ANAPHY CHAPTER 7

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1. types of muscle skeletal,

cardiac,
smooth

2. skeletal muscle attached to bones

striated
voluntarily controlled

3. cardiac muscle located in the heart

striated
involuntarily controlled

4. smooth muscle Located in blood vessels, hollow organs

Non-striated
involuntarily controlled

5. Functions of the movement,

muscular system maintain posture,
respiration,
production of body heat,
communication, constriction of organ and vessels,
contraction of the heart

6. functional prop- contractility

erties of muscle excitability
extensibility
elasticity

7. Contractility the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, or

contract

8. Excitability ability to respond to a stimulus

9. Extensibility the ability to be stretched beyond its normal resting length

and still be able to contract

10. Elasticity the ability of the muscle to recoil to its original resting
length after it has been stretched

11. Epimysium
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Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue
sheath called

12. Fascicles A skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of muscle cells

or fibers, termed

13. Perimysium Each fascicle is surrounded by a connective tissue cover-

ing, termed

14. Endomysium Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is surrounded by a con-

nective tissue covering, termed

15. muscle fiber a large cell, with several hundred nuclei located at its
periphery

16. sarcolemma muscle cell membrane

17. T-tubules (trans- The sarcolemma (cell membrane) has many tubelike
verse tubules) inward folds, called

18. sarcoplasmic The T tubules are associated with enlarged portions of the
reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum called

19. terminal cister- enlarged areas/portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum sur-

nae rounding the transverse tubules.

20. muscle triad Two terminal cisternae and their associated T tubule form

21. sarcoplasm The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called

22. myofibrils bundles of protein filaments

23. two types of my- actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

ofilaments

24. sarcomeres Actin and myosin are arranged into repeating units called

25. sarcomere The basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

26. Z disks

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are network of protein fibers that serve as an anchor for
actin myofilaments and separate one sarcomere from the
next

27. I bands light bands because they contain only actin (thin) filaments

28. A bands dark bands

29. 3 components actin,

of Actin myofila- troponin,
ments tropomyosin

30. Troponin have binding sites for CA2+

31. Tropomyosin block the myosin myofilament binding sites on the actin
myofilaments

32. motor neuron a nerve cell that stimulates muscle

cells.

33. neuromuscular is a synapse where a neuron connects with a muscle fiber

junction

34. synapse refers to the cell-to-cell junction between a nerve cell and
either another nerve cell or an effector cell, such as in a
muscle or a gland

35. motor unit is a group of muscle fibers that a single motor neuron
stimulates

36. presypnatic ter- is the end of a neuron cell axon

minals fiber

37. sypnatic cleft is the space between the presynaptic terminal and post-
synaptic membrane

38. postsynaptic is the muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma)

membrane

39. synaptic vesicle

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is a vesicle in the presynaptic terminal that stores and
releases neurotransmitter chemicals

40. neurotransmit- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit

ters postsynaptic cells

41. acetylcholine the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles

42. ion channels channel proteins that transport ions

43. leak channels allow the slow leak of ions down their concentration gradi-
ent

44. gated channels may open or close in response to various types of stimuli

45. resting mem- The electrical charge difference across the cell membrane
brane potential of an unstimulated cell is called

46. action potential reverses the resting membrane potential so that the inside
of the cell becomes positive and the outside negative; due
to the membrane having gated channels

47. depolarization This increase in positive charge inside the cell membrane
is called

48. threshold Level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse

49. repolarization Na+ channels close change back to resting potential

50. cross-bridge cy- mechanical component of muscle contraction is called

cling

51. rigor mortis will occur when a person dies and no ATP is available to
release cross-bridges

52. muscle relax- occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the

ation neuromuscular junction

53. muscle twitch is a single contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a

stimulus

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concentric con- isotonic contractions in which
traction muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens

68. eccentric con- isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a

traction muscle, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to
lengthen

69. slow twitch fibers contract slowly

fatigue slowly
have a considerable amount of myoglobin
use aerobic respiration
are dark in color
used by long distance runners

70. fast twitch fibers contract quickly

fatigue quickly
use anaerobic respiration
energy from glycogen
light color
used by sprinters

71. fatigue is a temporary state of reduced work capacity

72. oxygen deficit is the lag time between when a person begins to exercise
and when they begin to breathe more heavily because of
the exercise

73. excess pos- is the lag time before breathing returns to its pre-exercise
texercise oxy- rate once exercise stops
gen consump-
tion (EPOC)/oxy-
gen debt

74. intercalated Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another by

disks specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap
junctions called

75. tendon Connects muscle to bone

76. aponeuroses are broad, sheetlike tendons

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77. retinaculum is a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendons
at each wrist and ankle

78. origin being the attachment at the least mobile location

79. insertion is the end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing
the greatest movement

80. belly The part of the muscle between the origin and the inser-
tion

81. agonists group of muscles working together are called

82. Antagonists group of muscles that oppose muscle actions are termed

83. Muscles are location,

named according size,
to shape,
orientation of fascicles, origin and insertion,
number of heads, function

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