Al Karma Language School

Prep 1
Science Booklet
Second Term

Name: ……………………………………………
:Class
…………………………………………
…

1
Unit(1)
Lesson(1):The chemical combination

-The number of known elements to us is 118 till now.

-They are classified into metals-nonmetals and noble gases.

(1)-Metals:

-They have less than four electrons in the outer energy

level(shell).

-They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

-They are solids except mercury is a liquid.

-They are malleable and ductile.

-They tend to be + ions by losing electrons.

Ion:

Charged atom.

Ex: Sodium 11 Na , Magnesium 12 Mg ,Aluminum Al.

13

11 Na (2,8,1 ) loses 1 e Na+ (2,8)

Mg(2,8,2)
12 lose 2e 12 Mg2+ (2,8)

A positive ion: is an atom which loses an electron or more

during the chemical reaction.

2
(2)-Non metal:

-They have more than four electrons in the outer energy

level(shell).

-They are bad conductors of heat and electricity except

graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

-They are solids( S ,P, C) gases (O2 ,H2), liquid bromine (Br2)

-They are not malleable and ductile.

-They tend to be - ions by gaining electrons.

Ex: Chlorine 17Cl, Oxygen 8O, Nitrogen 7N.

17 Cl (2,8,7) gain 1 e Cl- (2,8,8)

8 O (2,6) gain 2e O2- (2,8)

A negative ion: is an atom which gains an electron or more

during the chemical reaction.

3
Types of chemical bonds:

First: Ionic bond: is a bond resulted from the electric

attraction between a positive ion(metal) and a negative
ion(nonmetal).

Ex: NaCl , MgO

4
Second: covalent bond: is a bond formed by sharing
(participation) of electrons between two nonmetallic atoms to
complete the outer electron shell of each of them.

Types of covalent bond:

1-Single covalent bond (-):

Each atom shares with one electron.

Ex: Hydrogen H2 molecule.

2-Double covalent bond(=) :

Each atom shares with two electrons.

Ex: Oxygen O2 molecule.

5
3-Triple covalent bond ( Ξ ):

Each atom shares with three electrons.

Ex: Nitrogen N2 molecu

(3)-Noble gas (inert gas):

-It is an element which outer electron shell is completely

filled with electrons, so it doesn't share in chemical
reactions with any other elements.

-Each molecule consists of a single atom, noble elements are

not expected to form negative or positive ions in the ordinary
state.

Noble gases like

Helium-Neon-Argon-Krypton-Xenon-Radon

6
 Questions of lesson(1)
: Write the scientific )1(
Elements have luster, good conductors to heat and electricity, -1
malleable and ductile and they contain less than 4 electrons in outer
) ( . most energy level
) (.The only non-metal that exists in a liquid state -2

.An atom gave an electron or more during the chemical reaction -3

)
An atom gains one electron or more during the chemical reaction -4

.An atom that doesn’t give or gain any electrons -5

A bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion -6
. and a negative
A bond arises between two hydrogen atom, where each atom shares -7
.with one electron
A bond resulting from the participation of each of the two atoms -8
.with three electrons
:Complete the following statements )2(
The positive ion carries a number of positive charges ………….. the -1
.number of given electrons
During the chemical reaction, sodium atom 2311Na ………….. one -2
.electron and changes into ………….. ion
The number of electrons in the outer shell of magnesium 24 12Mg -3
..………… atom is ………….. while that of magnesium ion is
is the only liquid metal element, while ………….. is the only ..………… -4
.liquid non-metal element
The negative ion carries a number of negative charges equal to the -5
.number of ………….. electrons

7
During the formation of sodium chloride, 17Cl atom ………….. one -6
.electron and changes into to ………….. ion

:Give reason-3
When an atom of chlorine 17Cl is joined with an atom of sodium 11Na -1
the product will be an ionic compound but when two atoms of chlorine
.are joined together the product will be a covalent molecule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
.When an atom loses an electron it becomes a positive ion-2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
.When an atom gain an electron it becomes a negative ion -3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
.The bond in oxygen is a double covalent bond-4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
.The bond in nitrogen is triple covalent-5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
:Compare between-2
a-Positive ion and negative ion
Positive ion Negative ion

:EX :EX

8
:b-Metal and non metal

Metal Nonmetal

:.EX :.EX

.c-Ionic bond and covalent bond

Ionic bond Covalent bond

:.Ex :.EX

Write the electronic configuration and indicate the type of each -4

:element and the type of the formed ion
12Mg

16S

18Ar

Element Electronic Type of Type of ion

configuration element formed

Mg 12

16 S

Ar 18

Unit 1

9
 Lesson(2):Chemical compounds

The valency: is the number of electrons in the last

energy level that the atom gained or lost or even shared
during a chemical reaction.

Ex: Sodium 11Na 2,8,1 loses 1 e to be sodium ion Na+(2,8) so

it's valency is 1 (monovalent)

Ex2:Oxygen 8O (2,6) gains 2e to be oxygen negative ion O 2-

(2,8)

Element Symbol Valency Element Symbol Valency

(metal) (non-metal)
Sodium Na 1 Fluorine F 1
Potassium K 1 Chlorine Cl 1
Lithium Li 1 Bromine Br 1
Silver Ag 1 Iodine I 1
Calcium Ca 2 Oxygen O 2
Zinc Zn 2 Sulphur S 2 or4 or 6
Magnesium Mg 2 Nitrogen N 3 or 5
Lead Pb 2 Phosphorus P 3 or 5
Copper Cu 1 or 2 Carbon C 4
Iron Fe 2 or 3
Gold Au 3

10
 Atomic group: is a set( group) of atoms that behaves as one
atom in chemical reactions and have its own valency and it is
not existed solely.

Atomic group Symbol Valency

name

Ammonium NH4+ 1

Nitrate NO3-1 1

Nitrite NO2-1 1

hydroxide OH- 1

bicarbonate HCO3- 1

Carbonate CO32- 2

Sulphate SO42- 2

Phosphate PO43- 3

11
Chemical formula: is a formula that represents the type and
number of atoms in a molecule.

Ex: Water formula is H2O means it has 2 atoms of hydrogen

and one atom of oxygen .

-Steps of writing a chemical formula:

1-write the name of the compound in words.

2-Write the symbols of each element or group.

3-Write the valency of each element.

4-Exchange valencies.

5-Numbers should be shortened as much as we can.

6-In case of atomic groups if the number is more than one put
the group in brackets and write the number right down it.

12
Ex1: sodium hydroxide

Na OH

1 1

The formula is NaOH

Ex2: Sodium sulphate

Na SO4

1 2 The formula is Na2SO4

Ex3: Calcium nitrate

Ca NO3

2 1 The formula is Ca (NO3)2

13
Type of the
compound Acids Bases Oxides Salts
Definition Are Are Are the Are produced from
substances substances substance the combination of
that that that results a positive metal ion
dissociate dissociate from the or atomic group
in water to in water to combination with a non metal
form form of oxygen ion except oxygen .
+
Hydrogen(H ) hydroxide and the
ion(protons) ions(OH)- element.
Examples Hydrochloric Sodium Metal oxides (A)Dissolve in
acid HCl hydroxide ex:sodium water:
NaOH oxide Na2O Ex:
Sulphuric Potassium Aluminum 1-Sodium chloride
acid H2SO4 hydroxide Oxide NaCl(table salt)
KOH Al2O3 2-Potassium sulphate
Nitric acid
3-Calcium Non metal K2SO4
HNO3
hydroxide oxide 3-Calcium nitrate
Lime water ex: Ca (NO3)2
Ca(OH)2 Carbon 4-Sodium sulphide
dioxide Na2S
CO2 (B)Undissolved in
Sulphur water:
trioxide SO3 Silver chloride AgCl
2-Lead iodide PbI2
3-Lead sulphate
PbSO4

14
 Questions of lesson(2)

:Complete-1
The valency of aluminum 13Al is ………….. while that of calcium 20Ca -1
..………… is
The valency of sulphur atom may be ………….., ………….. or -2
..…………
The symbol of sulphate group is ………….. and it is formed of -3
.………….. atoms of ………….. different elements
The chemical formula of sodium carbonate is ………….. and it -4
.consists of ………….. atoms of ………….. different elements
If the chemical formula of aluminum sulphate is Al2(SO4)3, so -5
the valency of Aluminum atom is ………….. while the valency of
..………… sulphate group is
The valency of sodium in sodium carbonate Na2CO3 is ………….. -5
..………… and its valency in sodium chloride NaCl is
On dissolving in water, acids give positive ………….. ion and alkalis -6
.give negative ………….. ion
:Give the scientific term-2
The number of electrons gained, lost or even shared by an atom -1
) ( . during a chemical reaction
A set of atoms joined together, behave like one -2
.atom only, having a special valency and can’t be existed solely
) (
Compound dissolved in water producing positive hydrogen ion -3
) (

15
Substances are dissociated in water producing negative -4
.hydroxide ions
) (
Compounds resulted from the combination between oxygen and -5
) ( .an element even through it is metal or non-metal
Compounds produced as a result of the chemical combination of -6
.a positive metal ion with a negative atomic group except oxygen
) (
3-Give reason:

All acids turn the color of litmus to red, having a sour taste, -1
where all bases turn the color of litmus to be blue with a
.bitter taste
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
.Portassium 19K is monovalent where oxygen 8O is a divalent-2
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
An oxygen atom joins two atoms of sodium when composing one -3
.molecule of sodium oxide
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
:Write the chemical formula for the following molecules -4
Magnesium oxide-1
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
Sodium sulphate-2
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………

16
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
copper nitrate-3
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………

Sulphuric acid -4
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
calcium chloride-5
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………

17
 Unit 1

Lesson(3)Chemical reaction

Chemical reaction: is breaking the existing bonds in reactants

molecules to form new bonds between the atoms of products
.molecules

Chemical equation: is a set of symbols and formulae that

represents the reactants and products molecules and
.conditions in the chemical reaction

A chemical equation should be balanced: means the number of

reactants atoms should be equal to the number of products
.atoms

:Ex

Mg+O2 2MgO

:Activity

18
 :In the chemical reaction

2Mg+O2 2MgO

If you know that the mass of magnesium is 24,the mass of

:oxygen is 16, calculate the masses of reactants and products

:Answer

(24x2) + (2x16)2x (16+24)

48+32 2x40

80 80

?What do you observe

The mass of reactants = Mass of products

Conclusion: The total mass of reactants = the total mass of

products.(This is known as the Law of constant ratios)

:Types of chemical reactions

1. Direct combination reactions:

A) Element + element
C + O2 Δ CO 2

:B) Compound + element

19
 Carbon monoxide oxygen
2CO + O2 Δ 2CO2

C)Compound + compound:
NH3 + HCl NH 4Cl
Ammonia gas hydrochloric acid Ammonium chloride(white fumes)

:Benefits of chemical reactions

In medicine-1

Fertilizers industry-2

fuel-3

.Plastic industry and others-4

:Harms

Fuel burning causes environmental pollution due to presence -1

:of harmful gases as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

:a-CO carbon monoxide

Fainting 2-Headach -1
.3-Severe stomach aches and may lead to death

:b-CO2 carbon dioxide

20
Causes greenhouse effect, it permits penetration of thermal
.rays from the sun to Earth and never let the return back

:Sulphur oxides-2

Sulphur dioxide SO2 -Sulphur trioxide SO3-

:They are acidic gases causing

.Respiratory system malfunctions-1

.Building erosion-2

:Nitrogen oxides-3

Nitric oxide NO - Nitrogen dioxide NO 2-

They are produced from lightning and they affect nervous

.system and eyes

:Burning coal and cellulose-4

Burning paper and cigarettes cause air pollution and lung

.cancer

21
 Questions of lesson(3)

:Complete-1

1-2Mg + O2 -------------
The magnesium atom combines with …………… atom to form …………… -2
.molecule
If 48 gm of magnesium combine with 32 gms, of oxygen, they -3
…………… produce …………… gm of
…………… When fuel is burned in air, it gives -4
Sulphur oxides such as …………… and …………… are acidic gases which -5
…………… cause building
Burning of coal and cellulose fibers causes …………… pollution and -6
……………
.Carbon monoxide gas causes………………,…………………and sever stomach aches -7
:Give the scientific term-2
Reactions which involve combination between an element with -1
) ( .another or compound with another
White fume formed on placing a glass rod wet with ammonia close to -2
) ( .the mouth of a test tube containing conc. hydrochloric acid
.Poisonous gases that affect the eyes and the nervous system -3
) (
Is breaking the existing bonds in reactants molecules to form new bonds -4
) ( .between the atoms of products' molecules
Is a set of symbols and formulae that represents the reactants and -5
) (.products molecules and conditions in the chemical reaction

22
:Write the chemical equation representing the following reactions -3

.Carbon burning in the presence of oxygen-1

………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

.Hydrochloric acid is combined with ammonia-2

………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

.The reaction between carbon monoxide with oxygen-3

………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

:Givereason-4

.Achemical equation should be balanced -1

………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

White fumes are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia -2
.gas
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

.CO2 gas acts as greenhouse effect -3

………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

23
.Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas -4
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

Knowing that the mass of carbon is 12 and oxygen is 16,find the -3

.total masses of reactants and products

C+O2 CO2
………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………

……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

24
 Unit (2):Lesson(1)
Universal forces in nature
Force: is an attempt to change the object phase from being
static to motion or vice versa, or attempts to change the
.motion direction

:Types of force

:Attraction forces-1

Object weight (w): It is the product of an object mass(m)x

.Earth's gravity (acceleration)

W=m x g

Note: an object weight changes from a place to another

.whereas it's mass remains fixed

25
:Units

Mass Kg - gravity m/s 2-

force newton (N)-

Ex: Calculate the weight of an object if it's mass is 100 kg if

.the Earth's gravity acceleration is 9.8 m/s2

:Solution

Weight=mass x Earth's gravity acceleration

.x 9.8 = 980 Newton 100=

:Electromagnetic forces-2

: A) Electromagnet

26
It is made up of isolated copper wire coiling around a bar of
soft iron, and when an electric current passes through, it
.works as a magnet

:Uses

.Lift scrap iron. 2- Electric bells -1

:B)Electric generator

Are sets converting the mechanical energy into electric

.energy as dynamo

:C) Electric motor

.Convert electric energy into mechanical energy-

It exists in fans and blenders (mixer) -

:Nuclear forces-3

massive amount of energy stored in the nucleus of the

.atom

27
 :Nuclear forces are divided into

:Weak nuclear forces-1

.used in medical research, scientific researches

:Strong nuclear forces -2

used in producing electric energy from the nuclear

.energy and in military purposes too

Questions of lesson (1)

A)-Complete the following statements:

1. The attraction force (weight) = -------- x ----------.

2. The measuring unit of object’s mass is ---------, while the unit of

acceleration is -----------.

3. The attraction force increases when the mass of the body------.

4. The book on a table remains static because there is no -------- acting on

it.

5. The measuring unit of force is -----------.

2-Choose the correct answer:

1. Universal forces in nature are -------------.

28
(attraction forces – electromagnetic forces – nuclear forces –all the
previous)

2. The apple falls down due to the effect of -------------.

(electromagnetic forces – attraction forces – nuclear forces)

3. The attraction force is measured in ---------.

(kilogram – coulomb – Newton – m/s2)

4.Electromagnet converts……………….

a-electric to mechanical b-magnetic to electric

c-electric to magnetic d-all the previous

3-Choose from column (B) what suits in column (A):

(A) (B)
1. Newton a. Gravity acceleration.

2. m/s2 b. Mass

3. Kg c. Force

4. M d. Distance

:Define-4

.Weight-1

29
 ..…………………
………………………………………………………………………………
.……………
Force-2
………………………………………………………………………………
.…………………………………

:Give reason-5

.An object weight is changed from a planet to a another -1

.…………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

6-Problems:

If the earth's gravity acceleration in a place is 9.8 m/s 2,find -1

:the weight of the following

.a- 0.3 kg mass ball

.…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

.b- 50kg mass boy

30
 .…………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
…
c- 100 kg mass boy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

3-Calculate the mass of an object if the attraction force equals 60

Newton and the gravity acceleration equals 9.8 m/s2.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit 2

Lesson(2) Accompanied forces with motion

:First: Inertia

31
Is a property of an object to resist the change of its phase
from rest to motion in regular speed and in straight line
.unless an external force acted on it

Or each object can't change its phase unless an external

.force acted on it

:Ex

Vehicles (buses) passengers or driver are rushed forward -1

once the vehicle stops .( due to Inertia force they resist
their phase.)

A football player is rushed forward and falls on the ground -2

.if he is tripped during running

:Activity1

place a card board paper on the top of a glass cup and put a -1
.coin on it

.Use your index finger to deliver a quick hit to the paper -2

?What happens

.The coin falls down in the same position

:Conclusion

.The coin resists change in its position due to inertia force

:Safety belt and inertia forces

32
Work on stopping the forces of inertia not to injure car or
.plane passengers when a sudden change in motion occurs

:Second: Friction force

Friction among the object in motion with the ground, air or a

surrounding medium generates a force against the motion to
.resist it

:Benefits of friction

.It prevents feet from slipping on roads during walking -1

It helps to stop and start car's motion -2

:Harms of friction

It causes as great loss of mechanical energy because this -1

energy changed into heat

.Expansion of some parts of machines due to heat -2

.Erosion of machines parts and their damage -3

:Give reason

.Car tires are covered with a very coarse substance -1

To increase friction with the road to slow down the #

.moving car to avoid occurrence of accidents

33
.Lubricating and oiling mechanical machines -2

To decrease friction to avoid their damage #

:Third: Forces inside living systems

There are forces inside living systems enable them to do *

:their different biological operations

.Heart muscles contractions and relaxations -1

.Pulse inside blood vessels -2

Liquid transport through pores and walls of cells from the -3

.lower concentration to the higher one

.The contractions and relaxations of body muscles -4

Fourth : Force due motion in circular path

Centripetal force.

Rotation of planets around the sun.

34
 Questions of lesson (2)
1:-Write the scientific term:
1. The forces which are generated when objects move in circular paths.

(------------------)

2. The property of an object to resist the change of its phase from rest to motion
unless an external force acted upon it. (-------------------)

3. The resistance forces originated between the surface of the object in motion&
the medium touching it. (-------------------)

2- Give reasons:
1-A football player is rushed forward& falls if he is tripped during running.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
2-Lubricating& oiling mechanical machines.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
3-The Earth revolves around the sun without falling in it.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
4-The coin falls in the same position when you pull the card below on a cup.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
.The car passenger is rushed forward when the car stops suddenly -5
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
35
.Policemen advise drivers using safety belts in cars and planes -6
……………………………………………………………………………………
……
The car passenger is rushed backward when the car moves -7
.suddenly
.………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
.Spare parts of car are covered with grease -4
..……………………
………………………………………………………………………………
…
:Name three benefits and three harms of friction forces -3
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------

36
37
 Unit 2

Lesson(3)Motion

:Relative motion

It is the change of an object position or direction as time

passes relative to another object or to a fixed point known as
.frame of reference

:Types of motion

:Periodic motion-1

It is the motion which is regularly repeated in equal periods of

:time as

.a- Vibrating motion: as pendulum

.b- Circular motion: as a fan arm

.c- Wave motion: as water waves

38
:Transitional motion-2

It is the motion in which the object position changed in

proportion to a fixed point (frame of reference) as time
passes from an initial position to final position, as train and
.bike motion

:Applications of wave motion

:Lighting and thunder

.Thunder sound transfers as mechanical waves

.Lightning waves transfer as electromagnetic waves

Types of waves

:A-Mechanical waves: characterized by

.Vibrate of medium particles -1

.It needs a medium to transfer through -2

.It's speed is low-3

Ex: 1-Sound waves 2-water waves

39
Applications of mechanical weaves:

1-Examining and curing sets for the human body using sound
waves.

2-Stringed musical instruments as violin, lute and guitar, and

pneumatic musical instruments as flute and reed pipe.

3-Amplifires and sets of distributing sound in broadcasting.

B-Electromagnetic waves:

-They are accompanied with electromagnetic forces and

spread out in all media and space (no material), these waves'
speed are extremely great reaches:

300 million m/s.(3 x 108 m/s)

Ex: light waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays-

gamma rays.

1-Infra red:

1-Night vision apparatus.

2-Making remote control sets.

40
3-In cooking food.

4-Remote sensing instrument to photograph Earth's surface

using satellites.

2-Ultraviolet(UV):

1-Sterilizing the sets of surgical operation rooms.

3-Gammma rays:

In medical purposes as treatment and discovery of swellings.

4-Visible light:

1-In photographing cameras

2-In TV cameras

3-In light shows(data show).

:X rays-5

Photographing bones for detecting the sites of bone -1

.fractures

.Studying the inner structure of minerals crystals -2

Examining mineral rows in industry and showing errors, -3

.pores and cracks in these minerals

41
:Graphing motion
:Regular speed-1

-Object moves equal displacements in every second in a

certain direction.

-It is represented by a straight line passes through the origin

point on Displacement(m)

(Displacement-time) graph.

time(sec.

2-Irregular speed:

-Object moves unequal displacements in every second in a

certain direction.

-It is represented by a curved line passes through the origin

point on (Displacement-time) graph.
Displacement(m)

time(sec)

42
3-Static object:

If the displacement value is fixed(doesn't change with time)

it's said that the object is in static state and can be graphed
by a straight line parallel to the axis of time.
displacement(m)

time(sec.)

Displacement: it is the distance at which an object moves

away from its original position at any moment.

Questions of lesson(3)
43
 1-Write scientific term:

1-The change in an object position or direction with the time passes relative
to another object, known as a frame of reference.

( )

2. The motion in which the object’s position is changed relative to a fixed

point from time to time. ( )

3. The wave which is produced by the vibration of a medium particles.

( )

4. The motion which is regularly repeated in equal periods of time

( )

5. The waves which are accompanied by Electric. ( )

6. The velocity of the body in which its displacements occurred every second

is equal. ( )

7-The distance in which an object moves away from its original position at

any moment. ( )

2- Compare between :

1-Transitional –periodic motion

44
2-Electromagnetic-mechanical waves.

3-Give examples for:

1. A circular motion -------------------------------

2. Transitional motion -------------------------------

3. Vibrating motion --------------------------------

4. Wave motion --------------------------------

5. Mechanical wave -------------------------------

6. Electromagnetic wave -------------------------------

4-Write the uses of each:

1. Ultraviolet ray
-------------------------------------.

2. X-ray
--------------------------------------------.

3. Infrared rays
--------------------------------------.

4. Gamma ray
----------------------------------------.

45
5. Visible light
---------------------------------------.

6. Mechanical wave
-----------------------------------.

5-A)-Mention the type of motion in each graph( each graph show the
displacement – time graph:

6-Define:

1-Speed

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-Transitional motion

……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………

3-Relative motion

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-Periodic motion

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7-Give reason:
46
1-We receive the sun light at the same time we don't hear the explosions
of the sun.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-Astronauts can't hear each other voices directly in space.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-We see lightning before hearing thunder.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-It's more favorable using wireless connection than amplifiers when two
people are telecommunicating.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Unit(3)

47
 Lesson (1( Celestial bodies

*Stars: They are big sized (celestial) bodies emit enormous

amounts of heat & light.

They are a huge number & the distance between them very
large so we measure them by light year.

*Light year: It is the distance covered by light in one

year.

Light year= 9.467x1012km

(d) in kilometer = (d) by light year × (9.467 ×1012)

*Galaxies: They are grand (bigger) units forming universe.

OR They are tremendous collection of stars. OR They are a
system of thousands of millions of stars.

*Milky way galaxy: Spiral arms extend from it where sun

(solar system) lies on one spiral arm.

*Telescopes: They are instruments used to discover

(identifying) celestial bodies.

They are two types: (Reflection telescope & Refraction

telescope).

48
*Solar system: Consists of: 1)-Sun 2)-Planets

3)-Moons (natural satellites) 4)-Other celestial bodies.

1)-Sun: It is medium size star in solar system.

OR It is the biggest body in solar system.

-It lies in the center of solar system & all bodies revolve
around it.

2)-Planets: They are eight spherical opaque bodies revolve

around sun in one direction.

 Newton is the scientist who said that there is

attraction force between planets it depends upon:
Mass of -1 -1
planets
2- Distance
between
planets.

1-Inner planets:

1-They are nearest four planets to sun.

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2-Mercury, Venus, Earth& Mars.

3-Small in size

4-Structure: rocky components.

5-Higher density (from 3.3 to 5.5 g/cm3)

6-A few number of moons rotate around them.

-The Earth (one moon)& mars (two) but mercury and Venus
have no moons

7-They have large gravitational force.

8-They've an atmosphere.

2-Outer planets:

1-They are farthest four planets from the sun.

2- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus& Neptune.

3-Big in size 4-Solidified gases.

5-Lower density (from 0.7 to 1.3 g/cm3)

6-They have large number of moons.

7-They have small gravitational force

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- Smallest planet is: mercury -largest planet is: Jupiter.
-Smallest planet in gravity: is Mars, but largest one in
gravity: is Jupiter.
-Earth: is 6th in gravity, 3rd in distance from sun and 4th
in volume (size).

3)-Moons: They are small planets (satellites) affected by the

gravity of larger planets & rotate around them.

The planet Number of moons

1-Mercury None

2-Venus None

3-Earth One

4-Mars Two

5-Jupiter Sixty two

6-Saturn Sixty

7-Uranus Twenty seven

8-Neptune Twelve

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4)-Other celestial bodies:

1-Asteriods: They are rocky bodies rotate around sun in

region of belt of wanderer asteroids

*-Belt of wanderer asteroids: It is the region separates the

group of inner & outer planets.

2-Meteors: They are luminous arrows that can be seen in sky

due to completely burning of small rocky masses in Earth’s
atmosphere.

3-Meteorites: They are the remaining part of rocky masses

without burning that fall on Earth’s surface.

Ex: Meteorite exists at southern west of Africa.

4-Comets: They are masses of rocks, ice and solidified gases

that revolve around sun in more elongated elliptical orbits
intersecting with orbits of planets.

*-Consists of:

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1.Head: Contains icy spheres that mixture of solidified gases
(nitrogen, carbon dioxide& methane gases), rocky parts & Dust
and water molecules.

2.Tail: Gaseous cloud.

*-Halley comet: Is famous comet in which completes its

revolution around sun each 76 years and its orbit is
intersecting with earth’s orbit.

Questions of lesson (1)

53
:Complete-1

.The --------- are celestial bodies that emit heat& light .1

are the biggest unit of the universe while the galaxy ------------- .2

.------------------ That our system belongs to is called

Planet has the biggest number of moons, while Mars has ----------------- .3
.------------------------- moons only
.The ------ belt separates the inner from the outer planets .4

The head of the comet is a mixture of ---------, ----------, ----& water .5

.molecules while the ---------------consists of a gaseous cloud

The scientist ---------------------------- proved that there is a force of .6

.gravity between 2 objects in space

.-------------- &---------- The two types of telescopes are .7

:Write the scientific term-2

) (. The distance covered by light in a year .1

.A group of millions of stars .2

) (. It consists of the sun, 8 planets revolving around it .3

) ( .The satellite of earth, which is affected by its gravity .4

) (.The celestial bodies which are formed of stones& rocks .5

) ( .The celestial bodies which form luminous arrows in the sky .6

54
 Celestial bodies which penetrate the atmosphere& some of them reaches .7
) ( .the earth's surface

Celestial bodies which consist of head& tail and composed of rocks, ice& .8
) ( . solidified gases

) ( .The most famous comet which was seen in 1986 .9

The most important instrument that are used in identifying the .10
) ( . Celestial bodies

:Give reasons -3

.The presence of hydrogen gas in a solidified state in outer planets group -1

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………

.The outer planets have low densities-2

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………

Astronomers don’t measure the distance between stars by light -3

.years
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………

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 : Compare-4

:Inner and outer planet-1

Outer planets Inner planets Points

----------------- ---------------- 1. Size

----------------- ----------------

----------------- ---------------- 2. Distance

----------------- ---------------- from the sun

3. Density

:Meteorites and meteors-2

Asteriods and planets-3

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 Unit 3

Lesson(2)The Earth
1-Earth revolves around sun by the action of gravity in
365.25 days.

2-Earth is third planet from sun where distance between

them = 150 million kilometers.

3-Earths shape is spherical object about to be completely

circular accompanied with a slight flattening at two poles and
indented outward at equator. So the tropical radius is about
22 km larger than polar radius.

4-The Earth ‘s volume is medium between planets where its

order is the fourth.

-Because it is the biggest inner planet it’s average radius is

about (6368 km).

5-The Earth’s mass is the biggest mass in inner planets it’s

mass about 5.9 x1024 Kg.

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*Characteristics of Earth that support continuity of life:

1)-Earth’s atmosphere: surrounding Earth & appears like a

white color.

*Consists of:

1-Oxygen gas (21%): used in respiration & combustion of fuel.

2-Nitrogen gas (78%): reduce the effect of oxygen in

combustion & plants used it to form proteins.

3-Carbon dioxide gas: it is used by plants to form food by

photosynthesis process.

*Importance of atmosphere:

1-It helps in burning millions of meteors & reducing speed of

large meteors.

2-Weather & climate take place in it such as (wind motion-

clouds formation-rains).

3-It is suitable for life.

4-It contains ozone layer which protects living organisms from

harmful ultraviolet rays.

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2)-Earths hydrosphere (Water):

Two types:

1-Salty water: It represents 97% of water area on earth.

-It exists in oceans& seas.

2-Fresh water: It represents 3% of water area on Earth.

-It exists in rivers, lakes, snow at two poles.

*Importance of water to living organisms:

1-Used in photosynthesis process of plants.

2-Used in digestion and absorption processes.

3-Forming blood.

4-Stablizing body temperature.

5-More than 50% of living organisms live in it.

6-Organize the temperature of land.

3)-The suitable temperature: Suitable temperature at day and

night (G.R).

Because Earth’s position is the 3rd from sun.

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4)-The gravity:

a-It keeps objects & living organisms on its surface.

b-It keeps hydrosphere on its surface.

c-It keeps atmosphere surrounding earth.

5)-Suitable air pressure:

Earth characterized by suitable air pressure for life about 76

cm Hg.

*The inner structure of Earth:

1) First layer: (Earth crust): ranges between 8-50 km.

2) Second layer: (the mantle):about 2885 km& is rocky layer.

3) Third layer (the core):

1-Outer core: it is molten metals, about 2270 km.

2-Inner core: it is solid layer rich in iron & nickel, about 1216
km.

60
 Inner structure of Earth

Questions of lesson (2)

:Complete-1

1. The ------------------------------ occupies the center of the solar

system.

2. The distance between earth& sun is about-------------

61
 3. The earth is the ------------- planet regarding the distance from

the sun, while it is the ----------------------------- order regarding to

volume.

4. The suitable atmospheric pressure is about --------------------.

5. The salty water represents --------------% , while the fresh water

is about-------------------%

6. The layers of the earth are ----------, --------& ---------------------

:Write the scientific term -2

1-The inner layer of the earth. ( )

2-The outer layer of the earth. ( )

3-The middle layer of the earth that lies between crust& core.

3-Put (/) or (x):

1-The water of oceans is fresh water. ( )

2-The earth inner core is rich in iron and nickel. ( )

3-Green plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis process. ( )

4-Mantle layer lies beneath the Earth’s outer core. ( )

62
:Write the function of-4

1-Carbon dioxide gas:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-Ozone layer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-Oxygen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

.Nitrogen gas-4

…………………………………………………………………………………

.Hydrosphere-5

…………………………………………………………………………………

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5-Give reason:

1-Temprature on earth’s surface suits the life of the living

organisms.

……………………………………………………………………………………

2-Earth’s inner core is rich in iron and nickel.

……………………………………………………………………………………

3-Steadfastness of the hydrosphere on earth’s surface.

……………………………………………………………………………………

:Compare between-6

Inner core Outer core P.O.C

------------------- -----------------
------------------- -----------------
------------------- -----------------

64
 Unit 3
Lesson(3)Rocks and Minerals
-The Earth’s crust consists of a group of different rocks that
are formed through millions of years.

*The crust consists of soil & soil basis:

(1)The soil:

It is a thin non- compacted layer which covers Earth’s crust.

1-It is fragmented and loss.

2-It consists of a mixture of mineral substances, water, air,

decayed organic materials& plant roots.

(2-)The solid basis:

It consists of different types of rocks.

*Rock:

It is a natural solid material that exists in Earth’s crust and it

is formed of one mineral or group of minerals.

65
Types of rocks

1-Igneons rocks. 2-Sedimentary rocks.

3-Metamorphic rocks.

1-Igneons rocks:

*We know the outer core consists of magma that push the
bottom of earth’s crust and fill some gaps and cracks. That
makes volcanic flows out that is known as (Lava).

When lava and magma cool& solidify . Igneous rocks is

formed.
 *Magma: It is a very hot thick (viscous) liquid below
earth’s crust.
 *Lava: It is the magma reaches to Earth’s surface.

*Igneous rocks: They are rocks formed by solidification of

magma under earth’s crust or Lava on earth’s surface.

Types of Igneous rocks:

1-Plutonic rocks:

1-The cooling of magma at depth of earth’s crust slowly &

their crystals are large-sized (G.R)

Because minerals of rocks take a long time to crystallize.

2-They have coarse texture.

66
3- Ex: Granite:

-Color: pink or grey.

-Minerals: seen by naked eye -Heavy, rough, solid, cohesive&

it is not easily broken.

-Types of minerals: Quartz, feldspar& mica. -Found in:

Eastern desert & Sinai peninsula.

2-Surface (volcanic) rocks

1-The cooling of lava on earth’s surface quickly & their
crystals are small sized (G.R).

Because minerals which formed rocks take short time to

crystallize.

2-They have smooth texture& contains small holes.

3- Ex: Basalt:

-Dark colored – Crystals Can’t be seen by naked eye.

-Types of minerals: Olivine, feldspar, pyroxene.

-Found in: Egypt in in Abo-ZaabalAbourawash & El-Fayoum..

67
2-Sedimentary rocks:
They represent about 5% of total volume of Earth’s crust but
covers about 75% of surface of Earth’s solid mass.

*Formation of sedimentary rocks:

1-Erossion:

(fragmentation & disintegration) of sedimentary, Igneous&

metamorphic rocks.

2-Transportation:

The fragmented particles of rocks transport by water

currents or by air.

3-Sedimentation (deposition):

The particles of rocks deposited together forming

sedimentary rocks.

*Lithification: When the weight of deposited layers increase

above each other as increase the pressure, so decrease the
ratio of water existing between grains.

 -The layers in bottom are older& above ones are more

recent

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*Sedimentary rocks: They are rocks formed from the
fragments and decomposed products of other rocks or they
are rocks formed from cohesive of sediments.

Examples of sedimentary rocks

1- Sand stone 2- Lime stone CaCO3

1-yellow colour. 1-White colour.

2-Coarse texture. 2-Smooth texture.

3-Has shape of thin layer. 3-Has shape of thin layer.

4-Forms from minerals: 4-Forms from mineral:

quartz, feldspar & mica.
calcite (calcium carbonate).
5-Doesn’t react with (HCl).
5-React with (HCl) & produces
carbon dioxide gas.

3-Metamorphic rocks:

-They are rocks originated as a result of exposing the old

rocks (Igneous or sedimentary) to factors of pressure or high
temperature or both of them.

69
Ex:

Marble: CaCO3

- It’s produced from conversion of limestone.

-Its texture is coarse (rough).

-Its colour is white if pure &other colours when it contains

impurities.

-It has more solidity than lime stone.

70
 Questions of lesson(3)
:Classify the following rocks -1

Type The rock

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Granite
-------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Basalt
--------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sandstone
-------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Limestone
--------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Marble
--------

:Write the scientific term -2

A natural solid material exists in the earth's crust& is formed of a group of .1

) ( . minerals

A thin, fragmented& loosened layer consists of a mixture of mineral salts, .2

) ( .water, air& decayed organic substances

The type of rocks which are formed from the molten matter underneath the .3
) ( . earth's crust

71
The type of igneous rocks which are formed when magma reaches earth's .4
) ( .surface in the form of a flow of lava

The type of rocks which are formed when other rocks are exposed to high .5
) ( . pressure& temperature

.The mineral which is formed of a mixture of calcium& iron silicate .6

) (

-:Complete-3

1. The molten matter underneath the earth surface is called -----------

while when they reach the earth surface they form ------------.
2. ------------& ------------are examples of igneous rocks.
3. Granite consists of 3 main minerals which are ----------, -------&--------
4. Basalt consists of ------------& ---------------.
The sedimentary rocks are formed of 3 processes which are:-5
.…………………………………………………………,…………………………….and

--------------------- Lime stone reacts with hydrochloric acid producing -6

:Compare between)A(-4

72
 Basalt Granite Points

---------------------- ---------------- Type

--------------------- ---------------- Colour

………………………………… ……………………………… Minerals

..………… .

:B)Compare between

Limestone Sandstone Points

------------------ ----------------- Colour

------------------ ----------------- Texture

------------------ --------------------------- Structure

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