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Electromag Module 2 Midterms

The document discusses the atomic theory of magnetism and provides definitions and explanations of key magnetic concepts including domains, saturation, magnetic flux density, magnetic field intensity, types of magnets, applications of magnets, ampere-turns, field intensity, permeability, magnetic flux, electromagnetic induction, reluctance, and energy stored in magnetic circuits.

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Zylah Norberte
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Electromag Module 2 Midterms

The document discusses the atomic theory of magnetism and provides definitions and explanations of key magnetic concepts including domains, saturation, magnetic flux density, magnetic field intensity, types of magnets, applications of magnets, ampere-turns, field intensity, permeability, magnetic flux, electromagnetic induction, reluctance, and energy stored in magnetic circuits.

Uploaded by

Zylah Norberte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The atomic theory of magnetism

Answer to your research work

• Magnetism is the effect of moving charged particles such as the


motion electrons in an atom
• In atoms of most elements, the magnetic force produced by its
charged particles, electrons and protons cancel each other and
produce a very small or zero net magnetic force . They are called non
magnetic materials
Domains Three directions of magnetism
When Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt are exposed to a magnetic field, of forces, or
magnetizing force (H), its domain will align in three possible directions.
1. Easy – is the domain direction of alignment when exposed to a weak
magnetic field of force.
2. Semi hard – is the domains direction of alignment, when exposed
stronger magnetic field of force.
3. Hard – is the domains direction of alignment when exposed to a very
strong field of force, which causes saturation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Domain - the term that describes the arrangement molecules


in magnetic material to form magnetic entities.
• Saturation – is a situation where any increase in the amount of
the magnetizing force will have a very little magnetic field on
the material.
• Magnetic flux density (B) – the space around a magnetic pole
or magnetized body. This field causes other materials to
become magnetized or at least exerts a force on moving
electric charge.
• Magnetic field intensity or magnetizing force (H) – the
intensity of the magnetic field that causes a material to
become magnetized or causes a magnetic domains in a
material to align and become magnetized.
Magnetic material comparison
Ferromagnetic paramagnetic diamagnetic
& ferrimagnetic
Very strong attractive Very low attractive very low repellent
effect (domains easily align ffects (domains effects (domain
With the magnetizing force H) align with the magne- turn away with the
tizing force H) magnetizing force H)
With relative permeability with relative permeability with relative permeability
(µ ) very much greater than1 (µ ) slightly greater than 1 (µ ) less than 1

Common materials: Common materials: Common materials:


Iron, nickel or cobalt aluminum, chromium, bismuth, antimony,
ALNICO, Permalloys, manganese, platinum copper, silver, gold,
ferrites, and and carbon zinc and mercury
Magnetic oxides
Types of magnets
Magnets are made of ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
• Natural Magnets – A natural magnet that Exhibits permanent
magnetism, such as lodestone or magnetite.

• Artificial Magnets – produced by exposing or subjecting a magnetic


material into a magnetizing force.
Two types of artificial:

• Permanent Artificial magnet or permanent magnets

• Temporary Artificial Magnet or temporary magnets


Permanent Temporary
Applications
• Permanent magnets are used in : Meters, Head phones, Loud speakers
Radar transmitting tubes
• Temporary magnets are used in : Transformers , Chokes, relay & Circuit
Breakers

• ALNICO – is used to make powerful magnets, these alloys are very hard,
used in generators.

• HIPERNIK -
(trademark of the Westinghouse Electric Company) is an alloy of 50 percent
nickel useful for high-power transformers. Heating Permalloy containing 5
percent molybdenum in pure hydrogen
Ampere – turns of magnetomotive force (mmf)

Mmf = I x N
Mmf – magnetomotive force
I – current
N – number of turns
SI – mmf -----Ampere turns
CGS – mmf ---- Gilberts
Field intensity (H)
- This is the ratio of the magnetomotive force with that of the length of the coil.
- The ampere – turn of mmf specify the magnetizing force, but the intensity of the
magnetic field depends on how long the coils is.
H= mmf
L
H---field intensity
Mmf– magnetomotive force
L = length of the coil
Units :
SI = ampere – turns / meter
CGS = Gilbert /cm or oersted (Oe)
Conversion of units
0.0126 Oe = 1 A-t/m

Ex : 1000 A – t/m is how much in Oe?

Sol’n :

1000 A-t/m X 0.0126 Oe/1 A-t/m = 12.6 Oe


Permeability of materials (µ)
• enables an element to keep energy in, as well as discharge energy from, a magnetic
field. In short, it is The ability of the material to form magnetic fields in it.
• This is the ratio of the magnetic field (B) to the magnetizing force (H)

µ= B Henry/meter or T/(A.t/m) μ --- permeability


H B---flux density
µ = gauss/ oersted = G/Oe H---field intensity

Relative Permeability (µr) is the ratio of the permeability of the material to the permeability of vacuum or air.

µr = µ / µo ;
µo is the permeabilty of vacuum or air also called free space permeability
µo = 4Π x 10-7 T/A.t/m----- in Si
µo = 1 G/Oe ----- in cgs.

Since the µ & µo has the same unit, the relative permeability will have no unit.
examples
1. Calculate the Ampere turns of mmf for a coil of 2 turns with 5 – A
current ?
2. A coil with 4 – A is to provide the magnetizing force of 600 A . t ,
how many turns are necessary?
3. A coil with 400 turns must provide 800 A . t of magnetizing force.
How much current is necessary?
4. A magnetic material have a ur of 500. calculate the absolute
permeability (μ) in a) cgs units, b) SI units?
5. For this example of u = 630 x 10-6 T/(A.t/m), calculate the flux density
B that will be produced by field intensity H = 1000 A.t/m
Examples ans.
1. Mmf = 10 A.t
2. N = 150 turns
3. I = 2 A
4. u=ur x uo
a) u= 500 x 1 G/Oe = 500 G/Oe
b) u = 500 x 4Π x 10-7 T/(A.t/m = 628.32x 10-6 T/(A.t/m)
5. . B= 0.63 T
Magnetic flux (ɸ) - the lines of force representing the magnetic induction.
𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑁𝐼
ɸ = ℛ weber or = ℛ weber
where:
• ɸ = magnetic flux in weber
• mmf = magnetomotive force in Ampere – turns
• N – number of turns
• I = electrical current flowing in the coil
• ℛ = reluctance 1/ henry
Note: R ----- resistance
In cgs units
0.4𝚷𝑁𝐼
•ɸ= ℛ Maxwell
• ℛ = reluctance - Gilbert per Maxwell
Force between two charged bodies
The amount of force between two charge is given by Coulomb’s law:

8.988𝑥109𝑄1𝑄2
F= 𝑟2
Newtons
9x109Q1Q2
Or F = 2 N
𝑟

Where:
F – force in Newtons
Q1 - first charge in coulombs
Q2 – second charge in coulombs
r – distance between these two
charge in meters
Electromagnetic induction

Faraday’s Law
• States that the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit is
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux that cuts
across the circuit.
Sometimes broken into two laws:
Faradays first law electromagnetic induction
Electromotive force emf is induced when ever a conductor cuts
magnetic flux.

Faradays second law on electromagnetic induction


• The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the relative rate
of change of flux.
𝑑Φ
e=N 𝑑𝑡
where:
e = induced emf (volt)
N = number of turns of the conductor
𝑑Φ
= rate of change of flux (weber per second)
𝑑𝑡
As an example, suppose that magnetic flux cuts across 300 turns at the
rate of 2Wb/s.
calculate the induced voltage,
Induced emf in a short length of wire
This is known as the faraday’s principle
Φ
e = B L V or e =
𝑡
where :
e = induced emf (volts)
B = flux density at the location of the conductor (Tesla)
L = length of the conductor (meter)
V = relative velocity(capital letter V) (meter/sec)
ɸ = flux cut by the conductor (weber)
t = time of flux cutting (seconds)
Reluctance and reluctivity
The ability of a substance to conduct magnetic flux
𝐿
ℛ=v 𝐴
• Where:
ℛ = reluctance (1/Henry) or At.Wb
A = cross sectional area of the magnetic path in sq. m
L = length of the magnetic path (meter)
v = 1/uour =reluctivity(small letter v)
Uo = free space permeabilty
= 4 Π x 10-7 (SI) units
= 1 (cgs units)
Ur = relative permeability of the core
Energy stored in magnetic circuits

𝐵²
• Wm = ½ ℛ ɸ2 or Wm = ½ LA( )
μ

Where:
• Wm = energy stored in joules
• μ = permeability of core in a.t/m
• ℛ = reluctance in 1/henry or A.t/Wb
• Ф = flux is in Weber
• L = length of the magnetic path in meters
• B = flux density in tesla
Examples
1. A coil has an mmf of 600 A . t and reluctance 2 x 106 A t/Wb.
Calculate the total flux in microwebers.
2. A magnetic material has a total flux of 80 u Wb with an mmf
of 160A.t Calculate the reluctance in ampere-turns per weber.
3. For a coil having 50 turns and 2 A, how much is the mmf?
4. If this coil in no. 3 is on an iron core with a length of 0.2 m,
how much is the field intensity H throughout the iron?
5. If the iron core in example 4 has a relative permeability ur of
200, calculate the flux density B in tesla?
Answer examples
• 1. Ф = 300 uwb.
• 2. 2x106 A.t/wb
• 3. mmf = 100 A.t
• 4. H = mmf/l = 500 A.t/m
• 5. B = 0.126 T
Review before the quiz: UNITS
• Weber – SI unit of magnetic flux equals 108 lines or maxwells
• Maxwell – cgs unit of magnetic flux equal to one line of force.
• Gilbert – cgs unit for magnetomotive force
• Tesla - SI unit of magnetic flux density Equal to weber per Square
meter.
• Gaus – cgs units of magnetic flux density equal to Maxwell per square
centimeter
• Oersted - cgs unit of magnetic field strength equal to gilbert per
centimenter.
Reluctance & Permeance / Permeability & Reluctivity
• Reluctance – opposition offered in magnetic circuit to the flow of
magnetic flux.
• Permeance (P) - the reciprocal of reluctance
• Permeability (u) – ability of the material to allow magnetic flux to flow
• Reluctivity (v) - reciprocal of permeability
International system of MKS units (SI)

Quantity symbol unit


Flux--------- Ф-----------weber (wb)
Flux density---B-----------wb/m2 (tesla-T)
Potential ----mmf--------Ampere turn(A.t)
Field intensity –H---Ampere turn/meter(A.t/m)
Reluctance---ℛ--Ampere turn/weber(A.t/wb)
Permeance---ρ=1/ℛ- weber/ampere-turns(wb/a.t)
Relative permeability---- ur ------ none
Permeability – u = ur x 1.26x10-6 - T/A.t/m

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