10

SCIENCE
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Week 6-8
Mirrors and Lenses

Locally Developed Self-Learning Material

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 2 – Module 2 : Week 6-8 Mirrors and Lenses

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jeffrey C. Mabini

Editor: Yvette H. Roque
Reviewers: Yvette H. Roque
Esperidion F. Ordonio, Ed.D
Mariebeth B. Junio, Ed.D
Management Team:
Leilani S. Cunanan, CESO V
Maylene M. Minimo, EdD, CESE
Ariel C. Lansang
Jose C. Tala Ed.D
 What I need to know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the learning
competency on predicting the qualitative description of image formed in mirrors and lenses in terms of the
orientation, type and magnification, and identify the applications of mirrors and lenses in various optical
devices.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of Grade 10 learners. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three specific lessons, namely:

 LESSON 1: Predict the qualitative characteristics ( orientation, type and magnification) of

images formed by plane mirrors and curved mirrors.

 LESSON 2: Predict the qualitative characteristics ( orientation, type and magnification) of

images formed by lenses and their uses in optical instruments.

LESSON 1: IMAGE FORMATION IN MIRRORS

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Compare and contrast the two types of mirror.
2. Predict the qualitative characteristics of the image formed in plane mirrors and curved mirrors in terms
of the location, orientation, size and type.
3. Apply the rules in ray diagramming techniques in describing the qualitative characteristics of the
image formed in mirror.
4. Cite important applications of mirror in optical instruments.
 What I know

Now, let’s have a quick check of your understanding…

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: In a one whole sheet of paper, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which property of light explains the formation of image in mirror?

A. Reflection B. Refraction C. Diffraction D. Interference
2. All of the following are characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirror, EXCEPT .
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. same size
3. A type of image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after hitting the mirror’s surface.
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. inverted
4. What type of mirror is characterized by inward curvature of the reflective surface?
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these
5. The image of an object in curved mirror appears smaller, upright and virtual. The mirror is
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these
6. Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror to have an upright, bigger and virtual
image?
A. Between C and F B. Between F and V C. At C D. At F
7. Which of the following mirrors is used as a side mirror in a car?
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. all of these
8. An incident ray, travelling parallel to a concave mirror’s axis, strikes the mirror’s surface. The reflected
ray .
A. passes through the mirror’s focal point C. travels at a right angles to the mirror’s axis
B. again travels parallel to the mirror’s axis D. passes through the mirror’s center of curvature
9. An object is placed exactly at the center of curvature of a concave mirror. What is the type and orientation
of the image formed?
A. virtual and inverted C. virtual and upright
B. real and inverted D. real and upright
10. Which of these materials DOES NOT belong to the group?
A. side mirror C. shaving mirror
B. dentist mirror D. reflecting telescope
 What’s In

IMAGE FORMATION IN PLANE MIRROR

How many times do you usually look at your face in the mirror in a day? Have you ever thought of
how your image is formed in the mirror? How are you able to see your image? What property of light enables
to explain this phenomenon? These are the few things that amazed you every time you look on the mirror.
In Physics, a mirror is any reflective surface usually coated from behind with thin aluminum or silver
nitrate that allows light to bounce off, this property of light enables to form an image is called “reflection”. An
image is a copy of an object that is formed by reflection of light in mirrors. Mirrors may have flat or curved
surfaces. The shape of a mirror’s surface determines the type of image it forms. For example, some mirrors
form real images, and other mirrors form virtual images. How can we easily distinguish between a real and
virtual images?
The table below will help you decide whether the image formed in a mirror is real or virtual. Use this
comparison as a basis in predicting the qualitative characteristic of image formed in mirrors.

 A real image forms in front of a mirror where  A virtual image image appears to be on the
reflected light rays actually meet. It is a true other side of the mirror. Of course, reflected
image that could be projected on a screen. rays don’t actually go through the mirror to the
Examples of real images include an image on other side, so a virtual image doesn’t really
a cinema screen, the image produced by a exist. It just appears to exist to the human
camera on the photographic film and the brain.
image formed on eyeball retina.  No light actually passes at the apparent
 It is formed by the actual intersection of light location of the image. A virtual image is formed
rays after hitting the mirror’s surface. A real behind the mirror.
image is formed in front of the mirror.  It cannot be focused on a screen and it is
 It can be projected onto the screen and it is always inverted.
always inverted.

To further describe the image of an object let us take a look for example an arrow placed far away
from the mirror as shown in the figure below.

Object Image
incident light rays sight light rays
MIRROR

Figure 1: The object is placed far away from the mirror

 It can be inferred from figure 1, the intersection of the two reflected rays give us the details of the
image formed. In this case, we can predict qualitatively the image descriptions in terms of the L-O-S- T-
acronym which stands for-Location, Orientation, size and the type of image. In the given example, the image
of the arrow is said to be: L-projected behind the mirror, O-upright, S-same size as the object and T-virtual
image, since the reflected rays do not actually go through the mirror.

TRY THIS ACTIVITY…

ACTIVITY 1: DESCRIBE ME
Directions: Describe the image formed by an object when placed at different distances from the mirror. Fill
out the table below.

Figure 2: Object is placed closer to the mirror

Figure 3: Object is placed halfway from the mirror

Table 1: Image Formation in Plane Mirrors

IMAGE DESCRIPTION
Figure L-OCATION O-RIENTATION S-IZE T-YPE
1 behind the mirror upright same virtual
2
3

In this activity, you observed that the image of an object placed anywhere in front of a plane mirror
is ALWAYS-upright, same size as the object, virtual and located behind the mirror. When you moved the
object towards the mirror, it also came towards the mirror and when you moved away, it also did.
 What’s New

IMAGE FORMATION IN CURVED MIRROR

Have you look at yourself in a shiny metal spoon? Is your image the same on the two surfaces of
the spoon? How would you compare the images formed by this type of mirror with that of a plane mirror?
What kind of mirror are these? Why do car manufacturers use curved mirrors instead of plane mirrors?
A shiny metal spoon is a perfect example of a spherical or curved mirror. It may be a convex or a
concave mirror depending on which side you look. Try looking at the concave side. The image is usually
small and inverted. When you move the spoon toward you, you may notice that the image changes up to a
certain point. This time, try looking at the other side of the spoon that bulges out. This is the convex side of
the spoon. You will see that your image is upright and smaller. Now, try moving the metal spoon closer or
farther away from you. You should observe that whichever way you go, the image remains upright and
smaller than you are.
There are a few basic terminologies that you need to understand while studying spherical
mirrors, these will also guide you in applying the ray diagramming for curved mirrors.

P
C F V

PARTS DESCRIPTION
CENTER OF CURVATURE (C) ◼ The center of the sphere of which the mirror is part.
RADIUS OF CURVATURE (R) ◼ The linear distance between the vertex and the center of
curvature.
VERTEX (V) ◼ The center of the mirror.
PRINCIPAL FOCUS (F) ◼ The point between the center of the curvature and its vertex.
FOCAL LENGHT (f) ◼ The distance between the principal focus and the vertex of the
mirror.
PRINCIPAL AXIS (P) ◼ An imaginary line joining the parts of the spherical mirror

A curved or spherical mirror is a reflecting surface in which the surface is a section of sphere. There
are two kinds of curved mirrors-the concave and the convex mirrors. These curved mirrors have variety of
practical uses from simple to the most complex applications in space and astronomy.
 To simplify the two types of curved or spherical mirror, you should notice their differences as
presented in the table below:
Points of Comparison CONCAVE CONVEX

1. Appearance

The reflective surface curves

The reflective surface curves
2. Reflective surface inward in the direction of the
outward to the incident rays
incident rays
3. Effects on the incident
Converges light rays Diverges light rays
light rays
Image may be real or virtual,
4. Image descriptions smaller, same or bigger, upright or Always virtual, smaller and upright
inverted
Dentist mirror, torchlight, reflecting Side mirror, surveillance mirror
5. Examples telescope, shaving mirror and etc. and etc.

ACTIVITY 2: WORD HUNT

Directions: Find and circle the 15 words in the grid associated with curved/spherical mirror. List down all
words in the table below.

WORDS

P R I N C I P A L F O C U S J K I M A G E C X U
C E M E N T E D F R H V I R T U A L R W Q S G P
L F A N I L T R R C R P F K Z C O N C A V E E R
J L G E L O R D U O F O G G S O U D F P G K H I
K E E W A G A C I N W A R D H N E R E A L J B G
M C T W N A F A T V G L M D K V R C V P V H I H
G T S I N V E R T E D K I S L E T V F A I N G T
D I V E R G E R F R V E R T E X F S H U T M G A
F O U T W A R D S G D R O W H U X D J I O U E D
R N F I S M A L L E R E R D J U L I G H T G R G
E S Q P R I N C I P A L A X I S O R Y U U T B E
 ACTIVITY 3: TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write M if the statement is TRUE and O if the statement is FALSE.
1. Refection is the property of light that explains the formation of image in mirrors.
2. In a concave mirror, the reflective surface curves outward to the incident light rays.
3. A virtual image is an image that can be projected onto the screen and it is always inverted.
4. The radius of curvature is the distance between the principal focus and the vertex of the mirror.
5. A plane mirror is the one with flat surface.
6. A convex mirror always produces a small and inverted image.
7. When an incident rays strike a convex mirror, the reflective surface converges light rays at the focal point.
8. Side mirror in a car is an example of a convex mirror.
9. In a convex mirror, the reflective surface curves inwards to the incident light rays.
10. The principal axis is an imaginary line joining the parts of the spherical mirror.

THE RAY DIAGRAM IN CURVED MIRRORS

The images formed by mirrors can be located graphically using ray diagrams. The size and the kind
of image formed can also be determined qualitatively. We can trace the image of an object formed by a
spherical mirror similar to the one we did in the plane mirrors. We can consider a point on the object, usually
the tip, then we draw the incident and reflected rays. Where the reflected rays intersect is the location of the
image of the tip of the object. In like manner, the image of the other points of an object may be located and
the image of the whole body traced.
There are three special rays that are convenient to draw in locating the image formed by a curved
mirror namely; The P-F ray, F-P ray and C-C ray. These rays are applied for both concave and convex
mirror as presented below.

Table 2: The ‘Three Major Rays’ on Concave and Convex Mirrors

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

1. The P-F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the 1. The P-F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the
Principal axis is reflected passing through the Principal axis is reflected as if passing through the
Principal Focus. Principal Focus.
 2. The F-P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
2. The F-P Ray. A ray of light passing through the
focus, F is reflected parallel to the reflected parallel
focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal axis. to the principal axis.

3. The C-C Ray. A ray of light passing through the 3. The C-C Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
center of curvature, C reflects back along the same center of curvature, C reflects back along the same
path. path.

From this diagram, the image is inverted, smaller From this diagram, the image is upright, smaller
than the object, real and formed in front of the than the object, virtual and formed behind the
mirror. mirror.
 What Is It?

ACTIVITY 4: Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection?

Directions: Construct a ray diagram to determine the location, orientation, size and type of image formed by
concave mirror.

ACTIVITY 5: SUM IT UP THE DESCRIPTIONS IN CONCAVE MIRROR!

Directions: Choose the correct image description that summarizes the characteristics of the image formed
in activity 4.

Location of the Image Descriptions

Object L-ocation O-rientation S-ize T-ype
1. Farther than the SMALLER
IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
Center of SAME SIZE
BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
Curvature BIGGER
2. At the Center of SMALLER
IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
Curvature SAME SIZE
BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
3. Between the
SMALLER
Center of IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
SAME SIZE
Curvature and the BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
Focal point
4. Between the SMALLER
IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
Focal point and the SAME SIZE
BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
Vertex BIGGER
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 6: Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection?

Directions: Construct a ray diagram to determine the location, orientation, size and type of image formed by
convex mirror.

ACTIVITY 7: SUM IT UP THE DESCRIPTIONS IN CONVEX MIRROR!

Directions: Choose the correct image description that summarizes the characteristics of the image formed
in activity 6.

Location of the Image Descriptions

Object L-ocation O-rientation S-ize T-ype
1. Farther away SMALLER
IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
from the mirror SAME SIZE
BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
2. Closer to the SMALLER
IN FRONT UPRIGHT REAL
mirror SAME SIZE
BEHIND INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
As a general rule, the image formed by a real object in front of the convex mirror is always formed
behind the mirror, upright, smaller than the object and virtual. In short, regardless where the object is placed
in front of the convex mirror the image description will never change.
A concave mirror can produce a real or virtual image depending where the object is placed in front
of the mirror. The image may also be bigger, same or smaller in size. Therefore, each image characteristics
is a distance dependent.

What I have Learned

ACTIVITY 8: WHY DON’T YOU FILL ME UP!

Directions: Supply the missing word that completes the sentence.

1. In P hy s i c s , a is any reflective surface usually coated from behind with thin
aluminum or silver nitrate that allows light to bounce off.
 2. An is a copy of an object that is formed by reflection of light in mirrors.
3. A forms in front of a mirror where reflected light rays actually meet. It is a true
image that could be projected on a screen.
4. A image appears to be on the other side of the mirror. Of course, reflected rays
don’t actually go through the mirror to the other side
5. The of the two reflected rays give us the details of the image formed.
6. A mirror is a reflecting surface in which the surface is a section of sphere.
7. The reflective surface of a mirror curves outward to the incident light rays.
to the incident light rays.
8. The reflective surface of a concave mirror curves
.
9. A ray of light passing through the focus, F is reflected parallel to the

10. The image formed of an object in a convex mirror is always behind, , real
and smaller.

What I Can do
EXPLORATIONAL ACTIVITY
Directions: Verify the concepts learned through a simple home-based activity which can be done alone or by
pair (any member of the family).
Procedures:
1. Find a smooth and shiny metal spoon. Mount the metal spoon facing the convex part on a modeling
clay.
2. Take any object (that can stand alone) like small toy.
3. Position the toy closer to the spoon and observe how the image of the toy appears. Record your
observation on the table.

Repeat step 3, this time move the toy farther away from the spoon and record clay
your observation.

Distance of the toy from the mirror Appearance of the toy

1. Closer to the spoon
2. Farther from the spoon
 Question: What conclusion can be derived from your observation?

Assessment

Directions: In a one whole sheet of paper, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Which property of light explains the formation of image in mirror?
A. Reflection B. Refraction C. Diffraction D. Interference
2. All of the following are characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirror, EXCEPT .
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. same size
3. A type of image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after hitting the mirror’s surface.
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. inverted
4. What type of mirror is characterized by inward curvature of the reflective surface?
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these
5. The image of an object in curved mirror appears smaller, upright and virtual. The mirror is

A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

6. Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror to have an upright, bigger and virtual
image?
A. Between C and F B. Between F and V C. At C D. At F
7. Which of the following mirrors is used as a side mirror in a car?
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. all of these
8. An incident ray, travelling parallel to a concave mirror’s axis, strikes the mirror’s surface. The reflected ray
.
A. passes through the mirror’s focal point C. travels at a right angles to the mirror’s axis
B. again travels parallel to the mirror’s axis D. passes through the mirror’s center of curvature
9. An object is placed exactly at the center of curvature of a concave mirror. What is the type and orientation
of the image formed?
A.. virtual and inverted C. virtual and upright
B. real and inverted D. real and upright
10. Which of these materials DOES NOT belong to the group?
A. side mirror C. shaving mirror
B. dentist mirror D. reflecting telescope
 Answer Key

ASSESSMENT What I have Learned

1. A 6. B 1. CURVED/SPHERICAL
2. A 7.C 2. CONVEX
3. A 8. A
3. INWARD
4. B 9. B
5. C 10. A
4. PRINCIPAL AXIS
5. VIRTUAL

What I have Learned What’ s New What’ s New

6. MIRROR 1. M 6. N 1. OUTWARD
7. IMAGE 2. N 7. N 2. INVERTED
8. REAL 3. N 8. M 3. UPRIGHT
9. VIRTUAL 4. N 9. N 4. DIVERGE
10. INTERSECTION 5. M 10. M 5. CONVERGE

What’ s New What I Know

What’ s New
11. CONCAVE 1. A 6. B
6. PRINCIPAL FOCUS
12. CONVEX 2. A 7.C
7. PRINCIPAL AXIS
13. IMAGE 3. A 8. A
8. VIRTUAL
14. MIRROR 4. B 9. B
9. REAL 5. C 10. A
15. INWARD
10. VERTEX

References
Grade 10 Science Learner’s Material (2015), First edition, REX Book Store, Inc.
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City.
Arthur Beiser (1992),Modern Technical Physics-6th edition.p.cm, Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Inc.

www.physicsclassroom.com
 What I know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the learning
competency on predicting the qualitative description of image formed in mirrors and lenses in terms of the
orientation, type and magnification, and identify the applications of mirrors and lenses in various optical devices.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of Grade 10 learners. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

LESSON 2: IMAGE FORMATION IN LENSES

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Compare and contrast between the two types of lenses.

2. Predict the qualitative characteristics of the image formed in lenses in terms of the location, orientation, size and type.
3. Apply the rules in ray diagramming techniques in describing the qualitative characteristics of the image
formed in lenses.
4. Cite important applications of lenses in optical instruments.

What I know

Now, let’s have a quick check of your understanding…

Directions: In a one whole sheet of paper, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. It is defined as the bending of light as it passes from one material to another due to the difference in their optical
densities.
A. Reflection B. Refraction C. Diffraction D. Interference

2. A type of image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after passing through the lens.
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. inverted

3. A type of lens which is thicker in the middle than at the edges?

A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

4. The image of an object in lenses appear smaller, upright and virtual. The lens is __________
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these
5. Where should the object be placed in front of a convex to have an upright, bigger and virtual image?
A. Between C and F B. Between F and O C. At C D. At F

6. What optical device forms an image of same size, real and upright?
A. torchlight B. projector C. telescope D. photocopier

7. An incident ray of light passing through the focus, F in front of the lens is refracted__________.
A. parallel to the principal axis C. travels at a right angles to the lens’ axis
B. travels perpendicular to the principal axis D. passes through the optical center

8. An object is placed exactly at the center of curvature (2F) of a convex lens. What is the type and orientation of
the image formed?
A. virtual and inverted C. virtual and upright
B. real and inverted D. real and upright

9. A type of lens that spreads out the incident light rays passing through it.
B. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

10. Which of the following image descriptions is NOT true for concave lens?
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. smaller

What’s In

Microscopes allow us peer inside invisible worlds our eyes could never see, telescopes take us far beyond
the Earth to the stars and planets of the night sky, movie projectors throw enormous images onto screens,
lighthouses cast reassuring beams of light far across the ocean and eye glasses to improve vision. Lenses, like
mirrors, bend light. Unlike mirrors, the bending is done through refraction, not reflection. Refraction is the bending
of light when it travels from one material to another material of different optical densities.
Another difference between lenses and mirrors is that lenses have no front or back. Light rays are bent in
the same way regardless of which side they “hit” first. For this reason, each lens has two focal points, one on each
side of the lens. In this lesson, you will discover the amazing curves of glass or plastic called lenses make all
these things possible.
Let's take a closer look at what they are and how they work!. Lenses can be categorized as either convex
or concave. The way to distinguish among the two types of lenses is to look at the relative thickness of two parts
— the center and the edges. The illustration below will help you distinguish as such.
 Convex Lens
 It is thicker in the middle than they are at the edges.
 It is also called converging lens because the light that
passes through it tends to “meet or converge” at a
particular point called the focal point.
 It forms real or virtual images, upright or inverted
depending on the position of the object.

Concave Lens
 It is thicker a the edges than in the middle.
 It is also called diverging lens because the light that
passes through it tends to “spread-out or diverge” at a
particular point called the focal point.
 It always forms an upright, virtual and smaller images.

When dealing with lenses, you should understand a few basic terminologies will guide you in applying
the ray diagramming for curved mirrors.

Anatomy of the Lens

PARTS DESCRIPTION
VERTEX (V)  The geometric center of the lens also called as the optical center.
PRINCIPAL FOCUS (F)  The point between the center of the curvature and its vertex.
FOCAL LENGHT (f)  The distance between the principal focus and the vertex of the lens.
PRINCIPAL AXIS (P)  An imaginary line joining the parts of the lens
 ACTIVITY 1: CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Across Down
2. The point at which rays parallel to the optical 1. A mirror with a surface that curves inward like
axis reflect and meet. the inside of a bowl.
4.A mirror with a surface that curves outward. 3. A lens that is thinner in the center than at the
8. An imaginary line that divides a mirror in half. edges.
9. A flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver- 5. An upside-down image formed where rays of
colored coating on one side. light meet.
10. A copy of an object formed by reflected or 6. A curved piece of glass or other transparent
refracted rays of light. material that refracts light.
11. A lens that is thicker in the center than at the 7. An image of a distant object caused by the
edges. refraction of light.
12. The image you see in a plane mirror.

5
7

10

11

12
 What’s New

IMAGE FORMATION IN LENSES

Have you ever noticed the watch repairer? How does he manage to locate and fix such tiny parts of the watch?
What do you think does he uses to view such small parts? Yes, he uses an eyepiece that has a lens that magnifies the
parts of the watch. But how does this small piece of transparent curved material able to form an image? To answer this
question, let us explain the ray diagram steps similar to the one we did in curved mirrors.

RAY DIAGRAMMING IN LENSES

The same method used to locate the image formed by spherical or curved mirror will be used to locate
the image formed by a lens. Although, there are three basic rays to consider, any of these two rays may be drawn.
The intersection of these two rays gives the exact location of the image.
Table 1: The ‘Three Useful Rays’ in Lenses
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS

1. The P-F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal 1. The P-F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal
axis is refracted passing through the principal focus, axis is refracted as if passing through the principal
F behind the lens. focus, F in front of the lens.

2. The F-P Ray. A ray of light passing through the

focus, F in front of the lens is refracted parallel to the
principal axis.
 2. The F-P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
focus, F behind the lens is refracted parallel to the
principal axis.

3. 3.The V-Ray. A ray of light passing through the

exact center of the lens (vertex) continue to travel in
the same direction.

3. The V-Ray. A ray of light passing through the

exact center of the lens (vertex) continue to travel in
the same direction.

ACTIVITY 2: THE L-O-S-T OF A CONVEX LENS

Directions: Construct a ray diagram for convex lens and determine the qualitative characteristics of the image
formed in terms of : L-ocation, O-rientation, S-ize and T-ype

IMAGE

OBJECT

Figure 1: The object is located beyond 2F

 Figure 2: Object is bet 2F’ and F Figure 2: Object is at 2’

ACTIVITY 3: SUM IT UP!

Directions: Choose the correct image description that summarizes the characteristics of the image formed in
activity 2.

Location of the Image Descriptions

Object L-ocation O-rientation S-ize T-ype
Fig. 1: Object is
beyond 2F’ ON THE OTHER SIDE INVERTED SMALLER REAL

Fig. 2: Object is bet SMALLER

ON THE OTHER SIDE UPRIGHT REAL
2F’ and F’ SAME SIZE
SAME SIDE INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
Fig. 3: Object is at SMALLER
ON THE OTHER SIDE UPRIGHT REAL
2F’ SAME SIZE
SAME SIDE INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER

ACTIVITY 4: THE L-O-S-T OF A CONCAVE LENS

Directions: Construct a ray diagram for convex lens and determine the qualitative characteristics of the image
formed in terms of : L-ocation, O-rientation, S-ize and T-ype

Figure 4: Object is at 2F’ of the concave lens

 Figure 5: Object is exactly at F’

Figure 6: Object is between F’ and the lens

ACTIVITY 5: SUM IT UP!

Directions: Choose the correct image description that summarizes the characteristics of the image formed in
activity 4.

Location of the Image Descriptions

Object L-ocation O-rientation S-ize T-ype
Fig. 4: Object is
exactly at 2F’ SAME SIDE UPRIGHT SMALLER VIRTUAL

Figure 5: Object is SMALLER

ON THE OTHER SIDE UPRIGHT REAL
exactly at F’ SAME SIZE
SAME SIDE INVERTED VIRTUAL
BIGGER
Figure 6: Object is SMALLER
ON THE OTHER SIDE UPRIGHT REAL
between F’ and the SAME SIZE
SAME SIDE INVERTED VIRTUAL
lens BIGGER

What’s More

What do magnifying lens, your eye and binoculars have in common? They all use convex lenses. And
have any of you wondered why people look so weird when you see them through a peephole? That’s because the
glass used there isn’t a normal one. It is a concave lens. Convex lenses are used to correct farsighted vision
problems.
Similarly, concave lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. Compound microscopes and telescopes
use both convex and concave lenses. Using combinations of convex lenses may create blurry images. A concave
eyepiece is used to correct this problem. Even in cameras at times a combination of concave and convex lenses
are used. The use of concave lenses is essential in lasers. The actual light ray is highly specific, which may
damage equipment where it is used (like CDs and scanners). The diverging lens rectifies this issue. Concave
lenses also find application in flashlights where the light beam diverges for broader area coverage.
In summary, the image formed in a convex lens may be real or virtual, upright or inverted and may be
smaller, bigger or of same size. This is because, the image depends on where the object is located. Unlike in
concave lens, the image image formed is always upright, virtual and smaller than the object.
 The convex lenses are widely used in the manufacturing of various optical instruments and devices.

Optical instruments/ devices Image descriptions

MAGNIFYING LENS/ MICROSCOPES  virtual, upright and bigger
PROJECTOR  real, inverted and bigger
CAMERA  real, inverted and smaller
PHOTOCOPIER  real, inverted and same size

ACTIVITY 6: FINDING THE PERFECT MATCH

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Identify the location of the object for which of the following optical
instruments are used.
ANSWER COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Photocopier A. Between F’ and O
2. Lighthouse B. At 2F’
3. Microscopes C. Between 2F’ and F’
4. Projector D. Beyond 2F’
5. Camera E. At F’

What I have Learned

ACTIVITY 7: REVEAL ME!
Directions: In a sheet of paper, identify what is asked in the given statement. Write your answer on the space
provided.
1. The bending of light as it travels from one material to another due to the
difference in the optical densities.
2. A piece of transparent curved material that forms an image by virtue of
refraction.
3. A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges.
4. The term that describes the meeting of the incident light rays at the focal
point
5. A type of image which can be projected onto the screen.
6. A lens that is thicker at the edges than in the middle.
7. A term that describes the spreading-out of the incident light rays at the
focal point.
8. An optical device that forms a real, same size and inverted image.
9. The point where light rays appear to meet when incident light rays pass
through a lens.
10. An optical instrument that forms a virtual, bigger and upright image.
 What I Can do

ACTIVITY: The D-I-Y- CAMERA

Task: Construct a pinhole camera and explain the factors that affect the image on the screen.
Materials needed:
 Illustration board/ cardboard  Pin/sewing needle
 Black cartolina  Glue/ adhesive tape
 Cutter/ scissors  Ruler
 Clear lamp
PROCEDURE:
1. With your guardian or any family member, using the materials given, design and construct an improvised
camera based on the information gathered from different resources and concepts acquired from this module.
2. Answer the problem-solving sheet below
MEMBERS
ACTIVITY TITLE
PROBLEM

TYPE OF PROBLEM:
Construction Discovery Testing

What we did to solve the problem?

Sketch/ Draw the diagram of your model constructed

What concepts your group considered in the construction of the device?

What your group recommends to improve the quality of the image in your constructed model? Name at least
3.
 Assessment

Directions: In a one whole sheet of paper, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. It is defined as the bending of light as it passes from one material to another due to the difference in their optical
densities.
A. Reflection B. Refraction C. Diffraction D. Interference

2. A type of image that is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after passing through the lens.
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. inverted

3. A type of lens which is thicker in the middle than at the edges?

A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

4. The image of an object in lenses appear smaller, upright and virtual. The lens is __________
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

5. Where should the object be placed in front of a convex to have an upright, bigger and virtual image?
A. Between C and F B. Between F and O C. At C D. At F

6. What optical device forms an image of same size, real and inverted?
A. torchlight B. projector C. telescope D. photocopier

7. An incident ray of light passing through the focus, F in front of the lens is refracted__________.
A. parallel to the principal axis C. travels at a right angles to the lens’ axis
B. travels perpendicular to the principal axis D. passes through the optical center

8. An object is placed exactly at the center of curvature (2F) of a convex lens. What is the type and orientation of
the image formed?
A. virtual and inverted C. virtual and upright
B. real and inverted D. real and upright

9. A type of lens that spreads out the incident light rays passing through it.
A. plane B. concave C. convex D. none of these

10. Which of the following image descriptions is NOT true for concave lens?
A. real B. virtual C. upright D. smaller
 Answer Key

ASSESSMENT What I have Learned What I have Learned

1.B 6. D 1. CONCAVE 1. REFRACTION
2.A 7.A 2. DIVERGING
3.C 8. B 2. LENS
3. PHOTOCOPIER 3. CONVEX
4.B 9. B
4. FOCAL POINT 4. CONVERGING
5.B 10. A
5. MICROSCOPE/ 5. REAL
MAGNIFYING LENS

What’s More What I Know

1. B 6. D
1. B 2. A 7.A
2. E 3. C 8. B
3. A 4. B 9. B
4. C 5. B 10. A
5. D

References
Grade 10 Science Learner’s Material (2015), First edition, REX Book Store, Inc. Meralco Avenue, Pasig
City.

Arthur Beiser (1992),Modern Technical Physics-6th edition.p.cm, Addison Wesley

Publishing Company, Inc.

www.physicsclassroom.com