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Very Short Answer Type Questions

[1 mark]

Q. 1. Which subatomic particle is absent in an ordinary hydrogen atom?

Ans. Neutron.
Q. 2. J. Chadwick discovered a subatomic particle which has no charge and has
mass nearly equal to that of a proton. Name the particle and give its location in
the atom.
Ans. The particle is neutron and it is present in the nucleus of the atom.

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Q.3. Is it possible for the atom of an element to have one electron, one proton and

.c
no neutron? If so, name the element.

ns
Ans. Yes, it is true for hydrogen atom which is represented as 11H.

t io
Q. 4. Electron attributes negative charge, protons attribute positive charge. An
atom has both but why there is no charge?
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k so
Ans. The positive and negative charges of protons and electrons are equal in
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magnitude. So, atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

rtb

Q.5. Write the electronic configuration of an element whose atomic number is 12.
ce

Ans. K, L, M
.n

2, 8, 2
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w

Q. 6. What do you understand by ground state of an atom?

//w

Ans. The state of an atom where all the electrons in the atom are in their lowest energy
s:

levels is called the ground state.

tp
ht

Q. 7. What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in

'N' shell?
Ans. N shell can accommodate maximum 32 electrons.
Q.8. Write the correct representation of an element ‘X' which contains 15
electrons and sixteen neutrons.
31
Ans. The correct representation of the element X is 15 X.
Q. 9. What will be the valency of an atom if it contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons?
Ans. The valency of the atom will be one.
Q. 10. Which of the following pairs are isotopes?

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𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟏

(i) 𝟖𝟒 𝐗, 𝟖𝟒 𝐗 (ii) 𝟗𝟎 𝐙, 𝟗𝟏 𝐙
209 210
Ans. 84 X and 84 X are isotopes.
𝟑𝟒 𝟒𝟎
Q. 11. Out of elements 𝟏𝟕 𝐗 and 𝟏𝟖 𝐘, which is chemically more reactive and why?
34
Ans. The elements 17 X is more reactive because its outermost shell is incomplete.
Q. 12. One electron is present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element X.
What would be the nature and value of charge on the ion formed if this electron is
removed from the outermost shell?
Ans. The charge would be + 1.

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Q. 13. In the atom of an element X, 6 electrons are present in the outermost shell.
If it acquires noble gas configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons,

.c
then what would be the charge on the ion so formed?

ns
io
Ans. - 2.

t
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Q. 14. Give two important applications of radioactive isotopes. so
Ans. (i) An isotope of carbon-12, C14, is used in carbon dating.
k
oo

(ii) U235 is used in the nuclear reactors to generate electricity.

rtb

Q. 15. Which isotope of hydrogen is present in heavy water?

ce

Ans. Among the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (21 H) is found in heavy water.
.n

Q. 16. Chemical formula of a metal sulphate is MSO4. What will be the formula of
w

its chloride?
w
//w

Ans. MCl2
s:

Q. 17. An element 'A' has valency +3, while another element 'B' has valency -2.
tp

Give the formula of their compound formed when 'A’ reacts with ‘B'.
ht

Ans. Element 'A' valency +3 (left)

Element 'B' valency - 2 (right)

Chemical formula = A2B3

Q. 18. Valency of an element X is 3. Write the chemical formula of its oxide.
Ans. X2O3

Q. 19. Will 35Cl and 37 Cl have different valencies? Justify your answer.

Ans. No, 35Cl and 37Cl are isotopes of an element.

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om
.c
ns
tio
Q. 20. The atomic number of calcium and argon are 20 and 18 respectively, but
lu
so
the mass number of both these elements is 40. What is the name given to such a
pair of elements?
k
oo

Ans. Isobars
rtb
ce
.n
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht

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Short Answer Type Questions – I

[2 marks]

Q. 1. How do you know that nucleus is very small as compared to the size of
atom?
Ans. Rutherford observed that when α-particles were bombarded on a very thin foil they
bounced back. But the number of a-particles bouncing back got doubled when he
doubled the thickness of gold foil. Then he concluded that the area of nucleus is very
small in comparison to the total area of the atom.
Q. 2. Write two characteristics of the canal rays.

om
Ans. (i) The canal rays are deflected by the magnetic fields in a direction opposite to

.c
that of the cathode rays.

ns
(ii) They consist of positively charged particles.

tio
lu
Q.3. Write the electronic configuration of a positively charged sodium ion (Na+).
so
Atomic number of sodium is 11.
k
Ans. Number of electrons in Na atom = Atomic number = 11
oo

Number of electrons in Na+ ion = 1 1 - 1 = 10

rtb

Electronic configuration of Na+ ion: 2, 8

ce

Q.4. The electronic configuration of phosphorus atom is 2, 8, 5. Give the

.n

electronic configuration of P3- ion.

w
w

Ans. Electronic configuration of P = 2, 8, 5

//w

P atom gains 3e- to form P3-

s:

∴ P3- has configuration = 2, 8, (5 + 3) = 2, 8, 8

tp

Q.5. The atomic number of Al and Cl are 13 and 17, respectively. What will be the
ht

number of electrons in Al3+ and Cl-?

Ans. Atomic number of Al = Number of electrons = 13
Number of electrons in Al3+ = 13 - 3 = 10
Atomic number of chlorine = Number of electrons = 1 7
Number of electrons in CI- = 17 + 1 = 18
Q.6. Write down the electron distribution of chlorine atom. How many electrons
are there in the L shell? (Atomic number of chlorine is 17).
Ans. The electronic distribution of Cl is 2, 8, 7. The L shell has eight electrons.

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Q. 7. Define valence electrons. Which electrons of an atom are invoved in the

chemical bond formation with other atoms?
Ans. The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom or ion are known as
valence electrons. In a chemical bond formation, only valence electrons of an atom take
part.
Q.8. Why do helium, neon and argon have a zero valency?

om
Ans. Helium has two electrons in its energy shell, while argon and neon have 8
electrons in their valence shells. As these have maximum number of electrons in their

.c
ns
valence shells, they do not have any tendency to combine with other elements. Hence,
they have a valency equal to zero.

tio
lu
Q.9. Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell but its valency is not 2.
so
Explain.
k
Ans. Helium atom has 2 electrons in its valence shell and its duplet is complete. Hence,
oo

the valency is zero.

rtb

Q. 10. Find out the valency of the atoms represented by the Figs. (a) and (b)
ce
.n
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht

Ans. (a) 0 (b) 1

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Q.11. Identify the Na+ ion from the following figures. What is the valency of
sodium atom? Give reason.

Ans. Figure number (ii) is correct because sodium ion (Na+) is formed when one

om
electron is lost.

.c
Na → Na + + le−

ns
(2,8,1) (2,8)

io
The valency of sodium atom is one because stable (octet) electronic configuration is

t
lu
obtained after loss of one electron. so
Q. 12. Calculate the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an element X
k

which is represented as 𝟑𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝐗.
oo
rtb

Ans. Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons = 31

ce

∴ Number of neutrons = 31 – Number of protons

.n

= 31 – 15 = 16
w

Q. 13. Why do isotopes show similar chemical properties?

w
//w

Ans. Isotopes have same atomic numbers and thus same number of electrons.
s:

Therefore, they have the same electronic configuration which provides them similar
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chemical properties.
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Q. 14. An element 'X' has a valency 3(+):

(a) Write the formula of its phosphide.
(b) Write the formula of its carbonate.
Ans. (a) XP (b) X2 (CO3)3

Q. 15. An element "Z' forms the following compound when it reacts with
hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen and phosphorous.
ZH3, ZCl3, Z203, and ZP
(a) What is the valency of element ‘Z'?
(b) Element 'Z' is metal or non-metal?
Ans. (a) The valency of ‘Z' is 3.

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(b) Element ‘Z’ is a metal because it is electropositive and is reacting with non-metals.

.c
ns
tio
lu
k so
oo
rtb
ce
.n
w
w
//w
s:
tp
ht

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Short Answer Type Questions – II

[3 marks]
Q. 1. List any three distinguishing features between the models of an atom
proposed by J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford.
Ans.

J. J. Thomson Model of Atom Rutherford's Model

1. Positive charge forms a kernel. 1. Nucleus (positive charge) is in the

centre

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2. Electrons present throughout the atom. 2. Electrons revolve in orbits.

.c
3. No space is empty. 3. Most of the space is empty.

ns
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Q.2. In the gold foil experiment of Geiger and Marsden, that paved the way for

t
lu
Rutherford's model of an atom, ~1.00% of the a-particles were found to deflect at
so
angles > 50°. If one mole of a-particles were bombarded on the gold foil, compute
k
the number of a-particles that would deflect at angles less than 50°.
oo
rtb

Ans. % of a-particles deflected more than 500 = 1% of a-particles.

ce

% of a-particles deflected less than 50° = 100 - l = 99%

Number of particles that deflected at an angle less than 500
.n

99
w

= × 6.022 × 1023
100
w
//w

596.178
= × 1023
100
s:
tp

= 5.96 x 1023
ht

Q.3. Predict the valency of the following elements

(i) A (Atomic number 5) (ii) B (Atomic number 12)
(iii) C (Atomic number 14) (iv) D (Atomic number 17)
Ans. (i) Valency of element ‘A' = 8 - 5 = 3
(ii) Valency of element ‘B' = 12 - 10 = 2
(iii) Valency of element ‘C' = 14 - 10 = 4
(iv) Valency of element ‘D' = 18 - 17 = 1
Q. 4. An element 'X' contains 6 electrons in 'M' shell as valence electrons:
(a) What is the atomic number of ‘X’?
(b) Identify whether ‘X' is a metal or non-metal.

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Ans. (a) If ‘X’ contains 6 electrons in 'M' shell as valence electrons, then the electronic
configuration of ‘X’ is K = 2, L = 8, M = 6
∴ Atomic number = 16
(b) ‘X' is a non-metal.
Q. 5. The atomic number of lithium is 3. Its mass number is 7.
(a) How many protons and neutrons are present in a lithium atom?
(b) Draw the diagram of a lithium atom.
Ans. (a) Number of neutrons = Mass number - atomic number
Number of neutrons = 7 - 3 = 4
Number of protons = atomic number

om
∴ Number of protons = 3
(b) Structure of a lithium atom

.c
ns
io
t
lu
k so
oo
rtb
ce
.n

Q 6. Complete the table on the basis of information available in the symbols given
w

below
w
//w

𝟖𝟏
(a) 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐈 (b) 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐂 (c) 𝟑𝟓𝐁𝐫
s:

Element np nn
tp
ht

Ans.
Element np nn
Cl 17 18
C 6 6
Br 35 46

Q.7. In the atom of an element 'Z', 5 electrons are present in the outermost shell .
It requires noble gas configuration by accepting requisite number of electrons,

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then what would be the charge on the ion so formed? Write the formula of the
compound which will be formed when 'Z' reacts with Na atom.
Ans. Number of electrons in the outermost shell = 5
Number of electrons required to make noble gas configuration = 8 – 5 = 3
The charge on the ion so formed = Z + 3e-
= Z3-
The valency of Z = 3
Chemical formula of the compound:

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.c
Q. 8. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 Rn is an isotope of noble gas, radon. How many protons, neutrons and

ns
𝟖𝟔
electrons are there in one atom of this radon isotope?

tio
lu
Ans. Atomic number of radon = 86 so
The number of protons = 86
The number of electrons = Number of protons
k
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= 86
Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number
rtb

= 222 - 86
ce

= 136
.n

Q. 9. What information do you get from the figures about the atomic number,
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mass number and valency of atoms X, Y and Z? Give your answer in a tabular
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form.
//w
s:
tp
ht

Ans.
Atomic No. Mass No. Valency
X 5 11 3
Y 8 18 2
Z 15 31 3, 5
Q. 10. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds:
(a) Copper (II) bromide (b) Aluminium (III) nitrate

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(c) Calcium (II) phosphate (d) Iron (III) sulphide

(e) Mercury (II) chloride (f) Magnesium (II) acetate
Ans. (a) CuBr2 (b) Al(NO3)3
(c) Ca3(PO4)2 (d) Fe2S3
(e) HgCl2 (f) Mg(CH3COO)2

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Q. 11. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by

.c
the combination of following ions

ns
𝟑−
Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, Cl-,𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 , 𝐏𝐎𝟒

tio
Ans. CuCl2; CuSO4; Cu3 (PO4)2
NaCl; Na2SO4; Na3PO4
lu
so
FeCl3; Fe2(SO4)3; FePO4
k
oo

Q. 12. Write the formula of the compounds formed by the following ions.
rtb

(a) Mg2+ and s2- (b) Cu2+ and OH-

Name the compounds formed in each case.
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Mg2+ S2-
.n

Ans. (a) lons

w

Valencies 2 2
w

Compound: Mg2S2 or MgS; Magnesium sulphate

//w

(b) Ions Cu2+ OH-

Valencies 2 1
s:

Compound: Cu(OH)2; Copper (II) hydroxide.

tp
ht

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Long Answer Type Questions

[5 marks]
Q. 1. (i) State the method of determining the valency of an element if its atomic
number is.
(ii) Determine the valency of the following elements, the atomic numbers of which
are given in parenthesis:
Chlorine (17), Sulphur (16), Aluminium (13)
Ans. (i) The number of electrons gained, lost or shared to make the octet of electrons
(in the outermost shell), gives us directly the combining capacity of the element, that is,

om
the valency.

.c
(ii) Elements Atomic no. Electronic configuration Valency

ns
Chlorine 17 2, 8,7 -1
Sulphu 16 2, 8, 6 -2

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Aluminium 13 2, 8, 3 +3

t
lu
so
Q. 2. What is the gold foil experiment? Name the scientist who performed this
k
experiment. Write the conclusions and shortcomings of Rutherford's model of
oo

atom.
rtb

Ans. In 1911, Rutherford performed the gold foil experiment. He bombarded a stream of
ce

a-particles on a gold foil, a thin sheet which was 0.00006 cm thick in an evacuated
.n

chamber. An a-particle is a positively charged helium ion (He2+). A simplified picture of

w

this experiment is shown in the figure.

w
//w
s:
tp
ht

In this famous experiment, the following observations were made.

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(i) Most of the a-particles passed straight through the foil without any deflection. This
concluded that most of the space inside of an atom is empty.
(ii) A few α-particles were deflected through small angle aid few through larger angles.
This happened due to positive charge on particles and core (nucleus) of the atom. The
heavy positively charged 'core' was named as nucleus.
(iii) The number of a-particles which bounced back was very small. This concluded that
the volume of the nucleus is very small in comparison to the total volume of the atom.
On the basis of gold foil experiment, Rutherford concluded that an atom consists of
nucleus which has positive charge and it is surrounded with electrons which are moving
around the nucleus. The number of electrons and protons are equal and the entire mass
of the atom is concentrated at its nucleus.

om
Drawbacks in the Rutherford's model

.c
(i) According to classical electro-magnetic theory, a

ns
moving charged particle, such as an electron under the
influence of attractive force loses energy continuously

tio
in the form of radiations. As a result of this, electron
should lose energy and therefore, should move in even
lu
so
smaller orbits ultimately falling into the nucleus. But the
k
collapse does not occur. There is no explanation for this
oo

behavior.
rtb

(ii) Rutherford did not specify the number of orbits and the number of electrons in each
ce

orbit.
.n

Q. 3. In what way is the Rutherford's atomic model different from that of

w
w

Thomson's atomic
//w

model?
s:

Ans. Rutherford proposed a model in which electrons revolve around the nucleus in
tp

well-defined orbits. There is a positively charged centre in an atom called the nucleus.
ht

He also proposed that the size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of
the atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is centred in the nucleus. Whereas,
Thomson proposed the model of an atom to be similar to a christmas pudding. The
electrons are studded like currants in a positively charged sphere like christmas pudding
and the mass of the atom was supposed to be uniformly distributed.
Q.4. What are the postulates of Bohr's model of an atom?
Ans. The postulates put forth by Neils Bohr's about the model of an atom:
(a) Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons, are allowed inside
the atoms.
(b) While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy. These orbits
are called energy levels. Energy levels in an atom are shown by circles.

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These orbits are represented by the letters K, L, M, N, .... or the numbers n = 1,2, 3, 4,
….

Q. 5. The ratio of the radii of hydrogen atom and its nucleus is ~105. Assuming the
atom and the nucleus to be spherical, (i) what will be the ratio of their sizes? (ii) If
atom is represented by planet Earth 'Re’ = 6.4 x 106 m. Estimate the size of the
nucleus.
4
πr3

om
Ans. (i) Volume of the sphere =
3
Let R be the radius of the atom and r be that of the nucleus.

.c
⇒ R = 105r

ns
4 4

io
Volume of the atom = 𝜋R3 = 𝜋(105 r)3 (∴ R

t
3 3

lu
= 105r)
so
4
k
= 𝜋r3 × 1015
oo

3
4
rtb

Volume of the nucleus = 𝜋r3

3
ce

4
.n

×1015 ×πr3
3
Ratio of the size of atom to that of nucleus = = 1015
w

4
πr3
w

3
//w

(ii) If the atom is represented by the planet Earth (Re = 6.4 x 106m), then the radius of
the
s:

nucleus would be
tp
ht

𝑅𝑒
rn =
105
6.4×106 𝑚
rn = = 6.4 x 10 m
105
= 64 m.
Q.6. Show diagrammatically the electron distribution in a sodium atom and a
sodium ion and also give their atomic number.

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Ans.

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Since the atomic number of
sodium atom is 11, it has 11 electrons. A positively charged sodium ion (Na+) is formed

.c
by the removal of one electron from a sodium atom. So, a sodium ion has 11-1 = 10

ns
electrons in it. Thus, electron distribution of sodium ion will be 2, 8. The atomic number

io
of an element is equal to the number of protons in its atom. Since, sodium atom and

t
lu
sodium ion contain the same number of protons, therefore, the atomic number of both is
so
11.
k
Q. 7. The given figure depicts the atomic structure of an atom of an element 'X’.
oo

Write the following information about the element

rtb

'X’.
(a) Atomic number of ‘X’
ce

(b) Atomic mass of ‘X’

.n

(c) Valence electrons

w

(d) Valency of ‘X’

w
//w

(e) 'X' should be metal or non-metal.

s:

Ans. (a) Atomic number = Number of protons = 8

tp

(b) Atomic mass = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

ht

= 8 + 10 = 18 u
(c) Valence electrons = 6
(d) Valency of 'X' = 8 – 6 = 2
(e) 'X' should be non-metal because there are six valence electrons hence it will take
two more electrons to complete its outermost shell.

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HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Q. 1. One electron is present in the outermost shell of an element ‘Z’

(a) What will be the nature of this element?
(b) What will be value of charge of the ion formed, if this electron is removed from
the outermost shell?
Ans. (a) Element ‘Z’ will be a metal because it has only one electron in the outermost
shell, so it is electropositive.
(b) After loss of one electron, ‘Z’ will acquire one positive charge.
Q. 2. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are given below:

om
X Y

.c
Protons 8 8

ns
io
Neutrons 8 10

t
lu
Give the mass number of ‘X’ and ‘Y’ What is the relationship between the two
so
species?
k
oo

Ans. (i) Atomic mass of elements ‘X’ = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
rtb

= 8 + 8 = 16 u
(ii) Atomic mass of element ‘Y’ = Number of neutrons + Number of protons
ce
.n

= 10 + 8 = 18 u
w

Relationship between X and Y: The atomic number of the elements is same but their
w

atomic masses are different. Hence, they are isotopes of each other.
//w

Q. 3. An atom ‘M’ of an element reacts wit oxygen to from M2O3. Calculate the
s:

valency of the element ‘M’.

tp

Ans. Two atoms of element ‘M’ combine with 3 atoms of oxygen.

ht

3
∴ Number of oxygen atoms combining with one atom of element ‘M’ = 2
3
Therefore, the valency of element ‘M’ = 2 × 2 = 3

Q. 4. Complete the following gaps in the given table:

Elements Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic Mass
Number Number
A - - 10 8 -
B 15 - - - 31
C 1 - - - 3
D - 11 12 - -

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Ans. We know that the number of protons = Atomic number

Number of protons = Number of electrons
Mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons
Using these relationships, we can fill up these gaps as follows.
Elements Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic Mass
Number Number
A 8 8 10 8 18
B 15 15- 16 15 31
C 1 1 2 1 3
D 11 11 12 11 23

om
.c
Q. 5. Explain why chlorine whether as the element or its compounds, always has

ns
relative atomic mass of about 35.5.

t io
Ans. The relative atomic mass is the average mass of one of the atoms and has to take

lu
into account the relative abundances of the various isotopes.
so
3 1
k
Natural chlorine always contains about 4 × 35 C1 and 4 × 37 C1.
oo

17 17
3 1
rtb

Therefore, relative atomic mass of chlorine = 4 × 35 + 4 × 37

ce

35.5 u
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Q. 6. An element ‘X’ has mass number 4 and atomic number 2. Write the valency
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of this element. Will it react with other atoms of different elements?

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Ans. We know that only valence electrons take part in bond formation with different
s:

atoms. In the atom of ‘X’ element there are only two electrons. Since atomic number is
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2. Thus, K shell is fully filled for this atom. Hence, its valency is zero. It will not other
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atoms of different elements.

Q. 7. How many electrons will weigh 1 g?
Ans. Mass of an electron = 9.11 × 10-31 kg
∴ Mass of 9.11 × 10-31 kg = 1 electron
1
Now, mass of 1g, i.e., 10-3 kg will have 9.11 × 10−31 × 10-3 electrons

= 1.098 × 1027 electron.

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Long Answer Type Questions

1. Rutherford's atomic model was a reasonably good model of structure of atom

based on at the famous particle scattering experiment. However, it was
subsequently modified by Neils Bohr and later on, by others. The resulting
improvements in the understanding of atomic structure have greatly contributed
to further scientific advancement. There are many other similar examples in
scientific field when original contributors happily accept modifications in their

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ideas.

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Answer the following questions based on the above information:

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(𝒊) Name the scientific values associated with above anecdotes.

io
(𝒊𝒊) Give any example from your life experiences so far which reflects display of

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such a value by you as an individual.
lu
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) In what way such a personal attribute is likely to help you?
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Ans. (𝑖) Intellectual honesty, open-mindedness, ability to accept failure.
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(𝑖𝑖) Any examples, say your perception about culture and traditions, your wrong
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understanding of a physical phenomenon and subsequent change in belief.

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Improvement in thought process, better learning.
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2. An old man and a scientist were talking about a deserted house. The old man
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was sure that it was haunted by ghosts, but the scientist discarded the view
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saying no one had ever seen a ghost. The old man was annoyed and challenged
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the scientist about existence of atoms, sub-atomic particles which also could not
be seen.
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(𝒊) Name the three sub-atomic particles and their discoverers.

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(𝒊𝒊) Whose viewpoint do you support and why?

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Ans. (𝑖) Particles Discoverer

Electrons J.J. Thomson
Protons E. Goldstein
Neutrons Chadwick
(𝑖𝑖) view point in support of scientist as he discourages superstition.

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