SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Academic Year 2021-2022

MODULE 2
EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE

Topic / Lesson Name Rocks & Exogenic Process

The Learners demonstrate understanding of…

1. The three main categories of rocks
2. The origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
3. Geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as
weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation (include the role
Content Standards of ocean basins in the formation of sedimentary rocks)
4. Geologic processes that occur within the Earth
5. The folding and faulting of rocks
6. Plate tectonics
7. How the planet Earth evolved in the last 4.6 billion years (including the
age of the Earth, major geologic time subdivisions, and marker fossils).

The Learner should be able to…

Performance
- Conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic/ hydrometeorological
Standards
hazards that your community may experience.

The Learner should be able to…

1. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and
Most Essential
chemical properties. S11ES-Ia-9
Learning Competency 2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. S11ES-Ib-
10

Specific Learning
Outcomes

Time Allotment 4 hours

Introduction / Motivation

Rocks

Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals.
Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were formed. In general, rocks are classified as igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

Word Cryptogram
Directions: To come up with the correct answer for each number, unscramble the letters by
placing the correct letter sequence in the shaded box. Use number boxes to complete the answer
to the riddle below.

Riddle: the layers of sediments that accumulated and carry the

records of the Earth’s history.

Exogenic Process

The earth’s surface is composed of water and landmasses. The solid portion is made out of
rocks and minerals that could experience changes either physically or chemically. The weathered
materials are transported by different agents from one place to another and will settle down in a
particular area. These progressions that happen is achieved by forms called exogenic processes. It
includes weathering, erosion, and deposition.

Organize the disordered letters. Describe each term briefly.

1. SKORC
2. EIGNOSU
3. EIMNDSETS
4. NAIOTGDISINTER
5. POICMONIOTSDE
Instruction / Delivery

Rock
Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid outer core. A
rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming
the rocks are held together by chemical bonds. Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes.
Geologists then group rocks into three categories based on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary
and metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks based on
how they were formed.

Three types of Rocks

1. Igneous - formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates
deep within the earth.

❖ Two types of igneous rock:

A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s surface as
lava and then cools. The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the cooling
process is fast.

B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by
magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained).

Igneous rocks are classified based on:

▪ Composition
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color

▪ Texture- overall appearance of rock

Aphanitic - fine grained
Phaneritic - coarse grained
Porphyritic - large crystals with small crystals
Glassy - non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
Pyroclastic - composite of ejected fragments
Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro
2. Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.

Two types of metamorphism

1. Regional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust
2. Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma

Classification:
a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the rock.
b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the
rock.
*Foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains crystals Example: mica
*Non-foliated - made up of only few minerals
 3. Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s
past.
• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks.
• Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it binds together to form
the sedimentary rocks.

Three types of sedimentary rocks

1. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken
rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
2. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
3. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.

Exogenic Process

Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without
any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes and this occurs
because of the following factors shown in the table below.

Factors Description

Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain range.

After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying rocks and
Pressure
sediments may erode. At the point when the pressure diminishes,
the rock expands, cools, and became brittle and fractured.
Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high temperature.
Temperature However, if the temperature drops to 0°C (freezing point of water),
it also expands and causes fracture.
 Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when water
Frost Wedging accumulates in the crack and at that point freezes, the ice expands
and breaks the rock apart.
The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction. This
primarily occurs during collision of rocks, sand, and silt due to
Abrasion
current or waves along a stream or seashore causing sharp edges
and corners to wear off and become rounded.
The roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand, and in
Organic Activity
the long run, break the rock.
Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests and
Human Activities
cultivating land contribute to physical weathering.
Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into the ground
Burrowing Animals
to create a space for habitation.

Identify the factors of physical weathering shown in each picture.

1. 2. 3.

In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions
presented below.

Chemical
Description
Reactions
It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in water.
Examples of these minerals are Halite (NaCl) and Calcite
Dissolution
(CaCO3). The formation of stalactites and stalagmites in caves
are brought about by this chemical reaction.

Rock-forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar

Hydrolysis
react with water and form different kinds of clay minerals.
It is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the
Oxidation mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an example of this
chemical reaction.
Analyze each picture. Identify the chemical reaction that causes chemical weathering.

4. 5.

Weathering is an important process in the formation of soil. Soil is a mixture of grains, organic
matter, H2O, and gas. Plants, animals, and humans play an important role in the erosional process.

Erosion is the separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents like water,
wind, and glacier that causes transportation of the material to where they are deposited.

Prepared by:
MARIA LOURDES C. SALAGUBANG
Subject Teacher

Noted by: Submitted to:

Ms. JERLYN V. LOPEZ JACQUELINE T. MORTEL, Ed. D
Assistant Principal High School Principal