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William Carlos Williams, David Raphael Wang, and the Dynamic of

East/West Collaboration
Zhaoming Qian
University of New Orleans, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation
Qian, Zhaoming. "William Carlos Williams, David Raphael Wang, and the Dynamic of East/West
Collaboration." Modern Philology 108.2 (Nov 2010): 304-21.

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William Carlos Williams, David Raphael Wang, and the Dynamic of East/West Collaboration
Author(s): Zhaoming Qian
Source: Modern Philology, Vol. 108, No. 2 (November 2010), pp. 304-321
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
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 William Carlos Williams, David Raphael Wang, and
the Dynamic of East/West Collaboration
ZHAOMING QIAN
University of New Orleans and Hang zhou Normal University

Originating from a collaborative translation project, ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ by

William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) and David Raphael Wang (1931–77)
was not issued until three years after Williams’s death.1 The thiry-nine-
poem series fared noticeably less well than comparable endeavors by the
collaborators’ peers. Reviewing it for the William Carlos Williams Review, Ste-
phen Field calls attention to the success of Gary Snyder’s 1958 sequence
‘‘Cold Mountain Poems,’’ evidenced by its entry into Cyril Birch’s Anthology
of Chinese Literature (1965).2 By contrast, none of the ‘‘Cassia Tree’’ poems
has been reprinted anywhere except in volume 2 of The Collected Poems of
William Carlos Williams (1988).3 Field attributes the scholarly indifference
partly to Williams’s ‘‘virtual silence on the subject of China’’ and partly to
the questionable quality of ‘‘what were supposedly his Chinese translations.’’
‘‘As translations,’’ Field notes, these poems ‘‘simply cannot stand up to close
scrutiny.’’4
But was ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ intended to be a collection of faithful trans-
lations? In a headnote Wang designated these poems not as ‘‘translations
in the sense that Arthur Waley’s versions are translations’’ but rather as
‘‘re-creations in the American idiom—a principle to which William Car-
los Williams dedicated his poetic career.’’5 The key word here is re-crea-
tions. As a sequence of re-creations from the Chinese, ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’

1. David Raphael Wang, ‘‘The Cassia Tree,’’ New Directions 19 (1966): 211–31.
2. Stephen Field, ‘‘‘The Cassia Tree’: A Chinese Macropoem,’’ William Carlos Williams
Review 18 (1992): 34–49.
3. See Christopher MacGowan, ed., The Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams, vol. 2
(New York: New Directions, 1988), 359–76, plus note, 500–502. Further references to this
volume will be given parenthetically as CP 2.
4. Field, ‘‘Chinese Macropoem,’’ 34.
5. Wang, ‘‘Cassia Tree,’’ 211. In The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference
(New York: Routledge, 1998), Lawrence Venuti calls ‘‘an original composition’’ based on a
translated text ‘‘pseudotranslation’’ (33).

Ó 2010 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0026-8232/2010/10802-0006$10.00

304
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 305

can be related to Ezra Pound’s Cathay (1915), a chief example of what

Yunte Huang terms ‘‘intertextual travel.’’ Drawing on Stephen Green-
blatt, Lisa Lowe, and others, Huang identifies America’s imaging of Asia
as a process of transpacific ‘‘intertextual travel’’ ‘‘driven in particular by
the writers’ desire to appropriate, capture, mimic, parody, or revise the
Other’s signifying practices.’’6 Cathay as re-created ‘‘from the notes of
the late Ernest Fenollosa’’ has little chance of appearing in textbooks for
undergraduate courses in Chinese literature.7 However, the Cathay poems
‘‘The River-merchant’s Wife’’ and ‘‘Lament of the Frontier Guard’’ have
entered The Norton Anthology of American Literature and The Norton Anthology
of Modern and Contemporary Poetry.8 Their place there is well deserved. For
Huang and the New Americanists, the expansion of the American literary
canon is ‘‘unthinkable without taking into account its intercultural, inter-
textual appropriations.’’9
‘‘Intertextual travel,’’ to quote Huang, involves ‘‘a process in which
multiple readings of the ‘original’ are reduced to a version that fore-
grounds the translator’s own agenda.’’10 Imagism and antiwar polemic are
two of Pound’s campaigns swaying the inventive procedure of Cathay. What
might be at work influencing the making of ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’? What roles
did Williams and Wang each play in the project? And what does this case
reveal to us about the dynamic of East/West collaboration?
In this essay, I approach these questions by examining the creative
process of this neglected case of ‘‘intertextual travel.’’ The series was
hardly the first modernist enterprise that involved a Chinese collabora-
tor. In their late careers Williams’s friends Ezra Pound and Marianne
Moore also collaborated with intellectuals from China for inspiration.11
Whereas Achilles Fang inspired Pound with Confucian ideas that govern
the Rock-Drill cantos (1955), Mai-mai Sze was, in Moore’s own words, re-

6. Yunte Huang, Transpacific Displacement: Ethnography, Translation, and Intertextual Trav-

el in Twentieth-Century American Literature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 3.
See also Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (University
of Chicago Press, 1991); and Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
7. For Cathay, see Lea Baechler and A. Walton Litz, eds., Personae: The Shorter Poems of
Ezra Pound (New York: New Directions, 1990), 129–46, quotation on 130.
8. See Nina Baym et al., eds., The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 5 vols. (New
York: Norton, 2003), D:1286; Jahan Ramazani, Richard Ellmann, and Robert O’Clair, eds.,
The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry, 2 vols. (New York: Norton, 2003),
1:352–53.
9. Huang, Transpacific Displacement, 186.
10. Ibid., 4.
11. Here I follow Thomas Inge’s broader sense of collaboration: ‘‘Anytime another
hand enters into an effort, a kind of collaboration occurs’’ (‘‘Collaboration and Concepts
of Authorship,’’ PMLA 116 [2001]: 629).
306 MODERN PHILOLOGY

sponsible for ‘‘the celestial reveries’’ of O to Be a Dragon (1959).12 The Wil-

liams-Wang undertaking is best viewed along with these instances in the
context of transpacific literary exchange. In refashioning China for Ameri-
can literature, the two partners were pulled by conflicting desires—to be
modernist, and to be Chinese. Despite its actual assimilation of Chinese
images, themes, and styles, ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ signals a commitment to
modernist values, particularly Williams’s poetic of 1916–30 that empha-
sizes both the American idiom and a minimal, spatial design. I hope to
suggest that the collaborative project was ultimately instrumental in the
older poet’s restoration of minimalism in his last book, Pictures from Brue-
ghel (1962).
Williams first discovered Wang’s promise as a poet-translator when
going over the February 1957 Edge. Writing to Pound at Washington’s St.
Elizabeths Hospital, Williams praised Wang’s eight classic Chinese poems
printed in the Poundian journal: ‘‘I do enjoy EDGE—the last translations
from the chink by/of David Rafael Wang are worth the trip half way round
the world to have encountered.’’13 The letter prompted Pound to encour-
age Wang to contact his old pal for whatever professional help he himself
was not able to give. A 1949 immigrant from China, Wang attended La
Scuola Italiana of Middlebury before completing a BA degree in English
at Dartmouth College in 1955. After writing poetry in the shadow of
Pound for several years, he was attracted to Pound and his followers at St.
Elizabeths Hospital. It was at Pound’s suggestion that Wang submitted his
Chinese translations to the Edge. Williams’s enthusiasm for the then nov-
ice poet is evident in his reply of March 16, 1957:
For heaven’s sake! I’ve been looking for you everywhere since I read
those Chinese translations in the last EDGE. Pound wrote me one of his
unnecessarily cryptic cards telling me you were in New York. I thought
you were merely passing through the city. Now I find out that you are
a friend of Gil Sorrentino.

12. Much of what Pound and Achilles Fang discussed in their 1950–55 correspondence
(Beinecke Library, Yale University) found its way into the Rock-Drill cantos. Marianne Moore
to Mai-mai Sze, April 18, 1959, Rosenbach Museum and Library, Philadelphia, quoted in
Zhaoming Qian, The Modernist Response to Chinese Art: Pound, Moore, Stevens (Charlottesville:
University of Virginia Press, 2003), 181.
13. William Carlos Williams to Ezra Pound, February 1957, Beinecke Library, Yale Univer-
sity. In addition, the Beinecke Library has twenty-four letters from David Wang to William Car-
los Williams. Eleven letters and three cards from William Carlos Williams and Florence
Williams to David Wang are housed in the Rauner Special Collections of Dartmouth College.
In further references, these items will be cited parenthetically as Beinecke: Wang-Williams or
Rauner: Williams-Wang. For an account of the Pound/Wang relationship, see Hugh Wite-
meyer, ‘‘The Strange Progress of David Hsin-fu Wand [Wang],’’ Paideuma 15 (1986): 191–209.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 307

Of course come out and see us. It will have to be after the middle of next
week—if you will be free. Come in the afternoon unless you are not free
then when you can make it Saturday or Sunday. I’m not much good
evenings. Let me hear from you. I’m awfully glad you wrote. (Rauner:
Williams-Wang)

Six months after their first meeting, Wang brought up the idea of work-
ing together on a group of Chinese poems. At that time Williams was fin-
ishing Paterson 5. In a letter dated September 28, 1957, he accepted
Wang’s proposal: ‘‘I am fascinated by the prospect of working with you
on the Chinese translation—and we will of course do it together and
soon but not now.’’ In that letter he also suggested making a book out of
the collaboration: ‘‘I am anxious that a book should come of it. . . . Talk
to David McDowell of McDowell, Obolensky, Inc., 219 E 61. I have en-
gaged myself to let him publish any book I shall write from this point for-
ward’’ (Rauner: Williams-Wang).
David Wang had his own motivations for the project. First, the under-
taking would provide a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study creative
writing with a leading modernist poet. Second, whatever result came of it
was likely to send him on the way to an illustrious career. But why should
Williams, in his old age and with other commitments, have been inter-
ested in taking up this enterprise?
Chinese poetry had always been one of Williams’s preoccupations. In
April 1915 he was among the first to praise Pound’s Cathay, calling it
‘‘something of great worth well handled.’’14 Under the impact of Cathay,
Williams engaged in an extended dialogue with Chinese poets through
translations, whose effects are manifest in ‘‘Complete Destruction,’’ ‘‘The
Red Wheelbarrow,’’ and ‘‘The Locust Tree in Flower.’’15 Thirty years after
these 1920s experiments, Williams was eager to embrace this partnership,
which he thought offered ‘‘an acquaintance with the great poets of China
through one of their direct descendents’’ (Rauner: Williams-Wang). For
him this was another chance to use ‘‘China’’ for poetic restructuring and
renewal, a chance to fulfill his dream of competing favorably against
Pound and Fenollosa. If Williams’s Chinese engagement during the 1910s
and 1920s had facilitated his shift to a minimal, modernist style, the pres-
ent enterprise would enable him to move away from the perpetual triad of

14. William Carlos Williams to Harriet Monroe, April 13, 1915, Joseph Regenstein
Library, University of Chicago, quoted in Zhaoming Qian, Orientalism and Modernism: The
Legacy of China in Pound and Williams (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), 115.
15. For ‘‘Complete Destruction,’’ ‘‘The Red Wheelbarrow,’’ and ‘‘The Locust Tree in
Flower,’’ see A. Walton Litz and Christopher MacGowan, eds., The Collected Poems of William
Carlos Williams, vol. 1 (New York: New Directions, 1986), 159, 224, 379–80. Further refer-
ences to this volume will be given parenthetically as CP 1. For a discussion of Williams’s early
exchanges with the Chinese, see Qian, Orientalism and Modernism, 113–41.
308 MODERN PHILOLOGY

his poetry since 1948, which he had once called a ‘‘solution of the problem
of modern verse’’ but had now found ‘‘overdone, artificial, archaic.’’16 The
Chinese form was to contrast with the triad, a long line made up of three
shorter, step-down units, as in Journey to Love (1955):
carrying a bunch of marigolds
wrapped
in an old newspaper:
(CP 2, 287)
and Paterson 5:
In old age
the mind
casts off 17
Personal interactions, however, proved both to assist and to complicate
the appropriation project. At the outset, Williams’s priority collided with
Wang’s. The old master privileged formal experiments over semantic ac-
curacy, whereas the novice found it hard to accept arbitrary exclusion of
cultural overtones. The first poet they worked on was Wang Wei (699–
759). As Williams recalled in a letter of February 25, 1958 (Rauner: Wil-
liams-Wang), Wang chanted to him the Chinese of two of the Tang-
dynasty poet’s short lyrics and then jotted them down line by line, writing
beneath them the meaning of the separate characters:
[Untitled]

Empty hill not see man

or mountain

But hear man’s voice sound

follow reflected light into deep woods

return (to) shine green moss on

16. William Carlos Williams to John C. Thirlwall, June 13, 1955, in Selected Letters of Wil-
liam Carlos Williams, ed. John C. Thirlwall (New York: New Directions, 1957), 334; William
Carlos Williams to Cid Corman, November 1, 1955, quoted in Paul Mariani, William Carlos
Williams: A New World Naked (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 689.
17. William Carlos Williams, Paterson, ed. Christopher MacGowan (New York: New
Directions, 1992), 205.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 309

Farewell

mountain (in the) see farewell end

the sun near evening close wooden gate

spring grass next year green

young patrician return (or) not return.

(Beinecke: Wang-Williams, January 18, 1958)

The form in which the two poems were composed was not new to Wil-
liams. From Herbert A. Giles’s Histor y of Chinese Literature (1901), a book
he owned and frequently cited, he surely had learned something about
this form.18 Giles, who calls the Chinese quatrain ‘‘stop-short,’’ illustrates
its syllable counts in a paradigm:
Sharp sharp flat flat sharp
Flat flat sharp sharp flat
Flat flat flat sharp sharp
Sharp sharp sharp flat flat
‘‘Although consisting of only twenty or twenty-eight words,’’ according to
Giles, the ‘‘stop-short’’ is ‘‘just long enough for the poet to introduce, to
develop, to embellish, and to conclude his theme in accordance with cer-
tain established laws of composition.’’ ‘‘The third line,’’ he stresses, ‘‘is con-
sidered the most troublesome to produce, some poets even writing it first;
the last line should contain a ‘surprise’ or dénouement.’’19
In 1956 Williams told Edith Heal that during his early avant-garde
phase he was often thrilled by restructuring his previously written poems
in quatrains, tercets, and couplets.20 If Cubism provided him with the
technique of fragmentation essential to such exercises, the Chinese gave
him a pithy verse form to follow. As I have demonstrated elsewhere, Wil-
liams’s ‘‘Complete Destruction’’ (CP 1, 159) consists of two quatrains, each
resembling a ‘‘stop-short’’ in its syllable count.21 Even ‘‘The Red Wheelbar-

18. For an account of Williams’s familiarity with Giles’s History of Chinese Literature, see
Qian, Orientalism and Modernism, 120–24.
19. Herbert A. Giles, A History of Chinese Literature (New York: Appleton, 1901), 144–46.
20. See William Carlos Williams, I Wanted to Write a Poem: The Autobiography of the Works of
a Poet, ed. Edith Heal (Boston: Beacon, 1958), 65–66.
21. Qian, Orientalism and Modernism, 158–60.
310 MODERN PHILOLOGY

row’’ (CP 1, 224) matches a ‘‘stop-short’’ with a slight deviation. Its eight
lines can be seen as four lines each with a tag of a two-syllable word. Like a
‘‘stop-short,’’ the first line, ‘‘so much depends / upon’’ introduces; the sec-
ond line, ‘‘a red wheel / barrow,’’ develops; the third line, ‘‘glazed with rain /
water,’’ embellishes; and the fourth line, ‘‘beside the white / chickens,’’
concludes with a surprise.
On January 18, 1958, Williams returned to some of the formal con-
cerns of this early phase in which he had played with the ‘‘stop-short’’ in
terms of its minimal, spatial appearance. The versions he ‘‘stay[ed] up
that late’’ to produce and sent to David Wang manifest in their own ways
the physical properties of Wang Wei’s short poems:
Empty now the hill’s green
but the voice of a man refracted
from the deep woods livens
the green of the moss there.

Farewell

Farewell, the mountain watches

as at evening I close the rustic gate
spring grass will be green again
tho’ the young patrician return or no.

(Rauner: Williams-Wang)
The rectangular shapes of his versions distinctly take after the originals.
The way the lines are divided, nevertheless, is reminiscent of Williams’s
practice from the mid-1910s to the 1930s. The recreation of Wang Wei’s
first ‘‘stop-short,’’ in particular, brings to mind the opening of ‘‘Good
Night,’’ a 1916 lyric, which Marjorie Perloff identifies as Williams’s early
‘‘experiment with the visual placement of words in lines.’’22
In brilliant gas light
I turn the kitchen spigot
and watch the water plash
into the clean white sink.

(CP 1, 85)
Both attempts are in three- and four-stress lines of predominantly monosyl-
labic words. Both contain lines broken in syntactically unnatural places. Just
as in ‘‘Good Night,’’ the third line is cut after the verb ‘‘plash’’ and before
the prepositional phrase ‘‘into the clean white sink,’’ so in Williams’s version
22. Marjorie Perloff, ‘‘‘To Give a Design’: Williams and the Visualization of Poetry,’’ in
The Dance of the Intellect: Studies in the Poetry of the Pound Tradition (1985; repr., Evanston, IL:
Northwestern University Press, 1996), 103.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 311

of Wang Wei’s first ‘‘stop-short’’ the second line is severed after the past par-
ticiple ‘‘refracted’’ and before its prepositional phrase ‘‘from the deep
woods,’’ and the third line is enjambed to separate the verb ‘‘livens’’ from its
object ‘‘the green of the moss there.’’ Such odd divisions of poetic lines,
according to Perloff, are intended to make the visual objects ‘‘stand out, one
by one, as in a series of film shots,’’ or as in Picabia’s drawings or Picasso’s
collages.23
In theory, Williams’s alertness to visual effects should ideally serve the
purpose of rendering the painterly qualities of Wang Wei’s minimal po-
ems. In fact, Williams’s design does help to unfold, in Wang Wei’s fashion,
his objects—‘‘empty hills,’’ ‘‘deep woods,’’ and ‘‘green moss’’ in the first
instance, and ‘‘mountain,’’ ‘‘rustic gate,’’ and ‘‘spring grass’’ in the second
instance. However, Williams’s version of the first ‘‘stop-short’’ has omitted
‘‘no man seen’’ and ‘‘light,’’ thus eclipsing the odd pairings of no man/
voices and deep woods/light in the original. The odd pairings are meant
to signify Zen illumination, with the unexpected human voices and the
piercing sunlight symbolizing the sudden leap to enlightenment.
Wang Wei’s ‘‘Farewell’’ recaptures a moment when an everyday sight
(sunset) strikes a chord in the speaker’s heart, reminding him of his sorrow
over a friend’s departure at sunrise. It similarly contains a minor shock: the
certainty of spring grass’s return contrasts with the uncertainty of ever hav-
ing the company of his friend again. Williams does a better job of appro-
priating this poem. By juxtaposing ‘‘spring grass will be green again’’ and
‘‘the young patrician return or no,’’ he roughly, if not wonderfully, repro-
duces that effect.
The role Williams played so far in the project is comparable to the role
Pound played in the Cathay enterprise. He reworked Wang’s draft ver-
sions as aggressively as Pound did Fenollosa’s notes. Nevertheless, Wil-
liams’s and Pound’s partners were not of the same kind. While Fenollosa
remained a silent literary source, Wang was an active participant. As such,
he voiced his disapproval of Williams’s version of the first poem: ‘‘I am
afraid that you have changed the meaning too much’’ (Beinecke: Wang-
Williams, January 24, 1958). A note he enclosed drew attention to the sup-
pressed details—‘‘no trace of men’’ and ‘‘reflected light.’’ Not surprisingly,
Wang’s criticism met resistance. Williams’s revised version was another for-
mal experiment at the cost of Chinese overtones.24 As a result, neither this
nor the other Wang Wei quatrain appeared in ‘‘The Cassia Tree.’’

23. Ibid., 104.

24. Wang’s note: ‘‘In the empty mountain with no traces of men, / I hear reverberation of
human voices. / I follow the refracted light into the woods / And find it a spotlight on the
green moss’’ (Beinecke: Wang-Williams, January 24, 1958). Williams’s revised version: ‘‘Across
the empty hills / in the deep woods / comes a man’s voice / the green moss there’’ (Rauner:
Williams-Wang, February 26, 1958).
312 MODERN PHILOLOGY

Ironically, the abandoned versions had aesthetic consequences. They

paved the way for Williams’s shift from the overused triadic pattern of
Paterson 5 to the plain tercets and quatrains of his last volume. Peter
Schmidt has demonstrated Williams’s return to his early, minimal style
in ‘‘Iris’’ (CP 2, 406) and other poems from Pictures from Brueghel.25 In Wil-
liams’s last book we witness his renewed experiment with the ‘‘stop-
short.’’ Consider ‘‘The Chrysanthemum’’:

how shall we tell

the bright petals
from the sun in the
sky concentrically

crowding the branch

save that it yields
in its modesty
to that splendor?

(CP 2, 396)

The poem recalls both Williams’s ‘‘Complete Destruction’’ and his aban-
doned re-creations of Wang Wei. So do ‘‘Short Poem’’ and ‘‘Portrait of a
Woman at Her Bath’’ (CP 2, 416, 418). Between Paterson 5 and Pictures
from Brueghel, Williams wrote several other minimal poems. ‘‘The Loving
Dexterity’’ consists of two staggered quatrains (CP 2, 348). ‘‘An Old-Fash-
ioned German Christmas Card’’ and ‘‘Midwinter’’ both contain four ter-
cets (CP 2, 354, 358). These poems of 1958–60 are best viewed as Wil-
liams’s further rehearsal of the style he initiated in the late 1910s. The
Chinese re-creations, especially the two discarded versions of Wang Wei,
really represent the old poet’s first move away from his ‘‘overdone, artifi-
cial, archaic’’ triadic line.
David Wang’s response to the license Williams was taking with Wang
Wei’s originals was ultimately to compromise. His goal was, after all, to
study poetry writing with an old master. It would be necessary to surren-
der some Chinese ingredients. His tactic toward keeping this sacrifice
down was to cater to Williams’s tastes in the selection of Chinese poems.
There would have to be a bit of give-and-take on both sides. Williams in
turn was to give Wang a freer hand. To carry on the undertaking for ex-
perimental purposes, he had to keep his Chinese partner on board.

25. Peter Schmidt, William Carlos Williams, the Arts, and Literary Tradition (Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 243–44. See also Mariani, William Carlos Williams,
689.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 313

The next piece selected was ‘‘The Lady of Lo-Yang,’’ an early Wang
Wei poem in the ballad mode, with few unfamiliar cultural overtones.
When presenting it to Williams on January 27, 1958, Wang chose to with-
hold the original text and send only a draft version. In doing so he vir-
tually took the manipulation of the form in hand. For this Chinese ballad
in twenty seven-character lines with a rhyme scheme of aaba, he substi-
tuted an unrhymed version in quatrains with five to seven beats to a line.
As the English ballad stanza also consists of four lines, the choice of the
quatrain, rectangular in shape, is appropriate.

The lady of Lo-Yang lives across the street.

By her looks she’s about fifteen years of age.
Fitted with jade and silk her husband’s horse is ready for parade.
In golden plates she is served sliced herring and caviar.

Her painted screen and roseate stairs rival in their hues.

The peach blossoms and willow shades spread outside her room.
Through gauze curtain she glides into her perfumed sedan chair.
’Midst feathery fans she enters her sequined mosquito net.

Her husband is a budding young, haughty millionaire;

His extravagance puts Mark Anthony even to shame.
Pitying her maids she teaches them the classic Chinese dance.
Tired of gifts she freely gives her corals and pearls away.

By her crystal screen she blows the light off her velvety lamp.
The green smoke rises like petals bourne upon the waves.
Filled with fun and laughter she has no regrets.
With her hair done up in a roll she sits by the candle case.

In her circle of friends are men of pedigree and wealth.

She visits only the king and aristocrats.
Can she recall the girl who was pure as ivory
And used to wash her clothings by the creek not very far away?

(CP 2, 501–2)
This portrait of a Chinese wife had an appeal for Williams, the poet of
‘‘The Young Housewife’’ (CP 1, 57). Once he read Wang’s draft version in
an apt spatial form, he could not resist the temptation of rewriting it in
more elegant English. The poem is an interested male’s monologue about
his affluent neighbor’s wife. In Wang’s draft the speaker has just a hint of
a compassionate, conversational tone. Under Williams’s care this quality is
brought out:
Look, there goes the young lady across the street
She looks about fifteen, doesn’t she?
314 MODERN PHILOLOGY

Her husband is riding the piebald horse

Her maids are scraping chopped fish from a gold plate.

(CP 2, 364)
The interjection ‘‘Look,’’ the rhetorical question, and the piled state-
ments in present continuous tense all help to underscore the immediacy
of the speaker’s tribute to the lady of Lo-Yang.
The revised version continues in this fashion with more colloquial
phrases, exclamations, midline pauses, and assertions in present contin-
uous tense:
Her picture gallery and red pavilion stand face to face
The willow and the peach trees shadow her eaves
Look, she’s coming thru the gauze curtains to get into her chaise:
Her attendants have started winnowing the fans.

Her husband got rich early in his life

A more arrogant man you never find around!
She keeps busy by teaching her maids to dance
She never regrets giving jewels away.

There goes the light by her window screen

The green smoke’s rising like petals on wave
The day is done and what does she do?
Her hair tied up, she watches the incense fade.
and it concludes with the shocking revelation about the wife’s family
background:
None but the bigwigs visit her house
Only the Chaos and the Lees get by her guards
But do you realize this pretty girl
Used to beat her clothes at the river’s head?
(CP 2, 364)
Without any knowledge of the Chinese language Williams could not
have detected certain misrepresentations in David Wang’s version of the
poem. For instance, where Wang Wei’s speaker says ‘‘Day and night she
goes past the gates of the Chaos and the Lees,’’ Williams prompted by
Wang has the speaker observe instead, ‘‘Only the Chaos and the Lees get
by her guards’’ (line 18). Also, some of Wang Wei’s sensual details repro-
duced in Wang’s draft—say, the ‘‘jade’’ that decorates the husband’s
horse (line 3) and the ‘‘perfume’’ that fills the wife’s chaise (line 7)—are
omitted in the final version. But the overall picture and mood of Wang
Wei’s poem are recaptured. Whereas stanzas 1–3 closely follow David
Wang’s literal version—thus also the original—in delineating what the
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 315

speaker has actually observed, in particular, the extravagant lifestyle of

his neighbor’s household, stanza 4 does so in bringing out what he has
imagined, specifically the young wife’s paradoxical emptiness of heart.
As to Wang Wei’s speaker’s self-characterization, his contempt for the
husband can be discerned in line 10: ‘‘A more arrogant man you never
find around!’’ and his sympathy for the wife can be found in lines 19–20:
‘‘But do you realize this pretty girl / Used to beat her clothes at the river’s
head?’’
From the revised version Wang no doubt learned one more facet of
Williams’s poetic, his rendering of American speech. Wang Wei’s mono-
ogue ‘‘The Lady of Lo-Yang,’’ or ‘‘The Peerless Lady,’’ should certainly be
rendered in present-day American speech. Without Williams’s changes,
there would not be such an accessible and palatable final text. Notice that
the colloquial phrase ‘‘The day is done’’ has replaced the conceptualized
‘‘Filled with fun and laughter’’ (line 16), and that the slang term ‘‘bigwigs’’
has filled in for the literal ‘‘men of pedigree and wealth’’ (line 17). Field
singles out ‘‘bigwigs’’ as an example of the collaborators’ use of the Ameri-
can idiom.26 It is Williams who has supplied the word, and he deserves
credit for many more such colloquial phrases.
In February 1958 Williams felt that his health was again beginning to
fluctuate. After two strokes he knew that he should not put too much
pressure on himself, and he returned all of Wang’s draft translations,
thanking him for ‘‘hav[ing] come out to read to [him] the wonderful old
language,’’ and owning up to his defeat: ‘‘I have struggled with the poems
but I cannot get a replica of the ancient language’’ (Rauner: Williams-Wang,
February 25, 1958).
Wang, though, had not yet completed his lessons with Williams. He was
understandably eager to continue to develop in conversation with Wil-
liams. In the next two and a half years, despite Williams’s half-heartedness,
he continued to send him version after version of Chinese poems. Along
with these he also presented some original poems, including early cantos
from his epic poem ‘‘The Grandfather Cycle.’’27 Williams reviewed most, if
not all, of Wang’s offerings, but only occasionally did he make comments
or suggest revisions.
Speaking of a poem Wang had composed for the New Yorker, Williams
advised him on April 14, 1958, ‘‘I do not think that a poem which does
not have a single visual image in it would be of much interest to a New
Yorker reader. If you are going to write that sort of poem it should have

26. Field, ‘‘Chinese Macropoem,’’ 45n.

27. David Raphael Wang, ‘‘The Grandfather Cycle—an Epic Poem in Progress,’’ The
Human Voice 2 (1966): 31–36. Although Wang originally envisioned it as a long poem of 101
cantos, he only finished fifteen.
316 MODERN PHILOLOGY

at least the structural interest of a mathematical theorem’’ (Rauner: Wil-

liams-Wang). In reference to Wang’s draft versions of Li Po (701–62), he
recommended, ‘‘It is always a translation into the modern idiom of the
old language. The edges must remain clear in the phrases you elect to
use, never sentimental’’ (Rauner: Williams-Wang, May 12, 1958). Williams’s
emphases on the ‘‘structural interest’’ and the ‘‘modern idiom’’ set Wang
on the right track for the project.
By midsummer 1958 Wang had moved to the West Coast to start work-
ing on a master’s degree at San Francisco State College. On July 10, 1958,
he wrote to inform Williams that he had attended Louis Zukofsky’s poetry
reading at the Art Museum. Enclosed was a version of a Li Po poem entitled
‘‘Spring Song’’:

A young lass
Plucks mulberry leaves by the stream.

Her white hand

Reaches toward the green.

Her rosy cheeks

Shine under the sun.

The hungry silkworms

Are waiting for her.

Oh, young horseman,

Why do you tarry? Get going!

(CP 2, 502)

The version with images like ‘‘A young lass,’’ ‘‘mulberry leaves,’’ and ‘‘silk-
worms’’ should have reminded Williams of the Cathay piece ‘‘A Ballad of
the Mulberry Road.’’28 The original is Li Po’s recreation of the Chinese
ballad that had given rise to Pound’s ‘‘The Mulberry Road.’’ What is more
likely to have impressed Williams, however, was the version’s ‘‘structural
interest.’’ Its arrangement of the verse in five uneven couplets brings to
mind Williams’s early poems, such as ‘‘Nantucket’’:
Flowers through the window
lavender and yellow

changed by white curtains—

Smell of cleanliness—

28. Baechler and Litz, Personae, 144. Pound translated only the first fourteen lines of the
fifty-three-line ballad.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 317

Sunshine of late afternoon—

On the glass tray

a glass pitcher, the tumbler

turned down, by which

a key is lying—And the

immaculate white bed

(CP 1, 372)
Its short, oddly divided lines, like those of Williams’s abandoned versions
of Wang Wei, anticipate the plain (instead of step down) quatrains, ter-
cets, and couplets of Pictures from Brueghel —as in ‘‘The Blue Jay’’:

It crouched
just before the take-off

caught
in the cinematograph-

ic motion
of the mind wings

just set to spread a

flash a

blue curse
a memory of you

my friend
shrieked at me

—serving art
as usual

(CP 2, 420)
Li Po’s original lyric certainly does not resemble any of these Williams
poems. A regulated classic Chinese verse, it consists not of five couplets
but of six lines with no stanzaic break or midline pause. From his men-
tor-collaborator, Wang had learned a way to force the reader’s eye to key
noun phrases and verb phrases by splitting one line into several and iso-
lating them in a stanza. This he did with ‘‘Spring Song.’’ After detaching
Li Po’s first two lines in a couplet, he cut each of the next four in two and
arranged them in additional couplets. In dividing lines in this way, Wil-
liams would often violate American speech patterns in favor of the visual
shape. So would Wang. Take Li Po’s line 3, literally meaning ‘‘Her white
318 MODERN PHILOLOGY

hand on green leaves.’’ In Wang’s hands this line is turned into ‘‘Her
white hand / Reaches toward the green.’’ The line, now enjambed, breaks
‘‘Her white hand’’ and its movement ‘‘toward the green’’ into two distinct
impressions. Consider also Li Po’s last line alluding to an official in a five-
horse carriage, who made an offer of marriage. The allusion central to the
original’s theme is given up for spatial design. Further, what might be ren-
dered as ‘‘Five horses, do not linger’’ is altered and expanded to ‘‘Oh,
horseman / Why do you tarry? Get going.’’ The shift from a voice directing
a team of five horses to move to a voice urging a horseman to go, along with
the enjambment and the strong caesura, clearly copied from Williams.
The emulation must have amused Williams, for he revised three lines
and retyped the version for Wang. Inconspicuous as these revisions may
appear, their effects are dramatic. If Williams’s change of ‘‘by the stream’’
to ‘‘by the river’’ and modification of ‘‘toward the green’’ to ‘‘among the
green’’ simply make lines 2 and 4 read better, his revision of ‘‘Her rosy
cheeks’’ to ‘‘Her flushed cheeks’’ in line 5 at once avoids a cliché and
strengthens an emotional coloring. Incidentally, Li Po’s phrase, if literally
rendered (as ‘‘rouged cheeks’’), lacks this emotional resonance.
Williams’s endorsement encouraged Wang to carry on his bold manipu-
lation of line divisions in refashioning classic Chinese lyrics. On August 12,
1958, he sent Williams the result of another exercise, a version of a ‘‘stop-
short’’ by Wang Chien (751–830) entitled ‘‘The Newlywed’s Cuisine’’:
The third night after wedding
I get near the stove.

Rolling up my sleeves
I make a fancy broth.

Not knowing the taste

of my mother-in-law,

I try it first upon her

youngest girl.

(CP 2, 373)

Notice the version’s visual shape: four staggered couplets derived from
the original’s four short lines. Is this modeled on ‘‘The Red Wheelbar-
row’’? Notice also the separation of ‘‘of my mother-in-law’’ from ‘‘the
taste’’ in stanza 3, which underscores a shock: three nights into her mar-
riage, the bride is already left alone with her in-laws, trying to impress
them instead of her groom. Williams, the inventor of such strategies,
made no comment on this version. Nor did he meddle with Wang’s other
re-creations with peculiar line divisions.
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 319

In the winter of 1959–60, Wang produced a version of a poem by Tu

Fu (712–70). Through Kenneth Rexroth’s One Hundred Poems from the
Chinese, Williams had already sampled the brilliance of this poet. In a
review of Rexroth’s book for Poetry, he singled out three poems for
praise, two of which were from the Chinese of Tu Fu.29 The Tu Fu poem
he received from Wang on Christmas Eve 1959, ‘‘Portrait of a Lady,’’ was
about a woman from a good family who lost everything during the Tang
civil war. Wang had done nothing drastic to Tu Fu’s original composition
except to break his twenty-four lines into six quatrains. Avoidable repeti-
tion and awkward insertion are visible in the opening quatrains:
A pretty, pretty girl
come from a celebrated family
lives in the empty mountain
alone with her fagots,

In the civil war

all her brothers were killed.
why talk of pedigree,
when she couldn’t collect their bones?

World feeling rises against the decline,

following the rotating candle.
husband has a new interest:
a beauty subtle as jade.

(Beinecke: Wang-Williams)
This poem by Tu Fu recalls Wang Wei’s ‘‘Peerless Lady,’’ Li Po’s ‘‘Spring
Song,’’ and Wang Chien’s ‘‘Newlywed’s Cuisine,’’ all sketches of medieval
Chinese women that had appeal for Williams. In his edited version Williams
renamed the poem ‘‘Profile of a Lady’’ (to avoid a too obvious borrowing
from himself or T. S. Eliot), revised the opening stanza, and polished a line
in the third stanza. In the revised opening stanza, he reversed the order of
lines 2 and 3, changed ‘‘come’’ in what is now line 3 to ‘‘Came,’’ and added
‘‘Now’’ before ‘‘alone with her fagots’’ in the final line (CP 2, 370). These
revisions combine to underscore the contrast between the lady’s pre–civil
war life and post–civil war life, a contrast obscured in Wang’s draft.
After a long silence in 1960, Wang wrote to Williams, ‘‘I would appreci-
ate if I only get a card from you’’ (Beinecke: Wang-Williams, January 27,
1961). He was perhaps too polite to ask whether Mrs. Williams had ever

29. See William Carlos Williams, ‘‘Two New Books by Kenneth Rexroth,’’ in Something to
Say: Williams Carlos Williams on Younger Poets, ed. James E. B. Breslin (New York: New Direc-
tions, 1985), 236–46; Kenneth Rexroth, One Hundred Poems from the Chinese (New York: New
Directions, 1956).
320 MODERN PHILOLOGY

read to Dr. Williams his letter of February 16, 1960, and an enclosed ver-
sion of a Li Po poem entitled ‘‘A Letter,’’ in which he had experimented
with Paterson 5’s triad:
My love,
When you were here there was
a hall of flowers.

(CP 2, 364)
What Wang presented in this letter of January 27, 1961, was a version of
another Li Po poem, ‘‘The Knight,’’ which eventually appeared in ‘‘The
Cassia Tree’’ collection without further revision. Similar to his earlier ef-
forts, the twenty-six-line poem is broken into seven stanzas, with an open-
ing quatrain distinguished by alliterations of w’s and b’s:
In March the dust of Tartary has swept over the capital.
Inside the city wall the people sigh and complain.
Under the bridge the water trickles with warm blood
And bales of white bones lean against one another.

(CP 2, 367)
Wang was surely anxious to know what his mentor might think of the
physical look of his version, in which quatrains mixed with sestets and
couplets, and italicized lines blended with indented ones. He was, more-
over, completing his MA that spring,30 and a year and a half later he ob-
viously requested a letter of recommendation from Williams, to which Mrs.
Williams responded, ‘‘I have taken care of the application—hope it is O.K.
Bill is not in very good condition—is no longer writing and has great diffi-
culty talking’’ (Rauner: Williams-Wang, August 12, 1962). Seven months
later, Dr. Williams passed away at his Rutherford, New Jersey, home.

* * *

Although I have, to this point, highlighted the master/apprentice

relationship between Williams and Wang, I want to conclude by stressing
the dynamic of their collaboration. From Williams’s revisionary sugges-
tions, Wang surely learned a great deal about the handling of the poetic
form in an effort to be modernist. By the early 1970s, he developed into a
full-fledged Asian American poet and anthologist.31 Similarly, Williams

30. Wang received his PhD from the University of Southern California in 1972.
31. Wang went on to publish one of the first anthologies of Asian American literature,
Asian-American Heritage: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (New York: Washington Square
Press, 1974).
 Zhaoming Qian Dynamic of East/West Collaboration 321

also learned from Wang. The younger poet’s draft versions of Wang Wei
and Li Po rekindled his passion for the minimal, painterly style of classic
Chinese poetry and inspired him to take a new direction formally in his
last book. Together the two poets created an English line of economy, un-
derstatement, and power.
I have been suggesting that ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ is best understood in the
context of transpacific ‘‘intertextual travel.’’ Like Cathay, Yunte Huang’s
key example of this American literary practice, it mimics Chinese poetry
only to boil it down ‘‘to a version that foregrounds the [collaborators’]
own agenda.’’ Just as Cathay makes Chinese poems appear more imagistic
than they really are, ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ moves the reader toward a spatial
design that prefigured Williams’s return to minimalism in Pictures from
Brueghel. The dynamic of collaboration in this instance favored modern-
ism. Indeed, the collection as a whole exhibits several hallmarks of Wil-
liams’s middle years—his concern with American idiom, his interest in vi-
sual shape, and his tendency to subordinate the former to the latter.
Wang’s declaration that the American idiom is the series’ guiding principle
is misleading in that it oversimplifies the complexities of the re-creations
involved. Although Williams insists that idiomatic language is his priority,
he is willing to sacrifice the naturalness of his idiom to a degree to make his
design attractive. Wang, as I have suggested, learned much from Williams
about how to play idiom against visual design. Small wonder that despite
his claim that ‘‘The Cassia Tree’’ poems are ‘‘re-creations in the American
idiom,’’ they do not always read like American speech.