Ge1 Uts Lesson 5 and 6
Ge1 Uts Lesson 5 and 6
Introduction
The individual’s exploration to Know Oneself especially the issues of self and identity
are the most basic and essential task that everyone has had to carry out. The
question ‘What is Self?’ is indeed a complex question that different psychologists try to
answer by giving their individual perspectives.
Part 2:
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These two statements from the two experts depict competing perspectives on
one of the most longwithstanding puzzles for psychologists in their study of the “self.”
What is the Self? And, more specifically, is there just one ‘self’ in each person or do we
really consist of many different selves? When faced with this question, majority respond
initially that there is just one ‘self’.
Henriques clarifies the question, what does the ‘self’ consist of? He describes the
“human self”as consisting of three related but also separable domains.
Private Self
Experiential Self consciousness Public Self or
or "narrator" or "Persona"
“interpreter”
This is the 'theater of This is the portion of your The final portion of the self
consciousness' and the being that verbally narrates is the public self or
first person felt experience what is happening and why persona.
of being. In this context, it and tries to make sense of
includes the felt what is going on. As you It refers to the public image
consistency of being read this lesson, and think thay you attempt to project
across periods of time. about what it means, is an others, which in turn
example of your verbal interacts with how other
This is the part of you that narrator is working. people actually see you –
“disappears” when you the crucial element of this
enter a deep sleep, flickers It also the part that portion of the self.
on and off as you dream, includes your reportable
and then comes back on self-concept and explicit
line as you wake up. beliefs and values about
the way the world works
Antonio Damasio, a (e.g. your religious and
neuropsychologist shares political beliefs).
that this portion of the self
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– is the one that relates This portion of the self is
very directly to experiential what Damasio calls the
consciousness, and it also “autobiographical self”.
relates deeply to your core
drives/needs and
emotionally organized
feeling states.
Henriques mapped three parts of “the human self” which will make us aware that
although we tend to experience a sense of continuity and unity of the self, the fact of the
matter is that it is much simple to say that we have one self and be done with it. If you
have ever been surprised by how you acted, or felt confused, conflicted, or uncertain
about who you truly are, or realized how dramatically different you feel in different
situations or in different moods, then you know that this thing we call the ‘self’ can have
many different and often competing facets and states.
Psychologist Gordon Alport proposed a “personality trait” theory asserting that every
person possesses “traits.” According to Allport, a “trait” is your essential characteristics
that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape
who you are (how you think, feel, or behave, etc.) in any given day. (Hall, &Lindzey,
1957; Morris, et. al., 2002).
Allport proposed that there are three fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central,
and secondary (Allport 1961, 1966).
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Central trait
According to Allport, most people, however, do not develop a single,
comprehensive cardinal trait. Instead, they posses a handful of central traits that
make up the core of personality.
Central traits, such as honesty and sociability, are an individual's major
characteristics; they usually number from five to ten in any one person.
Secondary traits – are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and
http://www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_allport.pdf
are less influential than central or cardinal traits.
For instance, a reluctance to eat meat and a love of modern art would be
3. Eric Berne – The Ego States
considered secondary traits.
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According to Berne, every individual is born with the capacity to develop his potentials
to the best advantage of himself and society. To enjoy himself and to be able to work
productively and creatively and to be free of psychological disabilities. TA believes that
each individual is untimately responsible for his own life decisions. It is also a basic
assumption in Transactional Analysis that all clients need total cure instead of being
helped.
Transactional Analysis views men as beings that develop mental attitudes that
influence all their transactions. His mental attitudes he called life positions; which is
about I and You being Ok or not Ok.However, Transactional Analysis constructs the
following classifications of life positions in respect of oneself and others.
The Theory
A transaction – the fundamental unit of social intercourse.
A transactional stimulus – if two or more people encouncer with each other… sooner
or later, one of them will speak, or give some indication of acknowledging the presence
of others.
A transactional response – another person will then say or do something which is in
some way related to the stimulus.
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Tones Harsh, abrupt, Soothing, Calm, Joyful, Complaining,
authoritarian Counselling, clear, evennoisy, surely,
loving energetic monotone
Gestures/ Finger pointing, Pat on arm, Level eye Exaggerated Head tilted
Mannerisms arms crossed nodding, contact, movements, to one side,
encouragingl absence of uninhibited fidgeting,
y fidgeting slouching
Facial Rolling eyes, Smiling, Open, Bright-eyes, Pouting,
Expressions furrowed brow, proud eyes thoughtful smiling downcast,
scowling freely not engaged
Actual Words
Facial expressions
2. Intonation (Vocal)
How something is said (use of voice). Intonation is the vocal factor and body language
the vocal factor.
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Berne says that we can communicate on two levels.
1. The Social message – what we say
2. the Psychological message – what we mean
Example:
Sarcasm is a great example of this. When we are sarcastic, what we say
is the opposite of what we mean.
Analyzing Transactions
Crossed transaction
Not all transactions between humans are healthy or normal. In those
cases, the transaction is classified as a crossed transaction.
In a crossed transaction, an ego state different than the ego state which
received stimuli is the one that responds.
Example:
Agent’s Adult Respondent’s Child
“Do you know where my cuff “You always blame me for
links are?” everything!”
(Note that this stimuli is
directed at the Respondent’s
Adult)
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Donald Woods Winnicott FRCP was an English
paediatrician and psychoanalyst who was especially
influential in the field of object relations theory and
developmental psychology. Wikipedia
Donald Winnicottin 1960, originally introduced the psychological concepts, true self
and false self. Winnicott termed and used true self to describe a sense of self based on
spontaneous authentic experience and a feeling of being alive, having a real self. By
contrast, false self will be experienced by a person as a defensive façade, which, in
extreme cases, could leave its holders lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty,
behind a mere appearance of being real.
TRUE SELF FALSE SELF
Other term Also known as real self, Also known as fake self,
authentic self, original self idealized self, superficial self
and vulnerable self. and pseudo self.
Characteristics The true self as rooted from Winnicott expressed that the
early infancy in the false self is the product of
experience of being alive, early experience. It is a
what Winnicott called simply defensive organization
being. formed by the infant because
of inadequate mothering or
The baby’s spontaneous, failure in empathy.
nonverbal gesture derive from
that instinctual sense, and if He added that the false self is
responded to by the mother, developed as the infant is
become the basis for the repeatedly subjected to
continuing development of maternal care that intrudes
the true self. Winnicott called upon, rejects, or abandons
this as ‘good enough his or her experience
parenting’. (Daehnert, 1998).
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early relationships complying with them, as a
(particularly the mother-infant way of protecting the true self
relationship) in one form or from a world that is felt to be
another. A child whose unsafe.
mother is positively
responsive and supports the However, when the person
child’s natural process of has false self but can still
individuation will grow up as function both as an individual
an adult with stable self- and in the society, then he or
image; views other people she has a healthy false self.
realistically; and accept both The healthy false self feels
the positive and negative side that it is still connected with
of every person including the true self. Thus, it can be
himself/herself (Jones-Smith, compliant without feeling
2011). guilty that it abandoned its
true self.
It means more than merely taking initiativeIt means that as human beings, we’re
responsible for our own lives.We are the creative force of our own lives. Our behavior is
a function of our decisions, not our conditions.It is not what happens to us, but our
response to what happens to us that hurts us.Of course things can hurt us physically or
economically or can cause sorrow, but our character, our basic identity, does not have
to be hurt at all.In fact our most difficult experiences become the crucibles that forge our
character and develop the internal powers, the freedom to handle difficult circumstances
in the future, and to inspire others to do so as well.
Victor Frankl, is one of many who have been able to develop the personal freedom in
difficult circumstances to lift and inspire others. Frankl was imprisoned in the death
camps of Nazi, Germany. His parents, his brother, many of his loved one were sent to
gas ovens. Except for his sister and wife, his entire family perished.One day, alone in a
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small room, he began to become aware of what he called the last of the human
freedoms, the freedom his Nazi captors could not take away. They could control his
entire environment. They cound do what they wanted to his body, but Virctor Frankl
himself was a self-aware being who could look as an observer at his very involvement.
His basic identity, his character was intact. He could decide within himself how all of
this was going to affect him.
Between what happened to him and his response to it was his freedom or power to
choose that response. In the midst of his experiences, Frankl would project himself into
different circumstances such as lecturing his students after his release from the death
camps. He would describe himself in the classsroom, in the mind’s eye, and give his
studens the lessons he was learning during his very torture. Through series of such
disciplines, he exercised his small, embryonic freedom until it grew larger and larger,
until he had more freedom than his Nazi captors. They had more liberty, more options
to choose from in their environment, but he had more freedom, more internal power to
exercise his options. He became an inspiration to those around him. He helped others
find meaning in their suffering,and dignity in their prison existence.
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4. Good communicators.
They anticipate questions others might have, and that helps them be clear and
thorough.
If you want to play a more central role in your team, sstrive to be more proactive. You’ll
inspire others to excel and you’ll help your team meet or even exceed its goals.
1. Being proactive is about taking the initiative and getting things done.
About being enthusiastic… about planning ahead.. anticipating problems, and finding
creative ways to solve them.
It’s clear that could help a team perform at its best. But it is not always easy to turn
things around ---to switch from reactive approach to one that’s more proactive.
So how do you start? Well… you just start!
Ashley: I suggested that we change our approval process.Have the client give
us feedback more often, and much earlier.
Mary: Make a huge difference. Now the client reviews or work twice a week,
sometimes more. And that means never having to redo weeks of work at
a time.
Being proactive isn’t just about having ideas and putting them into action. Remember,
that you are part of a team and for ideas to succeed you’ve to get your team members’
support.
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Lauren: I don’t know. Seems like inviting the client to interfere more. Not sure,
we
need to add another complicating factor.
Ashley: I understand. This is really about inimizing the implact of client changes
though.
Akira: That’s right – I’ve been having to redo so much work!
References:
O’Connor, Wren. (2017). Educational and Developmental Psychology. Larsen & Keller
Education, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New Your, NY 10001, USA
Otig, Vergie S., (2018). A Holistic Approach in Understanding the Self. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc., Potrero, Malabon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_self_and_false_self
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/theory-knowledge/201404/one-self-or-many-selves
https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+statement+in+adult+state+in+transactional+analysis
https://taguig.percipio.com/courses/5630b381-fea5-11e6-8 6380242c0a80b06/videos/5630da82-fea5-
11e6-8638-0242c0a80b06
https://taguig.percipio.com/courses/26f20801-05cd-11e7-b6c3-0242c0a80802/videos/50537380-f272-
11e8-a3f0-07dcf0c94ea9
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LESSON 6 – THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN
THOUGHT
“People Around Me”
Introduction
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your help, then you provide that help. A collectivistic student has a mandatory social
obligation to help the other student succeed. This higher collectivistic social obligation
can be in direct violation of academic integrity in an individualistic academic setting.
That is why if you consider yourself having an individualistic self you might get the
idea of the Americans who are fond of saying “ I am my own man” and you believe that
you should assert and stand on your own. Just like the famous poem “Invictus”
by William Ernest Henley that quotes “ I am the master of my fate; I am the captain
of my soul” this only implies that you are the one who control your own consequences
of you own action. Being Independent and who value personal goals over group
interest.
On the other hand, if you considered yourself as having a collective self which is one
of the Filipino characteristics in which this is one of their strengths such as deep love
and concern for the family or what we called as strong family ties.
In collectivistic culture people are interdependence and live harmoniously with one
another. Their utmost significance is to be a part of social networks and maintain good
relationship with them at the same time fulfilling their obligation as part of the society.
Humans are being considered as the bearer of inimitable values by the Ancient
Grecian philosophers.
In medieval times, Saint Thomas Aquinas, believed that the body constitutes
individuality. The western tradition is generally acknowledged to be “imbued with a
style of thinking based on dichotomy and binary opposition”.
Psychiatrist and professor, Frank Johnson (1985), outline four categories on how
term “self: is used in contemporary western discussion.
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Links: Eastern Philosphy Vs. Western Philosophy : https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Eu3oIVuvbJg
The earliest writing in the East are the Vedas. Vedas illustrate the eastern mindset
of nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator, with
no distinction. (Watts, 1965)
It formed the Hindu philosophy and Dharma (The principle of cosmic Order).
According to these sacred Hindu Texts, the true nature of human is described as
“Brahman” which is the divine universal consciousness encompassing the universe.
Brahman is the Self that is all within us.
Thus, one of the main points of Hinduism is “change your perception of the world
to perceive the Brahman in oneself and in others” .
BUDHHISM
• Meditation
• Fasting
• Learning from different teachers
He found it under the Tree of Wisdom while meditating and when a by passer saw
him and see the light emanate in him that is the time rumour spread and called the
Buddha the Enlightened One. He spent the rest of his life traveling and teaching his
ideas
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Teachings of Buddhism - Four Noble Truths
1. Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one can escape sorrow.
2. Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods.
3. People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect
peace.
4. People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an eightfold path that
leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation.
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The Eightfold Path
Buddhism began in India and then became a major religion. Asoka, one of the most
powerful kings in India, became a Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign
lands. Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach enlightenment.
CONFUCIUS
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Reading from the
Analects (Text,
pp. 1-14) Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu)
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Teachings of Confucius
Confucius did not claim his teachings to be original. He thought his teachings
were the works of wise men before him. He hoped to bring peace, stability, and
prosperity to China’s kingdoms.
Confucius himself never wrote down his teachings. Instead, his students gathered a
collection of his sayings after his death. His writings became a philosophy – system of
beliefs and values, that became known as Confucianism.
Four Beginnings
Confucian Philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings.
Respecting Others
Confucius taught that people should know their place in life and society. They should
respect people above and below them.
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TAOISM
Lao Tzu
He was born in 604 B.C. E., his name means “old master.” He was believed to be
conceived by a shooting star. When his mother gave birth to him, he was already eighty
two years old, a wise man with flowing white hair. He worked as a government archivist.
Tao is both the ultimate source and principle of order in the universe.
Tao has two components, yin and yang.
Taoism regards moral values as relative and avoids absolute moral judgments.
Taoism literature says nothing about the afterlife and depicts death as one of
nature’s transformations from one state to another.
Humans are part of the grand harmony of nature and to live in accord with the Tao is
the only way to thrive.
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Traits of Yin and Yang
YANG YIN
– Positive - Negative
– Active - Passive
– Masculine
- Feminine
– Heavenly
- Earthly
Virtues in Taoism
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References:
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