CARPENTRY

Introduction
Wood is natural raw material obtained from the forest. A class of wood suitable
for furhiture, building and similar other applications is known as timber. Timber is non
homogenous natural material drawn from the forest ir form of logs, cut to marketable
SIze at saw mills. It is treated and seasoned prior to use. Carpentry deals with handle of
Wood to bring it in usable form and carpenter is a person posses reasonable skil to
handle timber to bring it in usable form.

Work material

(a) Selection of woodd

Following are some of the point to select the timber

Work For superior quality work like furniture and interior common wood in
use are Teak, Rose and Mahogany.
'Properties: Like color, grain orientation, strength, workability, hardness etc.
Finish Excellent finish can be obtained with Teak, Rose, Mahogany
Stability: Stability in shape. Should not warp.
Cost Should be low but not at the cost of quality.

(b) Estimate of material

The cut size timber is available with timber merchants and at saw mills. Material
is estimated based on drawing and quantity of items required. After deciding the size
and the quantity needed for one item the volume is worked out either in cubic ft. or
cubic meter. The total quantity is estimated by multiplying with number of similar

items needed.
Estimate of wood for 25 tables legs using 4 batten each of size 3' length 2" width
and 2" thickness wil be
25 X 4 = 100
Number of pieces required
Total volume of battens 100 X3 X 2/12 x 2/12 8-4"-0

Normal practicetowork oul volume

(c) Cost of material:
Rs.600.00 per cft.
For teak wood battens costing 8' 8x600 4800.000
Cost will be: 200.00
4" 4x600/12
0 Ox600/12x12 00.00

Total Rs5000.00
 HMountable JaulC L. Jcs.)
-Screw M.S-)
Fixed Saw shoe LL)

Choin Handhe
-bar (ns-T Sechon)
- Handle A S )

Sketch carpenters vice Sketch Steel bar cramp

o 2 3 4 6 7 8
Body

BLADE Pin Cncs

AARKING GOAGE
Pins LS stop
Work
-STOCK

ORTISE GUKE
Sketch Try-square Sketch Marking gauges

-Bblade

Hinge
Bxass)
EZe910, 1hk,,y
stock
Lscale

Sketch Bevel square Sketch c.

 BLADE CHC S./ALLOY STEEL)

)ADJUSTING
LEVER
LEVER CAP

KNOB FROG
F HANDLE

C.I BOOY

AEEL
ADDOSTABLE BUT

Sketch Iron Jack Plane

cUTTING IRON
WEDGE
STOCK

SOLE

Sketch wooden smoothing plane

WOODEN WANDULE CWOODEN/ PLASTIC)
CUTTING BLADE CHCS./ALLOY STEEL)
EDGE

Firmer Chiesel
HANDLE BLADE CHCS./ALLoY STEEL)

OTTIG EDGE
Mortise Chiesel
o p aketch firmaland mortise chisel
Tenon saw 1.Locate the position leaving
Length of blade Fine straight finish mark
250 to 400 mm and accurate cuts 2. Support toe to start cut
thin blade with fine across the grain 3. Move straight observing
teeth marking line
Numbers &weight Light jobs &bench 1. Hold at
Warrington hammer No 00,200 gm to No 6
right place
work for striking in 2. Ensure tight ness of handle
550 gm.
carpentry work
Numbers &weight Light jobs &bench 1. Hold at
Claw hammer No 1 to 4 weight 375. right place
work for striking 2. Ensure tight ness of handle
450, 550 and 675
preferred by
Round or rectangular
carpenter
Mallet Light blow of cutting 1. Hold at right place
face with chisels 2. Ensure tight ness of handle

| Length of arm |Pulling Out nails &

Pincer 6,7,&8 inch 1. Balance to avoid slip
levering out small 2. Hold properly so as take
tacks advantage of lever
Max. size of drill bit
Ratchet brace Making round holes 1. Make small impression &
%,%,&%, Inch ensure correct position of
hole.
2. Tight the work with
adequate
Max. size of drill bit pressure
Hand Dril
Making round holes 1. Make small
impression &
%, %, & 4, Inch ensure correct position of
hole.
2. Tight the work with
adequate
pressure
 19

blade r60
www.
wwww www
'Poin Teeth Heel-
90

Handle
Sketch Rip Saw Teen Tir
shter ade Sketch Cross cut hand saw
Handle
Hanale
Biade-
wwww.nd

Sketch Tenan sawN

Sketch Warrington hammer
C)aw
Handle Cwooden) Lever Haindle
Saos

Piuot -.

Sketch Claw hammer

Sketch Pincer
Heod
Poin Face
Cror

Hot

Monde ength LTang

Com ng Hel
ROoUGH WOOD RASP
Rolchel

Chhid
Jawrs Ratchet brace SAOOTHING FILE
Sketch Wood rasp file
 20

Carpentry Processes

Marking: The work is carried out first

Fixing dimensions on work is known as marking. In sizing material out
sizing the material and then fixing the dimension as per drawing.
make them flat and smooth
of six work surfaces one best face and one side is planed to
conditions for marking. Gig jack lines are
maintaining square ness, to achieve the pre
marked with pencil for easy identification as reference surfaces. Using marking gauge
lines are marked on both faces and sides for required width and thickness respectively.
The remaining face and side is then planned to make them flat and smooth maintaining
the square ness with each other.
Dimensions are then fixed as per drawing and type of joint.

Cutting:It's
a process of parting wood by sawing. The work is carried out by selecting the
appropriate saw for cutting. The cut is initiated with teeth at point moving slowly to
a
small distance in support with left index finger and maintaining angle for starting cut.
Observing mark, maintaining normal sawing angle and posture further sawing is done.
Reaping: Reaping is process of cutting wood along the grain Rip saw and hand
saw are used in this operation. The selection of aw is done depending
length of cut and thickness of work piece.

Cross cutting: It is a process of cuting across the grains. In cross cutting hand
saw, cross cut saw and tennon saw are used

Cutting thick pieces: For cross cutting pieces having cross section more then
75mmx75mm back saw is used

Planing:
Planing is operation making surfaces flat and smooth. To perform planging thee
blade is frst sharpened maintaining 25t 35 degree angle. It is then assembled with cap
iron and placed in the body of plane adjusting the cut. For planéing ,the plane is moved
forward horizontally with pressure and balancing it using both hands. More downward
pressure is put on knob with one hand. As plane moves forward the downward pressure
on knob is reduced increasing downward pressure on handle. Proper balance is
maintained for pressure required to move the plane.and downward pressure on knob
and handle.

Planing faces and sides:

For planding face and side jack plane is used for roughing and smoothing and
trying plane are used for finishing cut for small and long length work respectively

Planing ends:
The ends are planned preventing splitting by using stops, shooting boards,
working from edge to middle and beveling edge.
 21
Chiseling: work such as making
Chiseling is a operation for localized cutting and finishing of
with the help of chisels.
grove, making square & rectangular holes, beveling etc.
(a) Grooving: Cutting channel with firmer chisel.
(b) Mortising: Making square & rectangular holes to form joint.
(c) Beveling: It's a operation to finish the leveled edge by chiseling.

Boring ratchet brace or barmi

Boring is operation of making holes with hand drills, made by using any of the tool
kamani. Looking to the size,the bit is selected and hole is
vertical pressure.
keeping it vertical rotating bit and putting
For making bigger diameter holes Gimlets are used.

Carpentry joints

Dovetail joint The joint is made by inclined cut in the shape

is
of dove tail as shown in the figure. This joint
in boxes
used in quality work for strong joints
and drawer.

surface area
joint To meet out requirement of large
Tongue and groove
as in the case of drawing
boards, table topes,
in position
door panel etc. to keep the planks
with out gap.
 Simple frame work as in carom board,
Cross lap joint
22 back side of wooden Elmira
and

cabinet.

door & window

This is popular joint for
Mortise and Tenon joint and
frames and all quality office
domestic furniture.