
 The basic structural and of cells, such as human
functional units of organisms,  Human organism is a
such as plants and animals complex of organ system that
 Molecules can combine to are mutually dependent upon
form organelles, which are the one another
small structures that makeup
some cell Eleven Organ Systems
Examples
1 Integumentary System
 Mitochondria
Functions:
 Nucleus
 Provides protection
3 Tissue Level  Regulates temperature
 A group of similar cells and  Prevents water loss
the materials surrounding  Helps produce vitamin D
them  Consist of skin, hair, nails,
 The characteristics of the sebaceous glands and sweat
cells and surrounding glands
materials determine the
2 Skeletal System
functions of the tissue
Functions:
4 primary types
 Provides protection and
 Epithelial
support
 Connective
 Allows body movements
 Muscles
 Produces blood cells
 Nervous
 Stores minerals
4 Organ Level  Consists of bones,
 Composed of two or more cartilages, ligaments, and
tissue types that together joints
perform one or more common
3 Muscular System
functions
Functions:
 Some of our organs, such as
 Produces body movements
heart, stomach, liver, and
 Maintains posture
urinary bladder
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
 Produces body heat  Exchanges oxygen and
 Consists of muscles carbon dioxide between the
attached to the skeleton by blood and air
tendons  Regulates blood pH
4 Digestive System  Consists of the lungs and
Functions: respiratory passages
Performs the mechanical 8a Reproductive System (Male)
and chemical processes of Functions:
digestion  Produces and transfer
 Absorption of nutrient sperm cells to the female
 Elimination of wastes  Produces hormones that
 Consists of the mouth, influence sexual functions and
esophagus, stomach, behaviors
intestines, and accessory  Consists of the testes,
organs accessory structures, ducts,
5 Lymphatic System and penis
Functions: 8 Reproductive System
 Removes foreign (Female)
substances from the blood Functions:
and lymph  Produces oocytes and is
 Combats disease the site of fertilization and
 Maintains tissue fluid fetal development
balance  Produces milk for the
 Absorbs dietary fats from newborn
the digestive tract  Produces hormones that
 Consists of the lymphatic influence sexual function and
vessels, lymph nodes, and behaviors
other lymphatic organs  Consists of the ovaries,
6 Cardiovascular System uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
Functions: mammary glands, and
 Transports nutrients associated structures
 Waste products 9 Endocrine System
 Gases Functions:
 Hormones throughout the  Influences metabolism,
body growth, reproduction, and
 Plays a role in the immune many other functions
response  Consists of endocrine
 Regulation of body glands, such as pituitary, that
temperature secrete hormones
 Consists of the heart, blood 10 Nervous System
vessels, and blood Functions:
7 Respiratory System
Functions:
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
 Detects sensations and 4 Growth
control movements,  Refers to an increase in size
physiological processes, and of all or part of the organism
intellectual functions  Can result from an increase
 Consists of the brain, spinal in cell, cell size, or amount of
cord, nerves, and sensory substance surrounding cells
receptors 5 Development
11 Urinary System  Includes the changes an
Functions: organism undergoes through
 Removes waste product time
from the blood and regulates  Differentiation is change in
blood pH, ion balance, and cell structure and function
water balance from generalized to
 Consists of the kidneys, specialized
urinary bladder, and ureters 6 Reproduction
 The formation of new cells
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE or new organisms
 Without reproduction of
Six Characteristics of Life cells, growth and tissue repair
1 Organization are impossible
 Refers to the specific
relationship of the many 1.5 HOMEOSTASIS
individual parts of an
organism, from cell organelles Homeostasis
to organs, interacting and  The existence and maintenance
working together of a relatively constant
 All organisms are environment within the body
composed of one or more cells despite fluctuations in either the
 Some cells are composed of external or internal environment
highly specialized organelles,
which depend on the precise
Variables
functions of large molecules
 Their values can change
2 Metabolism
Examples
 The ability to use energy to
 Body temperature
perform vital functions
 Heart rate
 Such as growth, movement,
 Blood pressure
and reproduction
 Blood glucose level
3 Responsiveness
 Blood cell counts
 The ability of an organism
 Respiratory rate
to sense changes in the
Set Point
environment and make the
 Ideal, normal value
adjustments that help
 120/80 BP
maintain its life
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Homeostatic mechanisms from the receptor about the
 Such as sweating or shivering variable
normally maintain body  Such as part of the brain
temperature near an average 3 Effector
normal value or set point  Can change the value when
 Governed by the nervous system directed by the control center
or the endocrine system  Such as the sweat glands

Negative Feedback Positive-feedback mechanisms

 Negative means “to decrease”  Occur when the initial stimulus
 When any deviation from the set further stimulates the response
point is made smaller or is resisted  Positive means that the deviation
 Does not prevent variation but from the set point becomes even
maintains variation within a normal greater; increase
range Example of positive-feed
Example of negative-feed mechanism
mechanism  During the blood loss, a chemical
 Maintenance of normal body responsible for clot formation
temperature stimulates production itself
 Normal body temperature is  Birth
important because it allows
molecules and enzymes to keep 1.6 TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY
their normal shape so they can PLAN
function optimally
 An optimal body temperature
Body Positions
prevents molecules from being
Anatomical position
permanently destroyed
 Refers to a person standing
 Normal temperature is required
upright with the face directed
to ensure that tissue homeostasis is
forward, the upper limps hanging to
maintained
the sides, and the palms of the
hands facing forward
Three Components of Negative-
 Supine when lying face upward
feedback mechanism
 Prone when lying face downward
1 Receptor
 Monitors the value of a
Directional Terms for the Human Body
variable
 Such as body temperature,
Superior Above or up
by detecting stimuli
Inferior Below or down
2 Control center
 Determines the set point for
the variable and receives input Anterior Front
Posterior Back
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Ventral Belly
Dorsal Back Collarbone Clavicular
Armpit Axillary
Proximal Nearest Arm Brachial
Distal Distant Front of elbow Antecubital
Forearm Antebrachial
Medial Toward the
midline Hand Manual
Lateral Away from the Wrist Carpal
midline Palm Palmar
Fingers Digital
Superficial On the surface
Deep Internal LOWER LIMB

Body Parts and Regions Hip Coxal

Thigh Femoral
Head Cephalic Kneecap Patellar
Forehead Frontal Leg Crucal
Eye Orbital
Nose Nasal Foot Pedal
Mouth Oral Top of foot Dorsum
Ear Otic Digital Toes
Cheek Buccal
Chin Mental Skull Cranial
Base of skull Occipital
Neck Cervical Back of neck Nuchal

TRUNK TRUNK

Thoracic Thorax Back Dorsal

Chest Pectoral Shoulder blade Scapular
Breastbone Sternal Spinal column Vertebral
Breast Mammary Lumbar Loin

Abdomen Abdominal Between hips Sacral

Navel Umbilical Buttock Gluteal
Pelvis Pelvic Perineum Perineal
Groin Inguinal
Genital Pubic

UPPER LIMB
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
UPPER LIMB  Dividing it into equal right and
left halves
Point of Acromial
shoulder
Transverse Plane
Point of elbow Olecranon
 Horizontal plane
Back of hand Dorsum  Runs parallel to the surface of the
ground
LOWER LIMB  Dividing the body into superior
and inferior parts
Hollow behind Popliteal
knee Frontal Plane
Calf Sural  Coronal
Sole Plantar  Runs vertically from right to left
Heel Calcaneal  Divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
Subdivision of the Abdomen
Longitudinal section
Right-upper Left-upper  A cut along the length of an
quadrant quadrant organ
Right-lower Left-lower
quadrant quadrant
Transverse section
 Cross section
Right Epigastr Left  Cuts completely through an
Hypochon ic region Hypochon organ
driac driac
region region
Oblique section
Right Umbilic Left
 Cut is made diagonally across
Lumbar al Lumbar
the long axis
region region region
Right Iliac Hypoga Left Iliac
Body Cavities
region stric region
Thoracic Cavity
Plane
 Surrounded by the rib cage and
is separated from the abdominal
Sagittal Plane
cavity by the muscular diaphragm
 Runs vertically through and
Mediastinum
separates it into right and left parts
 Houses the heart, the thymus, the
trachea, the esophagus, and other
Median Plane structures
 Passes through the midline of the
body
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Abdominal Cavity  Surrounds certain abdominal
 Bounded primarily by the and pelvic organs
abdominal muscles and contains
the stomach, the intestines, the Pericarditis
liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and
 Inflammation of the pericardium
the kidneys
Pleurisy
 Inflammation of the pleura
Pelvic Cavity
Peritonitis
 Small space that enclosed by the
Inflammation of the peritoneum
bones of the pelvis
Appendicitis
 Contains the urinary bladder,
part if the large intestine, and the  Inflammation of the appendix
internal reproductive organs  Located in the right-lower
quadrant
Serous Membrane

Visceral Membrane
 Covers the internal organs

Parietal Membrane
 Line the wall of the cavity

Mesenteries
 Hold the abdominal organs in
place and provide a passageway
for blood vessels and nerves to
organs

Retroperitoneal organ
 Includes the kidneys, the adrenal
glands, a portion of the pancreas,
parts of intestines, and the urinary
bladder

Pericardial Cavity
 Surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavity
 Surrounds the lungs

Peritoneal Cavity
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Integumentrary System Lymphatic System

Skeletal System
Respiratory System

Muscular System
Digestive System
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Nervous System
Urinary System

Endocrine System
Female Reproductive System

Cardiovascular System Male Reproductive System

The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Directional Terms
Quadrants
The Human Organism CHAPTER
Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 01
Serous Membrane