COORDINATE

MEASURING MACHINE
[CMM]
- DR. KISHORE JAWALE
CONTENT

• Theory of Co-ordinate Metrology

• Universal Measuring Machines & Co-ordinate Measuring Machines
• Principle
• Different configurations of CMM
• Error involved
• Calibration
• Probing system
• Automated inspection system

- Dr. Kishore Jawale 2

 THEORY OF CO-ORDINATE METROLOGY

• There are two types of coordinate systems in the world of

measurement.
• The first is called the Machine Coordinate System. Here, the
X, Y, and Z axes refer to the machine’s motions. When viewed
from the front of the machine, the X axis runs from left to
right, the Y axis runs from front to back, and the Z axis runs
up and down, vertically perpendicular to the other two.
• The second coordinate system is called the Part Coordinate
System where the three axes relate to the datums or features
of the workpiece.

Machine Coordinate System Part Coordinate System

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 THEORY OF CO-ORDINATE METROLOGY

• The process of relating two coordinate systems is called alignment. With a street
map, we do this automatically by turning the map so that it is parallel to street
(datum) or to a compass direction (i.e., north). When we do this, we're actually
locating ourselves to the “world's coordinate system”.
• A datum is a location. We use datums as guides to tell others where we are or as
directions on how to get to places. Thus, by using an origin, datums, directions and
distances we have all the information we need to get from one location to another.
• In metrology, a datum is a feature on a workpiece such as a hole, surface or slot.
We measure a workpiece to determine the distance from one feature to another.

- Dr. Kishore Jawale 4

 UMM & CMM

• Universal measuring machines (UMM) are measurement devices used for objects in which geometric
relationships are the most critical element, with dimensions specified from geometric locations rather
than absolute coordinates. The very first uses for these machines was the inspection of gauges.
• A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a device that measures the geometry of physical objects
by sensing discrete points on the surface of the object with a probe.

CMM

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UMM & CMM

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PRINCIPLE OF CMM

• A typical CMM allows probe movement along three axes, X, Y and Z, which are
orthogonal to each other in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.
• Each axis has a sensor that monitors the position of the probe on that axis, typically with
micrometer precision.
• When the probe contacts (or otherwise detects) a particular location on the object, the
machine samples the three position sensors, thus measuring the location of one point on
the object's surface.
• This process is repeated as necessary, moving the probe each time, to produce a "point
cloud" which describes the surface areas of interest.

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 COMPONENTS OF CMM

• The 3 main component of CMM are:

1. Machine itself (includes its 3-axis)
2. Probing System
3. Controllers & Softwares

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FEATURES OF THE COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (CMM):

1. The coordinates of any point on a workpiece are determined by simply

placing the probe tip in contact with it.
2. All workpiece faces, other than the bottom, may be measured provided the
workpiece is correctly loaded.
3. Highly accurate measurement can be performed without any special skill or
training. In addition, the time required for workpiece setup and measurement
is reduced.
4. Datum (reference) points can be specified as required.
5. Great reduction in time for measurement data analysis.

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 The CNC-CMM system is consist of :
1. CNC-CMM main unit
2. Stand for CNC-CMM and vibration
damping stand
3. CMMC-5 Control Unit
4. Joystick box
5. Connecting cables
6. Data processor (optional)
7. Probe (optional)

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DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF CMM

• There are four basic types of stationary CMM:

• Bridge.
• Cantilever.
• Horizontal Arm.
• Gantry.

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 Cantilever CMM (Manual)

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 Fixed Bridge CMM

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 Moving Bridge CMM (Computer Controlled)

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 Gantry Type CMM

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 CONSTRUCTION AND MECHANICAL FEATURES:

(1) Has a bridge (moving) type structure so that workpieces can be

easily loaded and unloaded.

(2) High-precision air bearings used on each axial guide ensure a

high degree of straightness in X-, Y-, and Z-axis movements and
smooth sliding performance.

(3) The length measuring unit of each axis has incorporated a high-
precision linear encoder, which greatly enhances the measurement
accuracy.

(4) The Z-axis spindle is made of ceramic, which ensures stable

measuring accuracies.

(5) Since the air balance method is adopted for the Z-axis, its mass is
greatly reduced.

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 CONSTRUCTION AND MECHANICAL FEATURES:

(6) The Y-axis guide rail is fabricated as an integral part of the

measuring table to ensure accurate CMM measurement over a long
period of time.

(7) The signal cable from the probe connector to the data
processing unit runs inside the Z-axis spindle, so the probe cable does
not interfere with measurement and is less susceptible to breakage.

(8) The drop prevention mechanism incorporated in the Z-axis air

balance will actuate when the supplied air pressure decreases or when
the power is off to prevent the Z-axis spindle from descending
unexpectedly.

(9) When the air pressure decreases, the pressure switch will actuate
to stop all the axis-drive motors, thus preventing the air bearings and
guide surfaces from being damaged.

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 CNC-CONTROLLED MEASURING MACHINE FEATURES:
1) Increased repeatability and elimination of errors caused by different operators
making the same measurement :
The CMMC-5 Control Unit controls the drive speed and acceleration of each axis.

2) Highly accurate positioning:

A linear scale feedback (closed-loop) system is used to provide highly accurate
positioning of the probe.

3) Highly accurate measurements:

Since the Z-axis spindle doesn't need to be moved by hand for measurement, it is
deflected very little, resulting in highly accurate measurements.

4) Optimum control of acceleration and deceleration of axes:

Each axis drive motor is software controlled by the microprocessor. This allows
the CNC-CMM to evenly accelerate or decelerate the axes when the joystick
lever is tilted quickly. Therefore, the CNC-CMM main unit isn't subjected to shock
during measurement.

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 CNC-CONTROLLED MEASURING MACHINE FEATURES:

5) Reduction of physical fatigue:

Since each axial movement can be controlled by the joystick, easy measurement
is ensured.

6) Variable axis drive speed:

The axis drive speed can be continuously changed by adjusting the tilt angle of
the joystick lever.

7) Probe protection function:

To prevent a probe from being damaged due to operator error, two probe
protection functions are incorporated: A "touch stop function" which stops all axis
drives the instant the touch probe signal is issued, and a "touch back function"
which withdraws the probe in the direction opposite to its approach when the
touch signal is generated and data get recorded in the system.

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 ERRORS INVOLVED

1. Mechanical Error
Mechanical structure of CMM itself introduces errors because of parts machining, calibrating and other factors. Usually according to the geometric
parameters of the error in all degrees, divide errors into three position, 6 straightness, 9 Angle error and 3 squareness. Totally 21 items of parameter
error.
2. Measuring Method Error
CMM is used in size error measurement of parts and components, form and position error measurement, especially it has high accuracy, high efficiency
and large measuring range in form error measurement. And there are many sorts of methods to measure form & position errors. The shape and position
tolerance test regulations, specified there are five error detection principle: compared with the ideal element principles; the principle of measuring the
coordinates; the principle of measuring characteristic parameters of runout. And it also lists more than 100 kinds of measuring methods. If we cannot use
the right detection principle when measuring form & position errors, it will cause measurement error. Therefore, people who engaged in the operating of
the CMM must be familiar with measuring method, especially the method to detect form & position errors.
3. Human Error
Common reason of human error: points record is taken under certain load conditions. Human error is occurred when manual collecting points, the
measurement speed of each person is different, which lead to human error. The other cause of human error is that it is difficult to collect points in its
direction when measuring elements. Or what we often say that the actual measurement point and the theory of cosine error of measurement point.

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CALIBRATION

• What is calibration?
• It is the process of verifying and adjusting the accuracy of the measuring and monitoring
equipment and machines by comparing them with the standards of known accuracy.
• The adjustment of instrument is performed by compensating the errors into the
instrument.
• It is performed at regular interval so as to ensure that the instrument is reliable.
• OEM (original equipment manufacturer) of the instrument usually defines calibration
interval, environment of usage and tolerance limits within which the instrument will
conform to its performance standard.

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IMPORTANCE OF CALIBRATION

• Calibration provides the confidence that instrument accuracy is per the given
specifications of the OEM.
• It ensures the repeatability of the measurements taken by the equipment.
• The uncertainty is kept at minimum level further building the confidence of
measurements.
• It is performed in regular intervals so as to ensure that the instrument is reliable.
• Calibrating instruments through certified bodies increases the confidence level of
customers for your organization.

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CALIBRATION OF CMM

• Modern CMMs have been around since 1956.

• For many years, just 1D length (“linears”) and maybe “squareness” was checked.
• As CMMs grew to become the 3D measuring instrument of choice, the calibration
method needed to address 3D volumetric measurement. This was first standardized
globally in the mid-1980’s.
• Current calibration practises for CMM includes following ISO 10360 standard.

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CALIBRATION OF CMM

- Dr. Kishore Jawale 24

CALIBRATION OF CMM

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CALIBRATION OF CMM

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CALIBRATION OF CMM

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 PROBING SYSTEM

• 3 types:
✓ Touch trigger, scanning probes and non-contact probes.

Touch trigger type Laser (non- contact) type

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DIGITIZATION OF FREE FORM SURFACE

• The “co-ordinates” obtained from probe are cloud data points,

which are used by a software/interpreter to convert the points
into a surface.

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AUTOMATED INSPECTION SYSTEM

• Shared a .pdf along with this .pptx

• The document includes a chapter on “Automated Inspection System”.

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- Dr. Kishore Jawale

THANK YOU!

For queries, email me on:

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