Logic
Logic
General Mathematics
LOGIC
Gen Math | MODULE 6
General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
LOGIC
Preliminary Activities: Answer the logical puzzle below:
If it took eight men ten hours to build a wall, how long would it take four
men to build it? Answer: NONE, the wall was already built
Discussion
Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is
an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology. Rather,
logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the science of
reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned with the actual mental (or physical) process
employed by a thinking entity when it is reasoning. The investigation of the actual reasoning process
falls more appropriately within the province of psychology, neurophysiology, or cybernetics.
Even if these empirical disciplines were considerably more advanced than they presently are,
the most they could disclose is the exact process that goes on in a being's head when he or she (or it)
is reasoning. They could not, however, tell us whether the being is reasoning correctly or incorrectly.
Distinguishing correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning is the task of logic.
Mathematical logic is methods of reasoning that provides rules and techniques to determine
whether an argument is valid.
Examples of statement.
1. I enjoy watching movies at home.
2. It is raining outside.
3. My puppies are hungry.
4. 2x + 3x -1 = 4
5. God exists.
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General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Propositional Logic
A proposition or statement is a sentence which is either true or false.
If a proposition is true, then we say its truth value is true; and if a proposition is false, we say its
truth value is false.
A proposition is a declarative sentence, that can be classified as true or false, but not both.
A declarative sentence states the facts or an opinion and lets the reader know something specific.
KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS
A SIMPLE PROPOSITION is a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Examples:
a. Marie is a beautiful lady.
b. The boy loves his mother very much.
c. The students enjoyed their vacation last summer.
A COMPOUND PROPOSITION contains two or more simple propositions that are put together
using connective words: and, or, not, and if … then
Examples:
a. I will pass the Math exam and I will be promoted.
b. If you will solve the problem, then you will pass the examination.
c. CONDITIONAL - Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if … then
(condition – action)
Example: If you remove all the hatred in your heart, then you will be loved.
e. NEGATION - The negation of the statement is a statement that is false whenever the given
statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.
Example: That is the correct solution.
Negation: That is NOT the correct solution.
Example: Classify each proposition as simple or compound. Classify each compound proposition as a
negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.
Proposition Answer
1. My friend took his master’s degree in Spain. SIMPLE
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General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Example:
Let p represents the proposition “He has green thumb” and q represents the proposition “He is
a senior citizen”. Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
1. He has green thumb and he is senior citizen. Ans:
2. He does not have green thumb or he is not a senior citizen. Ans:
3. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen. Ans:
4. If he has green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen. Ans:
Example:
Let p represent “Robin can swim” and q be “Tom plays the guitar”. Write each symbolic
statement in word.
1. p v q Ans: Robin can swim or Tom plays the guitar.
b. p^~q Ans: Robin can swim and Tom does not play the guitar.
c. ~(p v q) Ans: It is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the guitar.
d. ~(p ^ q) Ans: It is not the case that Robin can swim and Tom plays play the guitar.
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