Lord, thank you for the unique gifts You

have given us. Fill us with fresh

enthusiasm and a heart that is excited to
learn and grow. Cover us with Your
enduring love, give us confidence and
grace, and equip us with the ability to
persevere through trials. AMEN. Glory
be…
MATH 406
Lesson 1
Integration
Concept
 integration
It is the inverse process of
differentiation. It is the process of
finding the integral/antiderivative.
 Given Process Answer
Function Differentiation Derivative

Derivative Integration Function

 ‫ ׬‬− integral sign
Integration
𝟏𝟎𝒙 – the given derivative of the
notation unknown function which is called
the integrand
න 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪 𝒅𝒙 – the differential of x, this tells
what variable of integration is
𝟓𝒙𝟐 – the particular integral
𝑪 – the constant of integration
 Antiderivative
In order to calculate integrals, it's important
to be able to find antiderivatives of functions. An
antiderivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is a function
whose derivative is equal to 𝑓(𝑥).
That is, if 𝐹′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝐹(𝑥)
is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
 Antiderivatives are not unique. A given function
can have many antiderivatives. For instance, the
following functions are all antiderivatives of 𝑥 2 :
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3
, + 1, − 42, +π
3 3 3 3

Any two antiderivatives of a given function differ by a

constant. This allows us to write a general formula for
2
any antiderivative of 𝑥 :
𝑥3
+ 𝐶 ,where C is a constant.
3
 Types of
Integral Definite Integral - integral with
Indefinite Integral
limits of integration and with
- integral without
definite value as answer.
limits of integration
Example:
Example: 2 2
‫׬‬1 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙 = (𝟓𝒙𝟐 )]
1
න 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪 = 𝟓(𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐

= 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟓
Basic Integration Rules

Constant Rule
Power Rule
Constant Multiple Rule
Sum and Difference Rule
Constant Rule
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:
𝒅
න 𝒂𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
= 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 =𝒂+𝟎
=𝒂
Examples 𝟑. න 𝝅𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅𝒙 + 𝑪

𝟏. න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒. න 𝟎. 𝟓𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒚 + 𝑪

𝟐. න 𝟑𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
Power Rule
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:

𝒏+𝟏 𝒅 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒙 +𝑪
න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪 𝒅𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒅 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒅
= + 𝑪
𝒅𝒙 𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏−𝟏
= +𝟎
𝒏+𝟏
𝒏
=𝒙
 Examples
𝟐.𝟓+𝟏 𝒛𝟑.𝟓
𝟐.𝟓 𝒅𝒛 𝒛
𝒙𝟐+𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝟑. න 𝒛 = +𝑪= +𝑪
𝟐
𝟏. න 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟏 𝟑. 𝟓
+𝑪= +𝑪
𝟐+𝟏 𝟑
𝒑 𝟑+𝟏
𝒚𝟏+𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝟒. න 𝒑 𝟑 𝒅𝒑 = +𝑪
𝟐. න 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = +𝑪= +𝑪 𝟑+𝟏
𝟏+𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓
𝟐 𝒕𝟑+𝟏 𝒕𝟑 𝟑𝒕𝟑
𝟓. න 𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕 = + 𝑪= +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓
+𝟏 𝟑
𝟑
 Constant Multiple Rule
න 𝒄𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 න 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

Sum and Difference Rule

න 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒇𝟐 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒇𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= න 𝒇𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝒇𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ + න 𝒇𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Examples
𝟏. න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 න 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐. න 𝟒. 𝟔𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟔 න 𝒚𝒅𝒚

𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒚𝟏+𝟏
=𝟑 +𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟔 +𝑪
𝟐+𝟏 𝟏+𝟏
𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐
=𝟑 +𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟔 +𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
= 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪
 Example
𝟑. න 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐

= න 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟓𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 )

= 𝟐 න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒙𝟐
=𝟐 + 𝑪𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟐
 Example
𝟏 𝟑
𝟒. න 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟐
=𝟓 +𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
= න 𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟕𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟓 න 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑 න 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏
𝒙𝟒+𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝟏
=𝟓 +𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒+𝟏 𝟏
+𝟏
𝟐
 Example
𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒙𝟏+𝟏
5. ‫ 𝒙𝟐 ׬‬− 𝟏 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓)𝒅𝒙 =𝟔 +𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐+𝟏 𝟏+𝟏
= න(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
=𝟔 +𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
= න 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟕𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝟓𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟕𝒙
= 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
= 𝟔 න 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟕 න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪 𝟐
 Evaluating Definite
Integral
𝒃 𝒃
‫𝒙𝒅)𝒙(𝒇 𝒂׬‬ = 𝑭(𝒙) | = 𝑭 𝒃 − 𝑭(𝒂)
𝒂
 Examples
𝟔 𝒙𝟏+𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟔 (𝟔)𝟐 (𝟐)𝟐 𝟑𝟔 𝟒
𝟏. න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = = | = − = − = 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝟏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟓 𝟑
𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 5
𝟐. න (𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒)𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙|
𝟑 𝟑 3
(𝟓)𝟑 (𝟑) 𝟑
= − (𝟓)𝟐 +𝟒 𝟓 − − (𝟑)𝟐 +𝟒(𝟑)
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟕𝟒
= − 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟗 − 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟐 = − 𝟏𝟕 =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
 Examples
𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟐 2 𝟑
𝟑. න 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝟔𝒙| = 𝟏𝟐 −
𝟐 1
𝟏 𝟐
𝟑(𝟐)𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
= +𝟔 𝟐 −[ +𝟔 𝟏 } 𝟐𝟒 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 = −
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
= + 𝟏𝟐 − − 𝟔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝟏
𝟑 =
= 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐 − − 𝟔 𝟐
𝟐
 Integration by
Substitution
It is also known as u-substitution or
change of variables. It is a method for
evaluating integrals and antiderivatives.
 General
Formulas
𝒏+𝟏
𝒖
𝑰𝟏 ∶ න 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏

−𝟏
𝒅𝒖
𝑰𝟐 ∶ න 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
 𝒖𝒏+𝟏
𝑰𝟏 ∶ න 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
Example
𝟑
𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟏. න 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒅𝒙
= 𝒖 +𝑪
𝟏 𝟖 𝟏
= න 𝒖𝟑 ∙ 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟒 +𝑪
𝟏 𝟖
= න 𝒖𝟑 𝒅𝒖
𝟐

𝟏 𝒖𝟒
= ∙ +𝑪
𝟐 𝟒
 𝒖𝒏+𝟏
𝑰𝟏 ∶ න 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
Example
𝟐 𝟒 𝒖 = 𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝟐. න 𝒙 𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟓 𝒅𝒖 = −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟏 =− 𝒖 +𝑪
= න 𝒖𝟒 ∙− 𝒅𝒖 𝟓𝟎 𝟏
𝟏𝟎 − 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 =− (𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 )𝟓 +𝑪
=− න 𝒖𝟒 𝒅𝒖 𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟎

𝟏 𝒖𝟓
=− ∙ +𝑪
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
 𝒖𝒏+𝟏
𝑰𝟏 ∶ න 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
Example 𝟑
𝒖 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒𝒚𝒅𝒚
𝟑. න 𝒚 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = ∙ +𝑪 𝟏
𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒚𝒅𝒚
= න 𝒚(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟒
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 = ∙ +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟒 𝟑 𝟔
= න 𝒖𝟐 ∙ 𝒅𝒖
𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 (𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 )𝟑
= න 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟒 𝟔 𝟔
 𝒅𝒖
𝑰𝟐 ∶ න 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 =න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
Example
−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
𝟏. න 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟔𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
= න 𝒖−𝟏 ∙ 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟔 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟔
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
= න
𝟔 𝒖
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝟔
 𝒅𝒖
𝑰𝟐 ∶ න 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 =න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
Example
𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟑
𝟐. න 𝒖=𝟒− 𝒚
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒− 𝒚 = − 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
− 𝒅𝒖 𝟐
=න 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝒖 = − 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 − 𝒚 + 𝑪 − 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝒅𝒖
=− න
𝟑 𝒖
 𝒅𝒖
𝑰𝟐 ∶ න 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 =න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
Example
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟑. න 𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝟏
= න𝟑 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪 𝒅𝒖 = (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒖 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
= න = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝒖 𝟑
Evaluate the following and post your answers in the g. classroom
(Activity 2.1)
𝟏
1. ‫𝒛𝒅 ׬‬
𝟑

2. ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟑𝒂 ׬‬

3. ‫ 𝟔𝒚𝟕 ׬‬+ 𝟖𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚

Dear God, thank You for our class today, It’s
great to find out new things about our course.
Help us remember all we have today in class.
We look forward to next week and all the
wonderful things we will be taught.
AMEN. Glory be…