FROM NOTHING TO SOMETHING: THE UTILIZATION

OF PLASTIC WASTE IN MAKING

PLASTIC-SAND BRICKS

A Research Study
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Engineering
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
Echague, Isabela

in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

AGUSTIN, KURT BRIAN M.

CELESTINO, ARIEL MIKKO D.

June 2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis attached here entitled, “FROM NOTHING TO

SOMETHING: THE UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE IN MAKING
PLASTIC-SAND BRICKS”, prepared and submitted by KURT BRIAN M.
AGUSTIN and ARIEL MIKKO D. CELESTINO, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for graduation with the degree of BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, is hereby endorsed.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

ENGR. ANTHONY M. FLORES

Chairman
Date: _________________

ENGR. PRUDENCIO M. DOMINGUEZ ENGR. CHRISTIAN T. PIMENTEL

Member Member
Date: ______________________ Date: _____________________

Accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

ENGR. ALEXANDER O. LOGAN ______________

Chairman, CE Department Date

ENGR. RYAN C. ANCHETA ______________

Research Coordinator Date

RAFAEL J. PADRE, Ph.D. ______________

Dean, College of Engineering Date

Recorded:

MAYLENE E. MANUZON ______________

Registrar II Date

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express our heartfelt

gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete

this capstone project. Their contributions are sincerely

appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. However, we would

like to express our deep appreciation and indebtedness

particularly to the following:

To our friends, most especially Joyce Lerey, Neca Po,

Sheryl Villaluna, CJ Agpalza, Jherico Pascual, and Earl

Patrick Simangan, who had been helping us throughout our

research procedure.

To our Lezzi mates, whom we consider as our constant

supports who had been with us through ups and down.

To the employees of E.B. Testing Center, Ipil, Echague,

and Mega Testing Center, Sinsayon, Santiago City, who

patiently assisted us in testing our samples.

To our English Critic, Ms. Frodalyn C. Bruno, MAEd, who

reviewed our paper and gave opinion on how we can make this

paper better.

To our CE Project Adviser, Engr. Christine Joyce Rosete,

who gave her time and efforts in guiding us in accomplishing

this requirement by giving a lot of suggestions and comments

chapter by chapter.

To panel members, Engr. Prudencio M. Dominguez, and

iii
Engr. Christian T. Pimentel. Special mention specifically to

our respected chairman, Engr. Anthony M. Flores who gave their

suggestion for the improvement of this paper.

To the faculty and staff of College of Engineering at

Isabela State University, headed by Dr. Rafael J. Padre for

his words of encouragement and advices.

To our Parents and Relatives whom we consider our source

of inspiration in accomplishing this paper. Also, we extent

our endless thank you for their support not only financial,

physical but also emotional.

Above all, to our Almighty God, the author of wisdom and

knowledge, for His countless love. This paper would not be

possible without Him, for all things are possible through Him

who strengthen us.

iv
 DEDICATION

This Capstone Project is a fruit of countless

sacrifices. Through the researchers' effort, this is heartily

and proudly dedicated to the people who serves as an

inspiration. From our parents to classmates and circle of

friends whom extended their help in the midst of problem while

doing this research.

To papang Danny, I am beyond grateful for all the

sacrifices you’ve done to me. I am who I am today because of

your love and guidance. You’ve been my inspiration all my

life.

To ading Dhan dhan, you were my happy pill whenever I

had problems.

To my mamang Weng, who’s in heaven, I know you’re proud

of me. Know that you were always in my heart.

Above all, to our God Almighty who abundantly showered

us strength, wisdom, patience, courage, and guidance in the

pursuit of our dreams.

Kurt Brian M. Agustin

v
 DEDICATION

This Capstone Project is wholeheartedly dedicated to my

parents, Arturo V. Celestino and Lucita D. Celestino who have

been my source of inspiration and strength.

To my sisters, Angela Mae D. Celestino and Ayra Marie

Celestino, who supports me morally, spiritually, and

financially.

To my relatives and friends who helped and supported us

to finish this Capstone Project.

And lastly, to our Almighty God who gives us strength,

wisdom, patience, guidance, power of thinking, security, and

for giving me good health while doing this.

Ariel Mikko D. Celestino

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE................................................ i

APPROVAL SHEET........................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................... iii

DEDICATION................................................ v

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES............................................ x

LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES...................................... xii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS.................................... xiii

ABSTRACT................................................. xv

CHAPTER I: PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................ 2

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................... 3

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION .................................. 4

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................... 5

THE PARADIGM OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................ 5

DEFINITION OF TERMS ..................................... 6

vii
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

LOCAL LITERATURE ........................................ 8

FOREIGN LITERATURE ...................................... 9

FOREIGN STUDY .......................................... 11

SYNTHESIS .............................................. 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................ 16

DATA GATHERING TOOLS ................................... 16

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES .............................. 17

DATA ANALYSIS .......................................... 18

COST ANALYSIS .......................................... 19

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

DATA PRESENTATION (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST: EDGE-WISE) 20

DATA PRESENTATION (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST: FLAT-WISE) 21

DATA COMPUTATION ....................................... 22

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ....................... 22

DATA PRESENTATION (FLAMMABILITY TEST) .................. 23

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ....................... 24

DATA PRESENTATION (WATER ABSORPTION TEST) .............. 24

viii
 DATA COMPUTATION ....................................... 25

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ....................... 25

COST ANALYSIS .......................................... 25

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ....................... 28

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY ................................................ 29

CONCLUSION ............................................. 30

RECOMMENDATION ......................................... 32

REFERENCES............................................... 34

APPENDICES

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Plastic-Sand Mixing Proportion

Table 2. Results of Compressive Strength Test: Edge-wise

Table 3. Results of Compressive Strength Test: Flat-wise

Table 4. Results of Flammability Test

Table 5. Results of Water Absorption Test

Table 6. Tally of the overall cost

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Graph of Compressive Strength of Bricks: Edge-wise

Figure 3. Graph of Compressive Strength of Bricks: Flat-wise

Figure 4. Graph of Water Absorption of Bricks

xi
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Documentation

Appendix B. Compressive Strength Test Results

Appendix C. Certification of English Critic

Appendix D. Curriculum Vitae

xii
 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo 1 & 2. Preparation of Materials (Plastic and Sands –

Using Fine Aggregate)

Photo 3 & 4. Process of Melting of Plastic and Mixing of

Sand

Photo 5. Putting Mixed Plastic and Sand into the Moulder

Photo 6. Plastic-Sand Brick Result

Photo 7 & 8. Surrounding Plastic-Sand Brick with Paper for

Partial Burning

Photo 9 & 10. Process of Partial Burning

Photo 11 & 12. Aftermath of Partial Burning

Photo 13. Weighing bricks before submerging it to the water

Photo 14. Testing for Water Absorption

Photo 15. Weighing bricks after submerging

Photo 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, & 21. Testing the Compressive

Strength of Plastic-Sand Bricks (Edge-wise)

Photo 22, 23, & 24. Compressive Strength Test Result to the

Bricks (Edge-wise)

Photo 25 & 26. Testing the Compressive Strength of Plastic-

Sand Bricks (Flat-wise)

Photo 27 & 28. Compressive Strength Test Result to the Bricks

(Flat-wise)

Photo 29. Compressive strength test results for plastic-sand

bricks (edge-wise)

xiii
Photo 30. Compressive strength test results for commercially-

made bricks

Photo 31. Compressive strength test results for plastic-sand

bricks (flat-wise)

xiv
 ABSTRACT

Plastic waste is one of the problems that the world is

currently facing due to an increasing rate of plastic

production and consumption. This study has been challenged to

make these plastic wastes, specifically LDPE, be usable in

construction. This study aimed to help the environment by

making bricks out of plastic wastes and sand. This study

designed to identify the difference between the Plastic-sand

brick and commercially-made brick. The effects of plastic

wastes as the main ingredient in making plastic-sand brick

will be reviewed and also the recommendations for future

research will be given. This study is useful for a potential

sustainable and economical breakthrough.

Keywords: LDPE, Plastic waste, Plastic-Sand Bricks

xv
 CHAPTER I: PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Plastic waste is one of the problems that the world is

currently facing. These wastes which are increasing day by

day becomes an eyesore and in turn, pollutes the environment

and poses great risk and potential damage not only to life

but also to the whole ecosystem itself. Plastic consumption

has immensely grown throughout the years that became an

integral part of people’s daily lives. The Philippines alone,

a staggering 2.7 million tons or about 17.5 billion of

plastics are produced and consumed every year and an estimated

20% of the waste are being washed off into the ocean.

Nowadays, plastic is very hazardous and is hard to decompose,

nonetheless one way of eliminating plastic waste is through

burning procedure.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a soft, flexible,

lightweight plastic material and the most common packaging

material used worldwide. However, this kind of plastic causes

a threat to environment as its effective disposal takes great

time and effort. These plastics are not easily degradable and

it consumes hundreds of years to decompose resulting to

clogging water ways, drainage and even pollutes marine life

system. On the other hand, although LDPE takes time and effort

1
to decompose, it can be used in many different industries

such as construction industry specifically on making bricks.

A brick is one of the many components in making a building

and it has high compressive strength making it suitable for

use in construction. Bricks are durable that can last hundreds

of years, or more. It is also sustainable because its

production is becoming more and more efficient.

We are not yet completely able to stop the use of

plastic, but we are able to reuse and recycle it in many ways

with minimum environmental effects. In line with this study;

we try to use and recycle this plastic waste specifically

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) to produce bricks that is

sustainable, durable, and suitable in all aspect of

construction. By using plastic in making bricks, the overall

cost of the brick would be lesser than the commercial brick

available in the market for it reuses plastic, making it cost-

friendly.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to address the problem of excessive

plastic wastes by creating a plastic-sand brick that can be

of good use on construction industry. To obtain essential

knowledge, data and information, the study sought to answer

crucial questions as follows:

2
 1. Does the addition of plastic improve the quality of

the bricks? If so, what is the compressive strength?

2. With the presence of plastic on the bricks, are the

Plastic-Sand Bricks flammable?

3. What is the total water absorption in percent? And

what does it imply?

4. Compare the cost-effectiveness of plastic-sand bricks

and commercially-made bricks?

5. Are these bricks safe to use in construction industry?

5.1. Specifically what type of construction can

this be of good use?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study could be of importance to the following:

The Researcher. In this study, the researcher will most likely

benefit for they will gain more knowledge about evaluating

and assessing construction materials. They will also gain

experience by conducting experiments.

The Environment. It will be very beneficial to our

environment for this study will recycle plastic waste

materials and tries to create something out of nothing. The

environment will benefit from this study, that even if it

3
does not eradicate the problem, it will lessen the impact of

these problems.

The People. It will be beneficial to the people for this

study will produce and/or create a product that is affordable,

sustainable, but of quality.

The Construction Corporation. This study will be beneficial

to the construction corporations for they will acquire

knowledge in producing this kind of bricks and potentially be

an inspiration to create innovative machines that can mass

produce bricks made out of plastics.

To Engineer and/or Contractors. This will be beneficial to

them for they can use these bricks for their construction

projects as these are cost friendly and can last long.

The Future Researcher. This study will serve as a future

reference and be beneficial for the future researchers.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The main focus of the study is to find the strength,

durability, and cost effectiveness of the bricks made out of

plastic waste and sand. Through Compressive strength test,

Fire resistance test, and Water absorption test, these tests

will assess where the plastic-sand bricks are suitable to

use. Also, a cost analysis will be presented to calculate and

4
compare the cost of the project. Thus, the study is limited

to create an effective way of utilizing the plastic waste and

recycling it into plastic-sand bricks.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

PROCESS
Melting plastics
and combining sand
INPUT OUTPUT
into a moulder.
• Plastic Two tests that will • Bricks
waste be undertaken: made out
(LDPE) 1. Compressive of
• Fine Strength plastic
Sand Test wastes
2. Fire and
resistance sand.
test • Cost
3. Water Analysis
Absorption
Test

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

THE PARADIGM OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The figure above illustrates how the set of materials

needed can be processed to acquire the needed output. The

input shows the needed materials such as plastic wastes (LDPE)

and fine sand that are necessary for this study. The plastics

are then process through melting and the sand is then combined

with the melted plastics afterwards. We, the researcher,

collects the output and assess through different test such as

compressive strength test, fire resistance test and water

5
absorption test and the data acquired will be used as

reference for conclusion.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Plastic Waste - is the accumulation of plastic objects (e.g.:

plastic bottles and much more) in the Earth’s environment

that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and

humans.

Sand - is a loose granular material blanketing the beaches,

riverbeds and deserts of the world.

Bricks - are small rectangular blocks that can be used to

form parts of buildings, typically walls.

Low-Density Polyethylene - is used to make many thin, flexible

products like plastic bags for dry-cleaning, newspapers,

bread, frozen foods, fresh produce and garbage.

Compressive Strength - is the maximum compressive stress

that, under a gradually applied load, a given solid material

can sustain without fracture.

Sustainable/Sustainability - something that is “bearable” and

“capable of being continued at a certain level”.

Durable/Durability - is defined as the ability of a material

to remain serviceable in the surrounding environment during

the useful life without damage or unexpected maintenance.

6
Suitable/Suitability - The quality of being right or

appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation.

Standard Modular Brick - are those which are manufactured in

a standard size as per IS code specification.

7
 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, researchers present related literature

and studies both from foreign and local sources which are

relevant to the topic. Synthesis will also be included in

this chapter.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Plastic Waste as a Problem

More than 17.5 billion of plastics are thrown away by

Filipinos every year, and it is mostly end up in the ocean

(Ramos, 2020). The Philippines is one of the worst

contributors of marine pollution in the world, and according

to the statistics, there are up to 0.28 – 0.75 million tons

of plastics entering the ocean per year solely coming from

the coastal areas in Manila Bay. The plastic market in the

Philippines is above US$ 1283.71 million, and has a compounded

annual growth rate of 6.11% predicted to happen from to 2018

to 2023. It is estimated that about 48% of plastic is used in

packaging and it is one of the major contributors in marine

pollution. And with an insufficient material used to recycle

and to collect the plastic waste in many areas in the

Philippines, the waste water system and drainage system is

most likely to be affected and it will lead to plastic

pollution and marine litter (sea-circular.org, 2019).

8
Eco-Brick: A Plastic-Made Brick

Many engineers and entrepreneur are thinking of ways how

to make an eco-brick using plastic sachets, from being one of

the worst sources of pollution to an effective solution to

lessen waste problem in the Philippines. Eco-brick is

different from ordinary building blocks. One of the daycare

center buildings in Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines uses Eco-

brick, and in that case, they save money and also provide

safety and sustainable learning facility for the children

(Xinhua, 2019). Bricks made out of plastic is five or six

times stronger than a regular brick made of sand and cement,

where 50 to 100 pieces of plastic will be used in producing

one plastic-made brick (Adriano, 2020).

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Advantages of Plastic as a Construction Material

Plastic has many good characteristics such as water

resistant, lightness, hardness, versatility, and chemical

resistant. Reusing or recycling of plastics can be a proactive

response to reduce its bad effects in our environment

(Jalaluddin, 2017).

Plastics are strong, durable, waterproof, lightweight,

easy to mold, and recyclable – all key properties for

construction materials. But all polymers are,

9
technologically, 100% recyclable. Some of them have the

perfect cradle-to-cradle lifecycle: they can be used again

and again to produce the same goods. Some plastics can be

reused just as they are by shredding an object into flakes,

melting it, and reusing. Such recycled plastics may have lower

mechanical properties compared to virgin plastics, because

each time you melt and process a plastic, the polymeric chains

degrade. But these properties can be recovered by mixing it

to additives or virgin plastic (Cestari, 2020).

Plastic is considered to be one of the most resourceful

materials of this modern world. It is used in every household

and industry because of its versatility. A lot of companies

are fabricating and recycling different products of plastic

such as crates, bottles, clothes, shoes, mobile covers, and

bags. (Pritchard, 2019).

A similar study made by Plastics (2018) shows that

plastic can be used in different industries but the most

prevalent sector that is known in recycling and reusing

plastic is the construction industry. Plastic is considered

to be essential and very useful in construction industry

because of the properties it hold and the study found the

following advantage of plastic as a construction material and

it is as follows: First, cost. It is considered to be less

expensive to produce and use plastic rather than most of

10
construction material. Second is resistance. Plastics have

high resistance to corrosion. Third is weight. Plastics are

lightweight in nature and this gives the material greater

flexibility strength. And lastly, plastic is recyclable.

FOREIGN STUDY

Bricks made out of Plastic Waste

A study entitled “Study of Plastic Bricks Made From Waste

Plastic” by Bhushaiah, Mohammad, and Rao (2019) studied the

nature of waste plastic and it shown that waste plastic has

been a problem and is visible whenever you gaze your eyes

around. These waste plastics are hard to decompose but can be

of good use if recycled. Thus, it can be very useful if these

plastic wastes are turned into bricks. Plastic-sand bricks

are a great help to address environmental issues such as

pollution, and excessive use of plastic. With the utilization

of plastic to make plastics-sand bricks, it reduces the usage

of clay and this can be an alternative option to the customer

for this is cost-friendly. This plastic-sand brick is also

zero-percent in water absorption making this brick capable of

lasting long.

In a study made by Anand Daftardar, Rashmi Patel, Ronak

Shah, Parth Gandhi, and Himanshu Garg (2017) entitled “Use of

Plastic as a Construction Material”, it shows that, as

11
comparison to a conventional brick, bricks made out of plastic

waste have the highest strength in resisting loads, even

though it is found that conventional brick sustain lower load

than plastic-made brick. The plastic-made bricks still have

compressive strength higher than the latter one and it is

considered to be effectively sustainable as a building

material. Also, the study shows that even though the plastic-

made brick has lesser weight than conventional brick the

compressive is higher and the water absorption is lesser and

can resist insect attack and decay.

A similar study done also by Ronak Shah, Himanshu Garg,

Parth Gandhi, Rashmi Patel, and Anand Daftardar (2017)

entitled “Study Of Plastic Dust Brick Made From Waste

Plastic”, the plastic waste can be converted into useful

construction material and can also reduce the plastic waste

disposal problem. This plastic-made brick will definitely

reduce the pollution. The product can be used as brick, which

is having a higher strength than conventional brick. Also,

the water absorption capacity is higher in comparison to

conventional brick with a lower weight. Bricks are not only

limited to use as a brick alone, but it can also be used in

making a building block, but with a different dimension. It

can be used also in making floor tiles, either in garage or

in parking space, sleepers, and etc. This brick also turns

12
out to be economical than conventional brick.

A study entitled “Fabrication and Testing of Plastic

Sand Bricks” by S S Chauhan, Bhushan Kumar, Prem Shankar

Singh, Abuzaid Khan, Hritik Goyal, et. al (2019) stated that

the plastic alone is susceptible if not flammable to elevated

temperatures and in case of fire, the sand and plastic mixture

may withstand temperatures that plastic alone cannot.

Furthermore, it has been observed that the structural

identity of the brick holds very well up to 180 degrees

Celsius.

SYNTHESIS

Plastic waste has been a detrimental attribute that the

fast-changing world has given to us and it brought us the

same or even worst amount of damage when a calamity hit us.

A report by the United Nations Environment Programme of the

United Nations System says that during the 1950’s to 70’s,

plastic waste was relatively manageable. During the 90’s, it

had more than triple in two decades following a similar rise

in plastic production. During the early 2000’s and as of

today, it rose more to 300 million tons that if we compare it

to human, it is nearly equivalent to the weight of the entire

human population.

In the recent years, people find ways in minimizing the

13
effects of these plastic wastes and tend to maximize the

potential use of these wastes by means of recycling and

reusing. In fact, people had been using plastic waste in many

industries such as turning plastic waste to electricity and

fuel. Furthermore, it even reaches the interest in the

construction industry. Plastic bricks became a vital cog in

addressing the problem on plastic waste and it is considered

to be stronger, sustainable and economical, for this is less

expensive than the commercial bricks.

On a report submitted in EcoWatch, Hasty (2021)

reported that a Kenyan engineer named Nzambi Matee recycled

plastic into bricks stronger than concrete. The Kenyan

engineer recognized the problem in plastic on her country

even though the Kenyan Government has suspended the usage of

plastic in 2017 and decided to create a solution. As an

engineering graduate and an entrepreneur, she created a

company named Gjenge Makers based in Nairobi, Kenya and it

uses plastic waste to create bricks that can withstand twice

the weight threshold of concrete. Although, the company is

only in its beginning stage, it can produce up to 1500 bricks

per day and it has already recycled 20 tons of plastic since

2017. These bricks are strong enough to be used for parking

lots and roads.

A report by CNN World, Fletcher (2019) reported that an

14
Indian student also created a brick from recycled plastic. A

student of Jadavpur University, Banerjee created an

alternative brick kiln together with his classmates Agnimitra

Sengupta, Ankan Podder, and Utsav Bhattacharya and they

called it “Plastiqube”. The Plastiqube are basically Lego

Bricks and Banerjee claims that this can reduce energy use by

70%, generating a much lower carbon footprint than

traditional bricks. Furthermore, a single plastiqube brick

contains 1.6 kilograms of waste plastic and believed to last

even longer than traditional clay bricks.

The previous studies as well as related literature

proves that these plastic wastes can be reused and recycled

in making bricks that assures durability, stronger

compressive strength and economical. Alongside with the

reports and related studies, it can be concluded that study

in making bricks out of plastic waste is feasible.

15
 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers used comparative study that compares the

strength of plastic-sand bricks and commercially-made bricks.

Thus, an experimental approach was conducted. The researchers

used three tests to obtain the needed result namely

compressive strength test, fire resistance test and water

absorption test.

DATA GATHERING TOOLS

In making plastic-made bricks, several materials and

equipment are used to mix, form and carry the components.

These are the following materials and equipment that the

researchers will use in making plastic-sand bricks:

• Plastic – The plastic specifically LDPE is the main

ingredient of the project. This component is to be

melted.

• Sand – The sand will be used as a fine aggregate.

• Melting barrel – A melting pot is used as a vessel

to melt the plastic.

• Moulder – A moulder is used as a guide on what will

be the shape of the bricks. Also, it is used for

compacting the bricks.

16
 • Oil – the oil will be used in the moulder so that

the mixture will not stick to the moulder.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

Process in making plastic-made bricks

1. Prepare the materials you need for making a brick made

of plastics.

2. Select the plastic materials, such as food wrap film,

food bags, water and ice bags, storage bags,

agricultural film and stretch wrap; and do not use

other kinds of plastics like PVC or foams.

3. Melt some plastics using fire. Keep adding plastic

gently at the side of the melted plastic until it

melts down to a black liquid.

4. Mixed the melting plastics until it will turn to black

liquid. Stirring and heating must continue up to 20

to 25 minutes.

5. Add sand and mix it to the melted plastics while

stirring.

6. After mixing the melted plastics and the sand, put it

on the brick moulder, make sure it is clean and well

oiled.

7. Press the mixture into the mould.

17
 8. Leave it for a few minutes and shake it to loosen the

edges.

9. Lift it and if the mould is hardened enough, remove

the hot mixture in the mould.

10. Leave it in just 2 hours to cool and to be

hardened.

In order to find if the bricks possess high strength,

various proportions are made. The mix ratios of sand plastic

are listed on figure below.

Plastic-sand mix
1.5:3 2.5:3 3:3
ratio (kg)
Table 1: Plastic-Sand Mixing Proportion

DATA ANALYSIS

In order to evaluate the structural integrity of the

plastic-sand bricks, three tests are to be made.

1. Compressive Strength Test. In this test, it shall be

calculated after 7 days of curing using the formula as

follows:

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝐍)

Compressive Strength =
𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 (𝐦𝐦𝟐 )

2. Fire Resistance Test. This test will evaluate the bricks

if it is susceptible to fire. The bricks are exposed on

a partial fire wherein, the bricks are surrounded by

paper and later, fired. This test will determine if the

18
 bricks are flammable after the paper becomes ashes. This

will be done for every ratio of the Plastic-sand bricks.

3. Water Absorption Test. The bricks are to be dried in sun

light until it attains its constant weight and weigh

(weight 1). Immerse completely the dried brick in clean

water for 24 hours and wipe out any traces of water

afterwards and weigh (weight 2): to obtain the result,

the formula below is to be conducted:

Weight 2− Weight 1
Water Absorption (%) = Weight 1
𝑥 100

COST ANALYSIS

In order to compare the cost-effectiveness of plastic-

sand bricks, a cost analysis that includes material cost,

labor cost, and other costs are to be presented and make a

comparison with the cost of commercially-made brick.

19
 CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

DATA PRESENTATION (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST: EDGE-WISE)

CROSS MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE COMPRESSIVE

SAMPLE &
SECTIONAL LOAD STRENGTH STRENGTH
RATIO
AREA (mm2) (kN) (MPa) (psi)
SPECIMEN 1
8380 113.5 13.5 1958
(1.5:3)
SPECIMEN 2
8677 160.0 18.4 2668
(2.5:3)
SPECIMEN 3
8989 205.0 22.8 3306
(3:3)
SPECIMEN 3
10692 66.5 6.2 899
(COMMERCIAL)
Table 2: Results of Compressive Strength Test: Edge-wise

Compressive Strength of Bricks with 7 days

curing
250
205
200
160
150
113.5
100
66.5
50 22.8
13.5 18.4
6.2
0
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4
Maximum Load (kN) Compressive Strength (MPa)

Figure 2: Graph of Compressive Strength of Bricks: Edge-

wise

20
DATA PRESENTATION (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST: FLAT-WISE)

CROSS MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE COMPRESSIVE

SAMPLE &
SECTIONAL LOAD STRENGTH STRENGTH
RATIO
AREA (mm2) (kN) (MPa) (psi)
SPECIMEN 1
16280 675.0 41.46 6015
(1.5:3)
SPECIMEN 2
16280 700.0 43.00 6237
(2.5:3)
SPECIMEN 3
16280 990.0 60.81 8821
(3:3)
SPECIMEN 3
19843.93 465.0 23.43 3406
(COMMERCIAL)
Table 3: Results of Compressive Strength Test: Flat-wise

Compressive Strength of Bricks with 7 days

curing
1200
990
1000

800 675 700

600
465
400

200
41.46 43 60.81 23.43
0
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4
Maximum Load (kN) Compressive Strength (MPa)

Figure 3: Graph of Compressive Strength of Bricks: Flat-

wise

21
DATA COMPUTATION

Compressive Strength: Edge-wise

113.5 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 1 = = 13.50 MPa
8380 mm2

160 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 2 = = 18.40 MPa
8677 mm2

205 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 3 = = 22.80 MPa
8989 mm2

66.5 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 4 = 10692 mm2
= 6.20 MPa

Compressive Strength: Flat-wise

675 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 1 = = 41.46 MPa
16280 mm2

700 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 2 = = 43.00 MPa
16280 mm2

990 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 3 = = 60.81 MPa
16280 mm2

465 kN x 1000
Compressive StrengthSpecimen 4 = = 23.43 MPa
19843.93 mm2

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

From the compressive test results above, it clearly

showed that, although the ratio of sand remains unchanged,

the value of compressive strength increases as the ratio of

plastic increases. In compressive strength: edge-wise,

Specimen 3 (3kg of plastic-3kg of sand) showed the highest

value of compressive strength of 22.8 MPa followed by Specimen

2 (2.5kg of plastic-3kg of sand) with 18.4 MPa and Specimen

22
1 (1.5kg of plastic-3kg of sand). In compressive strength:

flat-wise, an increasing succession is evident with specimen

1 having 41.46 MPa, Specimen 2 having 43 MPa, and Specimen 3

having 60.81 MPa. As regards to the strength of commercial

bricks, it is less-stronger than the 3 ratios of plastic-sand

bricks provided.

With the given data above, the value of compressive

strength increases as the plastic ratio increases. The

plastic properties also play a vital role wherein the melted

plastic binds well with the sand, thus the strength was

subsequently increased. The data clearly states that, with 7

days curing, it can withstand a maximum load of 205 kN and a

strength of 22.8 MPa for Edge-wise testing and a maximum of

990 kN and a strength of 60.81 MPa for Flat-wise testing.

This can conclude that even with 7 days curing, it possesses

great strength to withstand a load.

DATA PRESENTATION (FLAMMABILITY TEST)

Bricks exposed to partial flame with 6 FLAMMABLE

minutes duration
(Surrounded by paper and burned) Yes No
1.5:3 Plastic-sand mix ratio ✓
2.5:3 Plastic-sand mix ratio ✓
3:3 Plastic-sand mix ratio ✓
Table 4: Results of Flammability Test

23
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The plastic-sand bricks were exposed to a partial flame

with 6 minutes duration. The temperature of 1.5:3, 2.5:3, and

3:3 plastic-sand mix ratio was increased, but it didn't ignite

when exposed to partial flame. The result concludes the

plastic-sand bricks is not flammable and can withstand high

temperature.

DATA PRESENTATION (WATER ABSORPTION TEST)

Weight 1 (kg) Weight 2 (kg) Water
SAMPLE &
(Initial (Final Absorption
RATIO
Weight) Weight) (%)
SPECIMEN 1
1.35 1.35 0%
(1.5:3)
SPECIMEN 2
1.15 1.15 0%
(2.5:3)
SPECIMEN 3
1.35 1.35 0%
(3:3)
Table 5: Results of Water Absorption Test

Water Absorption of Bricks with 7 days

1.6 curing
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
Weight 1 Weight 2

Figure 4: Graph of Water Absorption of Bricks

24
DATA COMPUTATION

1.35kg−1.35kg
Water AbsorptionSpecimen 1 = 𝑥 100 = 0%
1.35kg

1.15kg−1.15kg
Water AbsorptionSpecimen 2 = 𝑥 100 = 0%
1.15kg

1.35kg−1.35kg
Water AbsorptionSpecimen 3 = 𝑥 100 = 0%
1.35kg

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Water absorption test showed excellent performance of

the plastic-sand bricks. A good quality bricks shall not

absorb more than 20% of water according to Indian Standard

1077(38). With 7 curing days, it has a water absorption of 0%

making it water-resistant. The results concludes that the

presence and absence of water on the plastic-sand bricks

doesn’t affect the strength of its entirety.

COST ANALYSIS

A cost analysis presents the breakdown of cost (Material

cost, Labor cost, and other cost) between the plastic-sand

brick and the commercially-made brick.

Plastic-Sand Brick (Ratio 3:3)

Material Cost:

• Plastic:

Php2.50 0.5kg
x = Php 1.25/brick
kg brick

25
 • Sand:

*Fine Aggregate = Php 924.63/m3(philconprices.com)

g
*Density of Sand = 1.631 cm3

1m3 = 1,000,000 cm3

g 1kg
1,000,000 cm3 (1.631 ) = 1,631,000g (1,000g) = 1,631 kg
cm3

• Computing the volume of sand per brick

0.5kg 1631 kg
=
Volume of Sand 1 m3

Volume of Sand = 0.00031 m3

Php 924.63
0.00031 m3 ( ) = Php 0.287/brick
m3

TotalMaterial Cost = Plastic Cost + Sand Cost

= Php 1.25/brick + Php 0.287/brick

= Php 1.537/brick

Labor Cost

Provincial Rate: Php 370.00 per day (nwpc.dole.gov.ph)

Minimum wage per day: Php 370.00

Php 370/day
Minimum wage per hour: = Php 46.25
8 hours

Minimum wage per month:

• 313 days/year = 365 days/year – 52 Sundays/year

Php370/day∗313days/year
= Php 9,650.83
12 months

26
Government Mandated Benefits:

• SSS: Php 709.80/Month

• Phil health: Php 112.50/Month

• Pag-ibig: Php 100.00/Month

Php 9,650.83
• 13th Month Pay = = Php 804.24/Month
12 months

Total: Php 1726.54

Php 1726.54
% Increase from Basic Salary: Php 9650.83
= 18%

Add:

18% Cost per hour: Php 8.325

Total Cost per hour: Php 54.575

Add:

12% VAT: Php 6.549

Cost per hour: Php 61.124

Cost per Man-hour: Php 61.124/MH

(2 Man)(0.5 Hour) = 1 MH

6 bricks
= 6 bricks/MH
1 MH

Php 61.124
MH
Labor Cost = 6 Bricks = Php 10.187/Brick
MH

Other Costs:

Moulder = Php 500/10,000 bricks

= Php 0.05/brick

Gas Tank = Php 820/1000 bricks

= Php 0.82/brick

27
 Melting Barrel = Php 500/5,000 bricks

= Php 0.1/brick

Total Cost = (Php 0.05 + Php 0.82 + Php 0.1)/brick

= Php 0.97/brick

Total Cost

= Material Cost + Labor Cost + Other Costs

= Php 1.537/brick + 10.187/brick + Php 0.97/brick

= Php 12.694/brick, say Php 13.00/brick

COST PLASTIC-SAND BRICK COMMERCIALLY-MADE BRICK

MATERIAL COST Php 1.537

LABOR COST Php 10.187

OTHER COSTS Php 0.97

TOTAL Php 12.694 Php 18.00

Table 6: Tally of the overall cost

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Comparing the two costs in table 6, it is evident that

the plastic-sand brick is less expensive than the

commercially-made brick. Due to the materials used, it became

less expensive with the usage of plastic waste and sand as

compare to sand-gravel-cement on the commercial bricks.

28
 CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the summary of the study, the

conclusions of the researchers and the recommendations.

SUMMARY

The present study aims to determine the difference

between the plastic-sand bricks and the commercially-made

bricks in terms of its compressive strength. This study also

aims to find the water absorption and its melting capacity

through water absorption test and flammability test,

respectively. Based on the results presented above, it can be

said that there is a significant difference between the

plastic-sand bricks and the commercially-made bricks.

There are notable differences that the plastic-sand

brick has. First is its weight, the plastic-sand bricks is

light in weight. Second is its color, it is very natural to

a plastic material to turn black in color when melted. Third

is its texture, although it depends on the molder, the

smoothness of the plastic-sand brick is higher than the

commercially-made brick due to the fact that the melted

plastic serves as a binding element of the sand. Fourth and

lastly, is its strength, the plastic-sand bricks are 3x higher

than the commercially-made as regards to its compressive

strength in both edge-wise and flat wise.

29
 The flammability test has determined how long the

plastic-sand bricks can lasts until it melts and the data

showed that it took 44 minutes to melt with a constant flame.

However, with actual practices, the bricks don’t affect its

composition after exposing to a partial flame.

With regards to water absorption test, based on the data

above, it shows no water absorption which implicates that

these bricks are water-resistant which only mean, no amount

of water can alter its strength.

With the current results of this study, these bricks are

only limited to and are safe to use in pavements, parking

lots, covered walks, garages, public markets, and walkways.

CONCLUSION

Plastics plays a significant role in our today’s

society, and the wastes generated at the end of its usage are

inevitable. The world doesn’t stop on producing and making

plastics. These wastes which eventually ends up on the oceans

are great contributor to water pollution. On the other hand,

the availability of plastic wastes is really overflowing

which can be seen everywhere and these wastes can be of good

use in brick making.

The plastic-sand bricks, with the given evidences

presented above proves to be a lot stronger than the

30
commercial bricks which means that the former can withstand

a particular load or force much higher than the latter. This

only mean that, these bricks can be of good use in different

part of construction.

The flammability test proves that the plastic-sand

bricks, even with plastic properties, can withstand higher

and elevated temperature. The bricks are not flammable due to

the addition of sand.

With regards to water-absorption, zero percent water

absorption goes to show that no void faction can be seen. It

means that, the plastic component or composition really

serves as the gluing agent between the fine aggregates thus

no water can enter and make the brick become weak.

The cost of the plastic-sand bricks are less expensive

given its high strength as compare to the commercially-made

bricks which are less stronger and yet, expensive.

In conclusion, plastic-sand bricks can be considered to

be a useful invention in the construction industry. Aside

from the evidences presented above, it can be considered cost-

friendly because of the usage of recyclable materials such as

plastic waste as stated on the cost analysis. Therefore, the

utilization of plastic in making a plastic-sand brick could

be a good practice or a good representation in addressing a

31
world-wide known problem of excessive consumption of plastics

and can be used in construction industry.

RECOMMENDATION

Since the researcher of this study only used three tests,

it is recommended that more strength tests should be done

such as; flexural strength test which is used to determine the

bending properties of the bricks; and efflorescence test

which is used to detect the bricks if it contains any soluble

salts. Further research is also required regarding on its

fire-resistance.

Another is, the availability of resources. It is

recommended to invest or if not, find machines such as the;

plastic densifier to be used for a faster phase since the

researcher of the study used primitive ways of melting and it

took a couple of hours to melt it; oven to be used for melting

of plastic without the presence of oxygen so that fumes are

eliminated; and extruder machine which is harmless to

environment that uses the combination of compression and

screw rotation that causes friction which generates shear

heat along with barrel’s heating system, it melts the

plastics.

Lastly, since the researcher of the study is only limited

to use a specific type of plastic which is the Low-Density

32
polyethylene (LDPE) and the evidences says a lot of it due to

its properties, it is recommended to have a wider scope on

the materials used such as the utilization of High-Density

Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PC), and

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to assess also the strength

of this type of plastic when it is combined with sand in

producing plastic-sand bricks.

33
 REFERENCES

Ramos, M. (2020) Filipinos Dispose of More Than 17.5

billion Of Plastics Every Year.

https://mb.com.ph/2020/01/18/filipinos-dispose-of-more-

than-17-5-billion-of-plastics-every-year-report/

Sea-circular.org (2019) https://www.sea-

circular.org/country/philippines/

Xinhua (2019)http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-

10/11/c_138463183.htm

Adriano,L (2020) https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121227

Jalaluddin, M. (2017). Use Of Plastic Waste in Civil

Constructions and Innovative Decorative Material (Eco-

Friendly). https://medcraveonline.com/MOJCE/use-of-

plastic-waste-in-civil-constructions-and-innovative-

decorative-material-eco-friendly.html

Cestari, S. (2020). Why Plastic Waste Is an Ideal Building

Material.

https://www.waste360.com/plastics/using-plastic-waste-

building-material

Pritchard, L. (2019). Advantages of Using Plastic in the

Construction Industry.

https://businessingmag.com/9111/equipping/plastic-in-

construction/

Plastics, R. (2018). The Advantages of Using Plastics in

34
the Construction Industry.

https://www.rayda.co.uk/blog/advantag0es-plastics-

construction/

Bhushaiah, R. Mohammad, S. D. Srinivasa Rao (2019). Study

of Plastic Bricks Made From Waste Plastic. International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4238.pdf

Daftardar, A., Patel, R., Shah, R., Gandhi, P., and Garg,

H. (2017). Use of Waste Plastic as a Construction Material.

https://www.ijeas.org/download_data/IJEAS0411036.pdf

Shah, R., Garg, H,.Gandhi, P., Patel, R,. and Daftardar,

A. (2017). Study Of Plastic Dust Brick Made From Waste

Plastic.

http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/2-

408-1515393102120-123.pdf

Chauhan, S., Kumar, B., Singh, P,S,. Khan, A., Goyal, H.

et. al (2019). Fabrication and Testing of Plastic Sand

Bricks.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MS%26E..691a2083C/a

bstract

United Nations Environment Programme, (2019)

https://www.unep.org/interactive/beatplastic-pollution.

Hasty, S. (2021). https://www.ecowatch.com/plastic-bricks-

in-kenya-2650645441.html

35
Fletcher, A CNN. (2019).

https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/25/asia/plastiqube-brick-

india-scn-intl-c2e/index.html

36
APPENDICES

37
 APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

Photo 1 & 2. Preparation of Materials (Plastic and

Sands –Using Fine Aggregate)

38
Photo 3 & 4. Process of Melting of Plastic and Mixing

of Sand

39
Photo 5. Putting Mixed Plastic and Sand into the

Moulder

Photo 6. Plastic-Sand Brick Result

40
Photo 7 & 8. Surrounding Plastic-Sand Brick with

Paper for Partial Burning

41
Photo 9 & 10. Process of Partial Burning

42
Photo 11 & 12. Aftermath of Partial Burning

43
Photo 13. Weighing bricks before submerging it to the

water

Photo 14. Testing for Water Absorption

44
Photo 15. Weighing bricks after submerging

Photo 16. Testing the Compressive Strength of

Plastic-Sand Bricks (Edge-wise)

45
Photo 17 & 18. Testing the Compressive Strength of

Plastic-Sand Bricks (Edge-wise)

46
Photo 19 & 20. Testing the Compressive Strength of

Plastic-Sand Bricks (Edge-wise)

47
Photo 21. Testing the Compressive Strength of Plastic-

Sand Bricks (Edge-wise)

Photo 22. Compressive Strength Test Result to the

Bricks (Edge-wise)

48
Photo 23 & 24. Compressive Strength Test Result to the

Bricks (Edge-wise)

49
Photo 25 & 26. Testing the Compressive Strength of Plastic-

Sand Bricks (Flat-wise)

50
Photo 27 & 28. Compressive Strength Test Result to the

Bricks (Flat-wise)

51
 APPENDIX B

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS

Photo 29. Compressive strength test results for plastic-

sand bricks (edge-wise)

52
Photo 30. Compressive strength test results for

commercially-made bricks

53
Photo 31. Compressive strength test results for plastic-

sand bricks (flat-wise)

54
55
APPENDIX D

AGUSTIN, KURT BRIAN M.

Purok 3, Baniket, Angadanan, Isabela

Cell Phone #: 09532740236

Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Full Name : Kurt Brian Manayan Agustin

Nickname : Kurt

Age : 21

Date of Birth : July 06, 2000

Place of Birth : Angadanan, Isabela

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Father’s Name : Danny P. Agustin

Occupation : Branch Manager

Mother’s Maiden Name: Rowena G. Manayan

Occupation : Deceased

56
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary Education

School : Isabela State University - Echague

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Address : San Fabian, Echague, Isabela

School Year : 2018-2022

Senior High School Education

School : School of Our Lady of Atocha Inc.

Address : Magsaysay, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2016-2018

Junior High School Education

School : School of Our Lady of Atocha Inc.

Address : Magsaysay, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2012-2016

Elementary Education

School : Odizee School of Achievers

Address : San Antonio, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2006-2012

57
CELESTINO, ARIEL MIKKO D.

Purok 2, Sta. Cruz, Alicia, Isabela

Cell Phone #: 09959207539

Email Address:

[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Full Name : Ariel Mikko Dela Cruz Celestino

Nickname : Mikko

Age : 22

Date of Birth : January 02, 2000

Place of Birth : Alicia, Isabela

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Born Again

Father’s Name : Arturo V. Celestino

Occupation : Driver

Mother’s Maiden Name: Lucita D. Dela Cruz

Occupation : House Wife

58
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary Education

School : Isabela State University - Echague

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Address : San Fabian, Echague, Isabela

School Year : 2018-2022

Senior High School Education

School : School of Our Lady of Atocha Inc.

Address : Magsaysay, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2016-2018

Junior High School Education

School : School of Our Lady of Atocha Inc.

Address : Magsaysay, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2012-2016

Elementary Education

School : Sta. Cruz Elementary School

Address : Sta. Cruz, Alicia, Isabela

School Year : 2006-2012

59