Department of Electrical

Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Lab Manual
Power Distribution & Utilization

(EE-413)

Name: ________________________________
Roll Number: __________ SAP ID: __________
Semester: ____________ Group: __________
 Contents

I. Laboratory Safety Policies ........................................................................................ 3

1. General laboratory safety ..................................................................................... 3
2. Clothing: ................................................................................................................. 3
3. Disposal .................................................................................................................. 4
4. Equipment Failure ................................................................................................. 4
5. Electrical safety...................................................................................................... 4
6. Fire. ........................................................................................................................ 4
7. Chemicals Spills. .................................................................................................... 5
8. In Case of emergency ............................................................................................ 6
II. Safety Undertaking ............................................................................................... 7
III. Grading Policy ..................................................................................................... 8
Rubrics .......................................................................................................................... 8
IV. Level of Inquiry .................................................................................................... 13
V. Laboratory’s Course Learning Outcomes .............................................................. 14
VI. List of Experiments .............................................................................................. 15
 I. Laboratory Safety Policies

1. General laboratory safety

 Never eat or drink while working in the laboratory.

 Read labels carefully.

 Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your
supervisor.

 Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous materials and/or
equipment.

 Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.

 Never do unauthorized experiments.

 Never work alone in laboratory.

 Keep your lab space clean and organized.

 Do not leave an on-going experiment unattended.

 Never taste anything. Never pipette by mouth; use a bulb.

 Never use open flames in laboratory unless instructed by TA.

 Check your glassware for cracks and chips each time you use it. Cracks could cause the
glassware to fail during use and cause serious injury to you or lab mates.

2. Clothing:
 When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety shield
or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are
required when working in the machine shops.

 If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is tied back or confined.

 Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.
3. Disposal
 Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in appropriate
containers.

4. Equipment Failure
 If a piece of equipment fails while being used, report it immediately to Lab
Engineer/Assistant. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm
yourself and others.

 If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.

 Clean up your work area before leaving.

 Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.

5. Electrical safety
 Obtain permission by the safety coordinator before operating any high voltage
equipment

 Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.

 Avoid using extension cords whenever possible.

 Never, ever modify or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.

 Before attaching the power supply to your setup make sure there are no “live” wires
which can be touched.

 When attaching a high voltage power supply ALWAYS switch off the supply

6. Fire.
 If a person’s clothing catches on fire, he/she needs help.

 Prevent him/her from running.

 Make him/her lie down and smother the flames by rolling, wrapping with lab
coats, blankets, towels, etc.

 Never turn a carbon dioxide extinguisher on a person.

 If a fire breaks out, (if time allows) turn off all burners and remove solvents,
place the chemical and equipment safely to the nearest possible table/bench,
exit the building calmly.
  If you do not use the fire extinguisher, leave the room immediately to a safer
place possibly outside. There are carbon dioxide extinguishers in the building
and the positions and operation of these should be known.

 Point the extinguisher at the base of the flames.

 Very small fires can be put out with a damp towel by smothering.

 Only after the safety of all is assured should the matter of extinguishing the fire
be considered.

Because a few seconds delay can result in very serious injury, Laboratory staff will guide you
on what to do and how to exit during the case of such an emergency.

7. Chemicals Spills.

 Notify Lab Engineer/Assistant immediately and ask for help.

 Spills must be cleaned up promptly and thoroughly.

 Decontaminate equipment, clothing and personnel, including any victims, on site if

necessary

 If corrosive chemicals are spilled on the clothing, remove the affected clothing
immediately, and wash the area with water for 15 full minutes.

 If chemicals are spilled on the skin, wash them off with large volumes of water.

 Do not apply a burn ointment.

 If the chemical is spilled in the eye, it should immediately be washed out thoroughly
with water using the eyewash.

 If acid was involved, a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate in an eyecup should then
be used. If a base, boric acid is effective.

 If corrosive chemicals are spilled on the desk, dilute them with a large volume of water
and then neutralize with sodium bicarbonate if an acid, or dilute acetic acid if a base.

 Go to First AID Room immediately if required.

8. In Case of emergency
 Report the location of the emergency; give your name, telephone number, and
building and floor number.

 Report the nature of the emergency whether an explosion has occurred and whether
there has been a chemical or electrical fire.

RESCUE: 1122

Police Emergency Control Room: 9203333

Army Control Room: 0332-8581614

Army Quick Response Force: 0322-5170958

Police Station (NOON): 051-9243681

Chief Security Officer (Riphah): 0321-5216311

Administrator: 0321-5216301
 II. Safety Undertaking

I HAVE READ ALL OF THE ABOVE, AND I AGREE TO CONFORM TO

ITS CONTENTS.

Name: _______________________________________ Course: _______________

Student ID: ____________________________________ Section:

_______________

Signature: _____________________________________ Room: _______________

Date: _________________________

Lab Instructor: ___________________

 III. Grading Policy
Lab Performance 20 %

Lab Report 20%

Lab Viva 60%

Rubrics
Lab Performance (Continuous Assessment) / Performance Test
Sr.# Performance Exemplary(5) Satisfactory(4-3) Developing(2-1) Unsatisfactory(0)

Indicator
1 Individual Demonstrates the ability Demonstrates the Demonstrates Demonstrates
Work to manage time, ability to manage some ability to minimal or no ability
Contributions Designated jobs are time , Designated manage time, to manage time,
and Time accomplished by jobs are Designated jobs Designated jobs not
Management: deadline; completed accomplished by are accomplished completed by
work is carefully and deadline; by deadline; deadline;
Ability to carry out
individual meticulously prepared completed work completed work
Responsibilities and meets all meets meets most
with Time requirements. requirements. requirements.
Management.

2 Propose/Create Demonstrates a skillful Demonstrates an Demonstrates Proposes solutions

Multiple ability to propose ability to propose some ability to that indicate minimal
Solutions multiple solutions that multiple solutions propose a few or no comprehension
indicate a deep that indicate solutions that of the problem.
Ability to propose
solutions to understanding of the comprehension of indicate some
Minimal ability to
address the problem. the problem. comprehension of
problem and/or
create/play with new
the problem.
create/play with Skillful ability to Ability to solutions.
solutions. create/play with new create/play with Some ability to
and innovative solutions new solutions. create/play with
new solutions.
 Reports/Assignment

Sr.# Performance Exemplary(5) Satisfactory(4-3) Developing(2- Unsatisfactory(0)

1)
Indicator
Organization Information is Information is Information is Sequence of
presented in a presented in presented in information is
/Structure
logical, interesting somewhat logical quite less difficult to follow.
way, which is easy manner. All continuity and No logical
to follow. All sections are in a less logical manner or
1 sections are in a correct order as manner. continuity.
correct order and directed and Sections are Objective, results
submitted on a submitted on a not in proper and Conclusion
time. time. order as are not stated.
directed
or
unable to
follow the Unable to submit
submission the lab report.
deadline.

2 Simulation Results and Results and Results and Presents

Results conclusion are conclusion are conclusion are Simulation results
stated and reflect stated and reflect stated but in a very obscure
complete acceptable reflect little manner. Screen
knowledge of the knowledge of the knowledge of shots/
experiment. experiment. the waveforms,
Presents Simulation Presents experiment. figure captions
results very clearly Simulation results and units are
Simulation
using appropriate using appropriate never included.
results are not
screen screen
that clear. Or
shots/waveforms. shots/waveform.
Screen shots/
Figure captions and Figure captions and Unable to submit
waveforms,
units are always units are included the lab report
figure captions
included. most of the time.
and units are
not always
included
 Viva Voce

Sr. # Performance Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing(2-1) Unsatisfactory (0)

Indicator

Responsiveness to
Questions/Accurac Responds well, Generally Responsive but evasive Non-responsive.
1 y quick and very responsive and or inaccurate most of
accurate all the accurate most of the times.
time. the times.

Demonstrati At ease with Only basic No grasp of

Level of on of full content and concepts are information. Clearly
Understanding of knowledge of able to demonstrate no knowledge of
the learned skills the subject elaborate d and subject matter. No
2 with and explain interpreted. questions are
explanations to some answered. No
and degree. interpretation made.
elaboration.
 Open-Ended Lab

Lab Performance

Sr. # Performance Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing(2-1) Unsatisfactory (0)

Indicator
1 Methodology Student shows Student shows Student shows fair Student shows poor
high capability of good capability of capability of capability of
analyzing the analyzing the given analyzing the given analyzing the given
given problem and problem and problem and problem and unable
designing the designing the designing the to design the solution
appropriate appropriate appropriate solution for it
solution for it solution for it for it

2 Implementation Task is completed Task is completed Task is completed Task is not completed
and without any with quite less with a lot of
external assistance technical assistance technical assistance
Completion
and is working from instructor or from instructor or
properly others in order to others in order to
complete the given complete the given
task and is working task
properly
 Lab Reports/ Assignments

Sr. # Performance Exemplary (5) Satisfactory (4-3) Developing(2-1) Unsatisfactory(0)

Indicator
1 Organization Information is Information is Information is Sequence of
presented in a presented in presented in quite information is
/Structure
logical, interesting somewhat logical less continuity and difficult to follow. No
way, which is easy manner. All less logical manner. logical manner or
to follow. All sections are in a Sections are not in continuity. Objective,
sections are in a correct order as proper order as results and
correct order and directed and directed unable to Conclusion are not
submitted on a submitted on a follow the stated.
time. time. submission deadline.
Or

Unable to submit the

lab report.

2 Results, Results and Results and Results and Results and

Discussion conclusion are conclusion are conclusion are conclusion are
stated and reflect stated and reflect stated but reflect inaccurate. Presents
and
complete acceptable little knowledge of data in a very obscure
Data Presentation knowledge of the knowledge of the the experiment. manner.
given task. experiment. Graphs/waveforms,
Data presentation is
Presents data very Presents data figure captions and
not that clear.
clearly using appropriate units are never
Graphs/waveforms,
appropriate graphs/waveform. included.
figure captions and
graphs/waveforms.
Figure captions and units are not always Or
Figure captions
units are included included.
and units are Unable to submit the
most of the time.
always included. lab report.
 IV. Level of Inquiry

Level Problem/ Question Procedure/ Method Solution

0 Provided to student Provided to student Provided to student

1 Provided to student Provided to student Constructed by student

2 Provided to student Constructed by student Constructed by student

3 Constructed by student Constructed by student Constructed by student

Level of Description
inquiry
0 The problem, procedure, and methods to solutions are provided to the

student. The student performs the experiment and verifies the results
with

the manual.

1 The problem and procedure are provided to the student. The student

interprets the data in order to propose viable solutions.

2 The problem is provided to the student. The student develops a procedure

for investigating the problem, decides what data to gather, and interprets

the data in order to propose viable solutions.

3 A “raw” phenomenon is provided to the student. The student chooses (or

constructs) the problem to explore, develops a procedure for investigating

the problem, decides what data to gather, and interprets the data in order

to propose viable solutions

 V. Laboratory’s Course Learning Outcomes

Course Title : EE-413 Power Distribution & Utilization

Laboratory : Computer Lab
Instructor : Syeda Tahreem Zahra
Designation : Lab engineer, Engineering & Applied Sciences
E-mail : [email protected]
Phone (Off.) : +92-51-8446000-8 (EXT: 397)

OBJECTIVES:

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
CLO 1: Imitate technical skills in using MATLAB/ Simulink software for different
models of power distribution. P2
CLO 2: Reproduce different models of power distribution to find out the desired
unknown parameters. P2
CLO 3: Differentiate luminaire selection process for proper lighting scheme of given
location. P3

Mapping of Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) to Program Learning Outcomes

(PLO) / Graduate Attribute
Course
CLOs/ PLO1 PLO2 PLO3 PLO4 PLO5 PLO6 PLO7 PLO8 PLO9 PLO PLO PLO
Code 10 11 12
PLOs
CLO 1 X
EEL-413 CLO 2 X
CLO 3 X

PLO1: Engineering Knowledge PLO8: Ethics

PLO2: Problem Analysis PLO9: Individual and Team Work
PLO3: Design/Development of Solutions PLO10: Communication
PLO4: Investigation PLO11: Project Management
PLO5: Modern Tool Usage PLO12: Lifelong Learning
PLO6: The Engineer and Society
PLO7: Environment and Sustainability
 VI. List of Experiments

PLO, Level of
Sr# Title of Experiment
CLO Inquiry
Attempt to familiarize with MATLAB/ Simulink and Simpower PLO-5, 2
1 CLO-1
system tool box.
To model simple power network using MATLAB/ Simulink and PLO-5, 2
2 CLO-1
Simpower system tool box.
To Model and verify two wire Radial DC distributor. (Fed at one PLO-3, 2
3
and both end) CLO-2
PLO-3, 2
4 To Model and verify two wire DC Ring Distributor.
CLO-2
To Model and verify two wire radial AC Distributors. (Fed at one PLO-3, 2
5
and both end) CLO-2
PLO-3, 2
6 To Model and verify two wire AC Ring Distributors.
CLO-2
To model Power distribution network for calculation and PLO-3, 2
7
improvement of power factor using static capacitors. CLO-2

To model and analyze Load Curve and Load Duration Curve. PLO-3, 2
8
CLO-2
To model and analyze different Load Parameters of Power 2
PLO-3,
9
Distribution Network. CLO-2

To model Distribution Transformer and verify its various PLO-3, 2

10
winding connections. CLO-2
Attempt to recognize various types of cable and cable size 2
PLO-3,
11
calculations for a given load of Power Distribution Network. CLO-2

To Differentiate fundamental design of Illumination Schemes. PLO-1, 3

12
CLO-3
To Differentiate various light sources, Incandescent lamps, PLO-1, 3
13
sodium & mercury vapour lamps and Fluorescent Tube Light. CLO-3
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 1: Attempt to familiarize with MATLAB/ Simulink and Simpower system tool
box.

OBJECTIVES:

 Familiarization with Matlab/Simulink working environment.

 Familiarization with various Matlab Libraries.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ……………………………

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Experiment 1: Attempt to familiarize with MATLAB/ Simulink and
Simpower system tool box.

Objectives:
 Installation of Power world simulator and Matlab.
 Creating a simple 3 bus power system in Power World and Matlab.

Introduction:

Matlab/Simulink:
Simulink (Simulation and link) is developed by Math Works as ad-on with Matlab. It is
graphical programming language which offers modelling, simulation and analyzing of
multi domain dynamic systems under Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment.
Matlab -Simulink is a simulation and model-based design environment for dynamic and
embedded systems, integrated with MATLAB.

Power World simulator:

This Simulator consists of a number of integrated products. At its core is a
comprehensive, robust Power Flow solution engine capable of efficiently solving
systems of up to 250,000 buses. This makes Simulator quite useful as a stand-alone
power flow packages, however, Simulator allows the user to visualize the system. It
contains integrated economic dispatch, area transaction economic analysis, power
transfer distribution factor (PTDF) computation, short circuit analysis, and contingency
analysis.
Task 1a: Installation of Power World Simulator.

Fig: Installation process of Power World

Fig: View of Power World environment

Task 2: Installation of MATLAB.

Fig: Matlab environment after Installation

Conclusion:

COMMENTS:
Q1: What is the difference between Neutral and ground connection?
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 2: To model simple power network using MATLAB/ Simulink and Simpower
system tool box.

OBJECTIVES:

 To model simple power system using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To understand and visualize different power system parameters.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Experiment 2: To model simple power network using MATLAB/
Simulink and Simpower system tool box.

Definition: The power system is a network which consists generation,

distribution and transmission system. It uses the form of energy (like coal and
diesel) and converts it into electrical energy.

 Generation:

Generation is the part of power system where we convert some form of energy
into electrical energy. This is the source of energy in the power system. It keeps
running all the time. It generates power at different voltage and power levels
depending upon the type of station and the generators used. The maximum number
of generators generate the power at voltage level around 11kV-20kV. The
increased voltage level leads to greater size of generator required and hence the
cost involved.

 Transmission:

Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations is transmitted to the

consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that generating stations are usually
situated away from the load centers. The network that transmits and delivers power
from the producers to the consumers is called the transmission system. Area far
from the city, which have connected with receiving stations by lines is called
secondary transmission. At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-
down transformers up to 132kV, 66 or 33 kV, and electric power is transferred by
three phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires) overhead system to different sub
stations.

 Distribution:
The distribution system consists of two type primary distribution and secondary
distribution. The transmission lines or inner connectors terminate at large main
substations from which the power is distributed to small secondary substations
scattered throughout the load area. The voltage may range from 11 kV to 132
kV. This consists of the low-voltage network laid along the streets, localities and
over the rural areas. From these sources connections to individual customers are
provided. The circuit used for this purpose is 3 phase 4 wire, 440 V/220 V from
which either 3 phase 440 V or single phase 220 V supply to the consumers may
be provided.
  Utilization:

Utilization is the ratio of the maximum load which could be drawn to the rated
capacity of the system. This is closely related to the concept of load factor. The
Load factor is the ratio of the load that a piece of equipment actually draws (time
averaged) when it is in operation to the load it could draw (which we call full
load).

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM: In power engineering, a single-line diagram, also

sometimes called one-line diagram, is a simplified notation for representing a three-
phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest application in power flow
studies. Some of the symbols used in Single line diagram are shown below:
MATLAB SIMULATION FOR ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE POWER
SYSTEM:

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 3: To Model and verify two wire Radial DC distributor. (Fed at one and both
end)

OBJECTIVES:

 To model two wire Radial DC distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Experiment 3: To Model and verify two wire Radial DC distributor.
(Fed at one and both end)

Objective
 To create a Simulink model of two wire DC distributor Fed at one end using
MATLAB.
 To create a Simulink model of two wire DC distributor Fed at both ends using
MATLAB.
 To analyze the effect of load (Uniform and Concentrated) on distributor.
 To find point of minimum potential on distributor.

RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

In this system, different feeders radiate from a substation or a generating station
and feed the distributors at one end. Thus, the main characteristic of a radial
distribution system is that the power flow is in only one direction. It is the simplest
system and has the lowest initial cost.

Distributor Fed at One End

In this type, distributor is connected to the supply at one end and loads are tapped at
different points along its length. It worth to note that
 The voltage also goes on decreasing away from the feeding point. the, voltage at
last point will be minimum.
 In case of a fault in any section of the distributor, the whole distributor will have
to be disconnected from the supply. Thus, continuity of supply is interrupted.

Distributor Fed at Both Ends

In this type, the distributor is connected to supply at both ends and voltages at feeding
points may or may not be equal. The minimum voltage occurs at some load point which
is shifted with the variation of load on different sections of the distributor.
 If a fault occurs at any feeding point, continuity of the supply is ensured from the
other feeding point.
 If a fault occurs on any section of the distributor, continuity of the supply is
ensured on both sides of the fault with respective feeding points.
 The conductor cross-section area required for a doubly fed distributor is much less
than that required for a distributor fed at one end.
 MATLAB SIMULATION FOR RADIAL DC DISTRIBUTOR:

Distributor Fed at One End

CASE-I (uniform loading)

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION RESISTOR
1 R6 VR1
2 R7 VR2
3 R8 VR3
4 R9 VR4
VR5
[point of minimum potential=……………]

CASE-II (concentrated loading)

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION RESISTOR
1 R6 VR1
2 R7 VR2
3 R8 R3
4 R9 VR4
VR5
[point of minimum potential=……………]
Distributor Fed at Both Ends

CASE-I (equal feeding and uniform loading)

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION RESISTOR
1 R6 VR1
2 R7 VR2
3 R8 VR3
4 R9 VR4
VR5
[point of minimum potential=………………]

CASE-II (equal feeding and concentraded loading)

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION
RESISTOR
1 R6 VR1
2 R7 VR2
3 R8 VR3
4 R9 VR4
VR5
 [point of minimum potential=……………...]

CASE-III (unequal feeding and uniform loading [24v/12v])

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION RESISTOR
1 R6 16.99V 0.5662A VR1 7.013V
2 R7 12.81V 0.4269A VR2 4.182V
3 R8 10.76V 0.3586A R3 2.047V
4 R9 10.5V 0.3501A VR4 0.2544V
VR5 1.496V
[point of minimum potential=…………….]

CASE-IV (unequal feeding and concentrated loading[24V/12V])

S/NO LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT ACROSS VOLTAGE ACROSS
LOAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION RESISTOR
1 R6 VR1
2 R7 VR2
3 R8 R3
4 R9 VR4
VR5
[point of minimum potential=…………….]

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 4: To Model and verify two wire DC Ring Distributor.

OBJECTIVES:

 To model two wire DC Ring distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Title

To Model and verify two wire DC Ring Distributor.

Objectives
 To model two wire DC Ring distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment. 
 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor. 
 To find point of minimum potential on the distributor.
Introduction
Ring main distribution is a method of power distribution system, in which different parts
of the power distribution network (or each load center) have an option to feed power from
the same source through more than one route. In dc ring main distribution, we will provide
dc supply to users. Here one ring network of distributors is fed by more than one feeder.
In this case, if one feeder is under fault or maintenance, the ring distributor is still
energized by other feeders connected to it. In this way, the supply to the consumers is not
affected even when any feeder becomes out of service. In addition to that, the ring main
system is also provided with different section isolates at different suitable points. If any
fault occurs on any section, of the ring, this section can easily be isolated by opening the
associated section isolators on both sides of the faulty zone transformer directly.

In this way, supply to the consumers connected to the healthy zone of the ring can easily
be maintained even when one section of the ring is under the shutdown. The number of
feeders connected to the ring main electrical power distribution system depends upon
the following factors.
1. Maximum Demand of the System: If it is more, then more numbers of feeders feed
the ring.
2. Total Length of the Ring Main Distributors: It length is more, to compensate
the voltage drop in the line, more feeders to be connected to the ring system.
3. Required Voltage Regulation: The number of feeders connected to the ring also
depends upon the permissible allowable, voltage drop of the line.
The sub-distributors and service mains are taken off may be via distribution transformer
at different suitable points on the ring depending upon the location of the consumers.
Sometimes, instead of connecting service main directly to the ring, sub-distributors are
also used to feed a group of service mains where direct access of ring distributor is not
possible.

TASK

DRAW AND ANALYZE DC RING MAIN SYSTEM & ALSO FIND POINT OF
MINIMUM POTENTIAL FOR BOTH THE CASES LISTED BELOW:

1. UNIFORM LOADING
2. CONCENTRATED LOADING (Choose Loads according to your Choice)

DC SYSTEM TO BE SIMULATED ON MATLAB:

 i. DC Voltage Source: 12 V
ii. Branch Resistance: 5 Ω each
iii. Load Resistance: 30 Ω each
iv. Change load resistance according to your choice in case of Concentrated
Loading.

ALSO FORMULATE TABLES FOR BOTH CASES LIKE GIVEN BELOW:

Loads (Ω) Voltage Across Load (V) Current (Amp)

POINT OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL: ………………………..

Conclusion:

Comments:

 Explain why at some points the voltage comes out to be in negative

potential?
 What is the solution to this problem?
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 5: To Model and verify two wire radial AC Distributors. (Fed at one and both
end)

OBJECTIVES:

 To model two wire Radial AC distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ……………………………

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

TITLE:
To Model and verify two wire radial AC Distributors. (Fed at one and
both end)

OBJECTIVES:
 To model two wire Radial AC distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment.
 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor.

INTRODUCTION:

All of the perspectives for performing this lab are the same as that for DC
Distributor (fed at one and both ends) but we need to consider Capacitive and
inductive effect along with Resistive effect as well in case of AC Distributor.

Capacitance and Inductance is the physical property exhibited by a Capacitor and

Inductor irrespective of the excitation, AC, DC whatever.

The effect of Capacitance is felt only in AC, because the current in a capacitor is
capacitance times the rate of change of voltage applied across it.

Capacitive current (Icap) = C * dV/dt.

In DC, the rate of change of applied voltage is zero (because we have a constant
voltage value all the time, there is no change); hence zero current that implies it
acts as an OPEN CIRCUIT.

Similar thought process will reveal that inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT for DC.

Inductance effect is observed when a changing flux is present.

Vind = L * di/dt

Alternating Current is fluctuating in nature, thus has a fluctuating flux associated

with it whereas in DC the current is constant, steady and unidirectional. Thus, an
inductor acts as a normal conducting wire.

Similarly, the capacitor gets charged in one direction for DC but in AC the charges
vary due to the fluctuating current direction.
 i. So, from all that discussion we came to know that we have to consider
both inductor and capacitor along with resistor in case of AC distribution
line. But for our simplicity and practical observation we came to know that
inductive effect is much greater than capacitive and resistive effect. By
assuming that we will ignore capacitance and Resistance, and only consider
inductance for our line/ Distributor.
ii. For loads, we consider inductive load only, because in most of the cases
our load is inductive, nor resistive neither capacitive. But for your better
understanding and observations you can also try this experiment with
Resistive Loads as well.

DISTRIBUTOR FED AT ONE END

The AC distributor is connected to the supply at one end and loads are taken
at different points along the length of the distributor. The current in the various
sections of the distributor away from feeding point goes on decreasing. The voltage
across the loads away from the feeding point goes on decreasing. In case a fault
occurs on any section of the distributor, the whole distributor will have to be
disconnected from the supply mains. Therefore, continuity of supply is interrupted.

DISTRIBUTOR FED AT BOTH ENDS

The AC distributor is connected to the supply mains at both ends and loads
are tapped off at different points along the length of the distributor. Here, the
load voltage goes on decreasing as we move away from one feeding point, starting
point reaches minimum value and then again starts rising and reaches maximum value
when we reach the other feeding point i.e. ending point. The minimum voltage occurs
at some load point and is never fixed. It is shifted with the variation of load on
different sections of the distributor.

If a fault occurs on any feeding point of the distributor, the continuity of supply is
maintained from the other feeding point.
TASK:
DRAW AND ANALYZE RADIAL AC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & ALSO FIND
POINT OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL FOR ALL THE CASES LISTED BELOW:

1. FED AT ONE END

a. Uniform Loading
b. Concentrated Loading (Choose Loads according to your Choice)
2. FED AT BOTH ENDS
a. Uniform Loading
b. Concentrated Loading (Choose Loads according to your Choice)
c. Equal Feeding (With Concentrated Loading)
d. Unequal Feeding (With Uniform Loading)
So, you have to investigate total Six Cases for your Experiment.

THE AC SYSTEM TO BE SIMULATED ON MATLAB IS:

i. AC Voltage Source: 220 V (Peak Amplitude)

ii. Branch Inductance: 2H each (AC Distribution Line)
iii. Load: 10 H each (Inductive Load)
iv. Change load Inductance according to your choice in case of Concentrated
Loading.
 v. In Case of FED AT BOTH ENDS:
a. AC Voltage Source= 220 V both (Equal Feeding)
b. AC Voltage Source= 220 V & 110V (Unequal Feeding)
ALSO FORMULATE TABLES FOR ALL THE CASES LIKE GIVEN BELOW:

Loads (Ω) Voltage Across Load (V) LOAD Current (Amp)

POINT OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL: ………………………..

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad,
Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 6: To Model and verify two wire AC Ring Distributors.

OBJECTIVES:

 To model two wire AC Ring distributor using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To calculate and visualize different parameters related to Distributor.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ 5
Conduct Structure
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

INTRODUCTION

• RING MAIN DISTRIBUTION is a method of power distribution system,

in which different parts of the power distribution network (or each load
center) have an option to feed power from the same source through
more than one route. In AC ring main distribution, we will provide AC
supply to users. Here, one ring network of distributors is fed by more
than one feeder.
• In this case, if one feeder is under FAULT OR MAINTENANCE, the ring
distributor is still energized by other feeders connected to it. In this way,
the supply to the consumers is not affected even when any feeder
becomes out of service.
• In addition to that, the ring main system is also provided with
different section ISOLATES at different suitable points. If any
fault occurs on any section, of the ring, this section can easily be
isolated by opening the associated section isolators on both sides
of the faulty zone transformer directly. In this way, supply to the
consumers connected to the healthy zone of the ring can easily be
maintained even when one section of the ring is under the shutdown.
The NUMBER OF FEEDERS CONNECTED to the ring main
electrical power distribution system depends upon the following factors.
• MAXIMUM DEMAND OF THE SYSTEM: If it is more, then
more numbers of feeders feed the ring.
• TOTAL LENGTH OF THE RING MAIN DISTRIBUTORS: It length
is more, to compensate the voltage drop in the line, more
feeders to be connected to the ring system.
• REQUIRED VOLTAGE REGULATION: The number of feeders
connected to the ring also depends upon the permissible allowable,
voltage drop of the line.
The sub-distributors and service mains are taken off may be
via distribution transformer at different suitable points on the ring
depending upon the location of the consumers. Sometimes, instead of
connecting service main directly to the ring, sub-distributors are also
used to feed a group of service mains where direct access of ring
distributor is not possible.

All the points which we discussed in Lab-05 for AC RADIAL

will also be applied here for designing an AC ring main system.
Please refer to Lab-05 for Complete overview of the AC
Distribution System.
Here, we are considering the final conclusions that we made from
that discussion:

• From all that discussion we came to know that we have to

consider both inductor and capacitor along with resistor
in case of AC distribution line. But for our simplicity and
practical observation we came to know that inductive effect is
much greater than capacitive and resistive effect. By assuming
that we will ignore capacitance and Resistance, and only consider
inductance for our line/ Distributor.
• For loads, we consider inductive load only, because in most of
the cases our load is inductive, nor resistive neither capacitive.
But for your better understanding and observations you can
also try this experiment with Resistive Loads as well.

TASK:
DRAW AND ANALYZE AC RING MAIN SYSTEM & ALSO FIND
POINT OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL FOR BOTH THE CASES
LISTED BELOW: 1. UNIFORM LOADING
2. CONCENTRATED LOADING (Choose Loads according to
your Choice)
THE AC SYSTEM TO BE SIMULATED ON MATLAB IS:

i. AC Voltage Source:
Peak amplitude (V): 220
Phase (deg): 0
Frequency (Hz): 50

ii. Branch Inductance: Series RLC Branch Branch

Type: L
Inductance (H): 2 (For each AC Distribution Line)

iii. Load:
Series RLC Branch Branch
Type: L
Inductance (H): 10 (For each Inductive Load)

iv. Change load Inductance according to your choice

in case of Concentrated Loading.
 ALSO FORMULATE TABLES FOR BOTH CASES LIKE GIVEN
BELOW:

LOAD VOLTAGE ACROSS LOAD CURRENT

(Ω) (V) (AMP)

POINT OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL: ……………………….

Conclusion:

COMMENTS:
• EXPLAIN WHY AT SOME POINTS THE VOLTAGE COMES OUT TO
BE IN NEGATIVE POTENTIAL?
• WHAT IS THE SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM?
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 7: To model Power distribution network for calculation and improvement of power
factor using static capacitors.

OBJECTIVES:

 To model Power Distribution Network using Matlab/Simulink environment.

 To calculate Power Factor and implement static capacitors for improvement in Power Factor.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: ………………………………

INTRODUCTION

Power factor is an expression of energy efficiency. It is usually expressed as a

percentage—and the lower the percentage, the less efficient power usage is.
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW),
to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). PF expresses
the ratio of true power used in a circuit to the apparent power delivered
to the circuit. A 96% power factor demonstrates more efficiency than a 75%
power factor. PF below 95% is considered inefficient in many regions.
Apparent power, also known as demand, is the measure of the amount of
power used to run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is found
by multiplying (V x A = kVA). The result is expressed as kVA units.

Beer is active power (kW)—the useful power, or the liquid beer, is the
energy that is doing work. This is the part you want.
Foam is reactive power (kVAR)—the foam is wasted power or lost power. It’s
the energy being produced that isn't doing any work, such as the production of
heat or vibration.
The mug is apparent power (kVA)—the mug is the demand power, or the
power being delivered by the utility.
How to calculate power factor
To calculate power factor, you need working power (kW) and apparent power
(kVA), and to calculate the ratio of kW/kVA.
The power factor formula can be expressed as: PF = (True power)/(Apparent power)
OR
PF = Watt/VA
Where watts measure useful power while VA measures supplied power.
PF can also be measured as cosine of angle between voltage and current OR Ratio
between R and Z in impedance triangle.
The power factor can get values in the range from 0 to 1. When all the power is
reactive power with no real power (usually inductive load) - the power factor is 0.
When all the power is real power with no reactive power (resistive load) - the power
factor is 1

Need of power factor improvement

Poor power factor means that you’re using power inefficiently. This
matters to companies because it can result in:

 Heat damage to insulation and other circuit components.

 Reduction in the amount of available useful power.
 A required increase in conductor and equipment sizes (Real power is
given by P = VIcosφ. The electrical current is inversely proportional to
cosφ for transferring a given amount of power at a certain voltage.
Hence higher the PF lower will be the current flowing. A small current
flow requires a less cross-sectional area of conductors, and thus it
saves conductors and money.)
Now, we see having poor power factor increases the current flowing in a
conductor and thus copper loss increases. A large voltage drop occurs in the
alternator, electrical transformer and transmission and distribution lines –
which gives very poor voltage regulation. Finally, power factor increases
the overall cost of a power distribution system because the lower power
factor requires a higher current to supply the loads.

Methods of Power Factor Improvement

There are three main ways to improve power factor:
 Capacitor Banks
 Synchronous Condensers
 Phase Advancers

Capacitor Banks
Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage
and current. Since the majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some
amount of reactive power for them to function. A capacitor or bank of capacitors
installed parallel to the load provides this reactive power. They act as a source of
local reactive power, and thus less reactive power flows through the line.
Capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage and current .

IN TODAY’S LAB WE WILL USE THIS METHOD TO IMPROVE

OUR SYSTEM’S POWER FACTOR.
TASK:
DRAW A SIMPLE POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ON
MATLAB/SIMULINK TO CALCULATE ITS POWER FACTOR & ALSO
IMPROVE ITS POWER FACTOR USING CAPACITOR TO MAX.
POSSIBLE LEVEL.
THE SYSTEM TO BE SIMULATED ON MATLAB IS:

i. Three-phase Source:
ii. Load:
SERIES RLC BRANCH

 Do not change any value of all other components.

 The values of Inductance and Resistance for all the loads remains same.

PROCEDURE:
1. First formulate the circuit on Matlab as given in the figure.
2. Specify all the values of the components as given.
3. Run the Simulation to check what will the value of Power Factor comes out to be.
4. Note down the value of Power factor. If it comes out to be less then 0.8 then you
need to improve it.
5. In order to improve Power Factor you have to attach capacitors in parallel to loads.
6. Now your simulation will looks like this:
7. As you have added capacitors now, specify them some value in Farads. Like,

8. Assign same value to all the capacitors.

9. After adding capacitors run the simulation again to check whether there is some
improvement in Power Factor or not.
10. Note down the value of Power Factor.
LAB TASK:
 Now change the value of capacitor according to your choice,
whatever you want it to be and make sure the Power Factor
comes out to be 0.95~1.00.
 Note down the value of capacitor at which Power Factor
becomes approximately Unity in your Lab Reports.

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 8: To model and analyze Load Curve and Load Duration Curve.

OBJECTIVES:

 To model Load Curve using Matlab/Simulink environment and study its characteristics.
 To model Load Demand Curve using Matlab/Simulink environment and study its
characteristics.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

INTRODUCTION

Load Curve
A graphical plot showing the variation in demand for energy of the consumers on a source
of supply with respect to time is known as the load curve.
If this curve is plotted over a time period of 24 hours, it is known as daily load curve. If
its plotted for a week, month, or a year, then its named as the weekly, monthly or yearly
load curve respectively.

Load Duration Curve

The load duration curve reflects the activity of a population quite accurately with respect
to electrical power consumption over a given period of time. Definition: The load duration
curve is defined as the curve between the load and time in which the ordinates representing
the load, plotted in the order of decreasing magnitude, i.e., with the greatest load at the left,
lesser loads towards the rights and the lowest loads at the time extreme right.
The load curve of the power system is not same all the day. It differs from day to day and
season to season. The load curve is mainly classified into two types, i.e., the summer load
curve and the winter load curve. Summer and winter load curves are also shown in 3 rd
figure.

Information Obtained from Load Curve

The following are the information obtained from load curves.
 Load curve determines the load variation during different hours of the day.
 It indicates the peak load which determines the maximum demand on the power
station.
 The area under the load curve gives the total energy generated in the period
under consideration.
 The area under the curve divided by the total numbers of hours gives the load.
 The ratio of the area under the load curve of the total area of the rectangle in
which it is contained gives the load factor.
 

**Chronological refers to ordering events in accordance with the time

sequence in which they occurred
This curve represents the same data as that of the load curve. The load duration curve is
constructed by selecting the maximum peak points and connecting them by a curve. The
example below will help you better
understand the difference between load
curve and load duration curve.

Information Available Form Load

Duration Curve
The load duration curve gives the minimum
load present throughout the specified period.
 It authorizes the selection of base load
and peak load power plants.
 Any point on the load duration curve represents the total duration in hours for the
corresponding load and all loads of greater values.
 The area under the load duration curve represents the energy associated with the load
duration curve.
 The average demand during some specified time periods such as a day or a month can
be obtained from the load duration curve.

Example: Consider the daily load curve data of the power system.

Time Load in MW

6.00 am to 8.00am 8

8.00 am to 1.00 noon 20

1.00 noon to 2.00 noon 5

12.30 noon to 6.00 pm 30

6.00 pm to 6.00 am 8
 Solution: The data available from the load curve are tabulated to plot load duration
curve is as follows. Here the total time is 24 hours or 100%.

Load in MW Hours in a day Time in percentage

30 4 4/5×100=16.67%

20 4+5 9/24×100=37.5%

8 2+4+5+12 =23 23/24×100=95.83%

5 4+5+2+12+1 = 24 24/24×100=100%

TASK:
Formulate load curve and load duration curve for a given data of power
system using M-file(Matlab).

PROCEDURE:
1. Open Matlab and Click on “New Script” to open an M-file.
2. Now as M-file is opened save it first.
3. After save the file you have to write the provided code (on next slide) in this M-file.
4. Each and Every step/Command is explained in Green Color in front of every line of
code.
5. The words starting with % sign OR are in green color are comments which are written
for your understanding. You do not need to write them, write all other part.
6. After you have done writing the code, click on “Run” button.
7. When you click on Run a dialog box will appear as shown below, simply click “Add
to path” button and your code will run and results will be shown in “Command
Window”. And Load Curve will be appeared.
8. Command window is on the Home Page of Matlab.
9. If this dialog box does not appear, then run the simulation anyway.
CODE FOR LOAD CURVE:
CODE FOR LOAD DURATION CURVE:

LAB TASK:

Implement the given code in matlab and attach the obtained LOAD CURVE and
LOAD DURATION CURVE in your lab report. Also comment on each curve
that what you understand from these?

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….
Experiment 9: To model and analyze different Load Parameters of Power Distribution Network.

OBJECTIVES:

 To plot Load Factor curve with the help of code on Matlab.

 To understand how to calculate load flow of a system.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

INTRODUCTION

Load Factor
In electrical engineering the load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak
load in a specified time period.
Load factor means how efficiently we use energy.
It is the measure of the utilization of electrical energy during a given period to the
maximum energy which would have been utilized in that period.

Where, T is the Time Period which we are considering.

 The load factor plays an important role in the cost of generation per unit (kWh).
 The higher the load factor the smaller will be the generation cost for the same
maximum demands also a high load factor indicates that load is using the electric
system more efficiently.
 Whereas consumers or generators that underutilize the electric distribution will
have a low load factor.
 Depending upon the Time period for which Load Factor is being calculated
different load factors will be;
For calculating load factor, the following information is required;

 Actual kilowatt hours used (kWh)

 Peak kilowatt demand (kW)
 Number of days

LOAD FLOW STUDY:

 Load flow analysis is one of the basic power system analyses in the stage of
planning, design and operation of power systems.
 This is used to calculate the steady state performance* of the system under
various possible operating conditions and study the effects of changes in
equipment configuration.
 It is the computational procedure (numerical algorithms) required to determine
the steady state operating characteristics of a power system network from the
given line data and bus data.
*The definition of a steady-state is an unchanging condition, system or physical process
that remains the same even after transformation or change.

Why we need a load flow study?

 Load flow analysis is used to validate and check the operation of an existing
system under normal or outage conditions to see if the existing system is capable
of supplying the planned additional loads or to check and compare new
alternatives for system additions to supply the new loads or improve the system
performance.
 Completing a load flow study on an existing system will provide
recommendations for system operation and optimize the system operation to
minimum operational costs. Understanding the power flows on various system
feeders will allow the operators to understand if there is spare capacity, if there
are areas of the plant that are overloaded, and if there are operational
configurations that will save energy and the associated costs.
TASK:
To plot the load flow curve with the help of code on Matlab. To Calculate Load
Factor using Matlab.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open Matlab and Click on “New Script” to open an M-file.
2. Now as M-file is opened save it first.
3. After save the file you have to write the provided code (on next slide) in this M-file.
4. Each and Every step/Command is explained in Green Color in front of every line of
code.
5. The words starting with % sign OR are in green color are comments which are
written for your understanding. You do not need to write them, write all other part.
6. After you have done writing the code, click on “Run” button.
7. When you click on Run a dialog box will appear as shown below, simply click “Add
to path” button and your code will run and results will be shown in “Command
Window”. And Load Curve will be appeared.
8. Command window is on the Home Page of Matlab.
9. If this dialog box do not appear, then run the simulation anyway.
CODE FOR LOAD CURVE:

LAB TASK:

 Implement the given code in matlab and attach the obtained LOAD FLOW
in your lab report. Also comment on each curve that what you understand
from these?
 Plot Load Flow and also calculate Load Factor using MATLAB for given
Data.
Duration/TIME Period Power Consumed/ LOAD

12:00AM – 6:00AM 12MW

6:00AM – 9:00AM 15MW

9:00AM – 1:00PM 25MW

1:00PM – 2:00PM 12MW

2:00PM – 5:00PM 25MW

5:00PM – 10:00PM 20MW

10:00PM – 12:00AM 18MW

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 10: To model Distribution Transformer and verify its various winding connections.

OBJECTIVES:
 To Model Distribution Transformer using Matlab/Simulink.
 To understand how to verify its various winding connections and voltage and current
distributions in each type of winding connection.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

TITLE:
To model Distribution Transformer and verify its various winding connections.

OBJECTIVES:
To Model Distribution Transformer using Matlab/Simulink.
To understand how to verify its various winding connections and voltage and current
distributions in each type of winding connection.

PROCEDURE:

FOR 3 PHASE, 3 WIRE, OPEN DELTA PRIMARY

1-First of all startup the Matlab on your personal computer, the editor window will
be opened. Then click Simulink Library Browser and open new model. 2-To set the
parameters search “MULTI WINDING TRANFORMER” and add 2 times to the
main block.
3-The “MULTI WINDING TRANSFORMER (A)” parameters are given below

4-The “MULTI WINDING TRANSFORMER (B)” parameters are given below

5-Add “THREE PHASE V-I MEASUREMENT” and “SCOPE” in the main block. The
number of inputs of “SCOPE” is 3.
6-Also add “DEMUX”. The number of outputs are 3.
7-Click on “SCOPE” and see output Waveforms.

FOR 3 PHASE, 3 WIRE, Y PRIMARY

1-To set the parameters search “MULTI WINDING TRANSFORMER” and add 3
times in main block.
2-Draw the Following figure as given below
3-The parameters of the “Multi-winding transformer (A)” are given here

4-The parameters of “Multi-winding Transformer(B)” are given here.

5-Also add “3 phase V-I Measurement” and “Scope” in the main block. The number
of inputs are 3.
6-Search “De-mux” and add it to the main block. The number of outputs are 3.
7- Check output waveforms at scope.

FOR 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE OPEN Y grounded PRIMARY

1-To set the parameters search “MULTI WINDING TRANSFORMER” and add 3 times
in main block
2-Draw a Following figure as given below

3-The parameters of the “Multi-winding transformer (A)” are shown here

4-The parameters of the “Multi-winding transformer (B)” are given here

5-Also add “THREE PHASE V-I MEASUREMENT” and “SCOPE” in the main block.
The number of inputs of “SCOPE” is 3.
6-Also add “DEMUX”. The number of outputs are 3.
7-At the end, Click on “Scope” and see output.
FOR 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE Y grounded PRIMARY
1-To set the parameters search “MULTI WINDING TRANSFORMER” and add 3 times
in main block.
2-Draw a Following figure as given below
3-The parameters of the “Multi-winding transformer (A)” are given below

4-The parameters of the “Multi-winding transformer (B)” are given below

5-Also add “THREE PHASE V-I MEASUREMENT” and “SCOPE” in the main block.
The number of inputs of “SCOPE” is 3.
6-Search “Demux” and add it to the main block. The number of outputs are 3
7-At the end, click on “Scope” you will get the final figure.

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 11: Attempt to recognize various types of cable and cable size calculations for a
given load of Power Distribution Network.

OBJECTIVES:
 Recognize various types of Cables used in Distribution system.
 To learn how to calculate cable size for a specific load in Distribution system.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

 TITLE:
Attempt to recognize various types of cable and cable size calculations for a
given load of Power
Distribution Network.

OBJECTIVES:
Recognize various types of Cables used in Distribution system.
To learn how to calculate cable size for a specific load in Distribution system.
Cable:
Combination of conductor and insulator called cable. A cable consists of two parts.
The first one is called conductor and the second one is insulator. Conductor is made
from copper and aluminum and insulation is made from any insulating material.

A cable has following advantages:

 Less liable to damage through storms and lightening
 Low maintenance cost
 Less chance of faults
 Better general appearance

A cable has following disadvantages

 Greater insulation cost
 Insulation problems at high voltages
Main parts of cables:
The main parts of cable are as under.
1. Conductor
2. Insulation Material
3. Filling
4. Metallic Sheath
5. Bedding
6. Armoring
7. Over Sheath / serving

1. Conductor:
The conductor material used in cables is either a copper conductor or aluminum
conductor. Current flows in cable through this part. Aluminum is light weight but less
conductive then copper. Pure solid conductor is not used in cables, we do stranding to
make the conductor flexible.

2. Insulation Material:
Most commonly PVC is used as insulation material in cables. PVC insulation is also
made from Polyvinyl chloride. It is an insulating material and protects the system from
short circuit. It lies inside the PVC Sheath and it also protect inner conductor.
PVC has
following
properties:
High
Resistance
 High Dielectric strength
 High Mechanical strength
 Inert to oxygen, that’s why PVC is most commonly used insulation material.

Impregnated paper, varnished cambric, rubber materials can also be used as insulation
materials in cables depending upon the voltage.

3. Filling:
The interstices of the insulated conductor bundle are sometimes filled, usually with a soft
polymer material.

4. Metallic Sheath:
To protect the cable from moisture, acid and alkalies present in the soil, a layer made up
of lead or Al is provided over the insulation. It protects the PVC insulation from moisture.
5. Bedding:
To protect metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury, a layer of jute
or hessian tape is applied.
6. Armoring:
Armor is made from metallic material and the purpose of Armour covering is to provide
protection from mechanical stress.

7. Over Sheath:
Applied over the armor for overall mechanical, weather, chemical and electrical
protection. Typically a thermoplastic (e.g. PVC) or thermosetting (e.g. CSP)
compound, and often the same material as the bedding. Outer sheath is normally color
coded to differentiate between LV, HV and instrumentation cables. Manufacturer’s
markings and length markings are also printed on the outer sheath.

Material used for conductor:

Copper and aluminum material are used for conductor.

Material used for insulation:

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) and XLPE (Cross linked polyethylene) material are used for
insulation.
i. XLPE Cable:
An XLPE cable is a cable with two semi-conductive layers of wires that are used on cables
or power lines with high voltage. It is used to increase the safety of various electronic
devices when using high voltages. Used for 11kV to 35kV.

ii. PVC Cable:

Poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced
plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC most widely used in electrical cable
insulation. Used for 220V to 11kV.

Classification of cables:
1. Types of cables with respect to voltages
2. Types of cables with respect to phases
3. Types of cables with respect to cores

Types of cable with respect to voltage:

Types of cable with respect to voltage are as under;
 Low voltage cable ~ 220v
 Medium voltage cable ~ 11kv
 High voltage cable ~ 11kv to 35kv
 Extra high voltage cable ~ above 35kv
Types of cable with respect to phase:
Types of cable with respect to phase are as under;
1. Single phase cable
2. Three phase cable

i. Single phase cable:

Single phase cable is used for single phase supply. Single phase cable is usually two
core cable.

ii. Three phase cable:

Three phase cables are used for three phase supply. Three or four core cables are used
for three phase supply.

Types of cable with respect to core:

There are five types of cable with respect
to core. i. Single core cable ii. Two core
cable iii. Three core cable iv. Three and
half (3½) core cable v. Four core cable
SINGLE CORE CABLE:
Single core has one single piece of metal wire, maybe copper or aluminum, with
insulation around it. These are insulated with a special grade PVC compound formulated
and produced in-house which is resistant to water, oil, and grease, acids and others and
are tough to protect from any mechanical misuses. Single core cable are used for
 transmission of low-voltage signals, electric motors, DC power transformers, panel
boards, battery cables, etc.

ii. Two core cable:

Two cores cable has two conductors which are insulated to each other and both are exist
in a single PVC sheath. A two core cable is used where an earth is not required. Single
phase cables are usually two core cable.

iii. Three core cable:

In three core cable there are three conductors which are insulated to each other and these
conductors exist in a single PVC sheath. 3 core cables are used where ever the system is
ungrounded. 3 core cables can be used for three phase power supply without earthing. 3
cores are used for 3-ph loads/systems which do not require neutral e.g. motors.
iv. Three and half (3½) core cable:
3&1/2 cable can be used for three phase power supply with earthing because 1/2 core is
mostly used for earthing or grounding. 31/2 is used for below 5kw and 5kw supply.3.5
core is used for higher sizes where neutral core is half the size of phase cores.

v. Four core cable:

4 core cable can also be used for three phase power supply with earthing this cable can
also be used for control supply it depends on size of the cable if it is 1.5 mmsq. Then
control, if size is more can be used for power connection. 4 core cables are used for the
rating more than 5KW.
 TASK # 01:
Fill this Table of cable sizes and maximum current carrying capacity: Find
out the given cables sizes in Matric Size Format, their Max current and
Resistance Per Ohm.

How to Calculate the Size of a Cable for a Given Load?

 Thicker cables offer more electrons to carry a charge and a greater number of
paths through which the electrons can travel so, they offer less resistance to
electric flow.
 As a result, given the same voltage, a thicker cable carries more current. So,
choice of cable's exact thickness for a suitable size of cable is of prime
importance to meet a target level of resistance. The other relevant factors are;
i. Length of the cable (depends upon external needs/factors)
ii. Resistivity of the cable's material.
 If you are given with the Desired Load and you need a suitable size of cable to be
installed for it what are the factors you need to know;
i. Current drawn by that Load. ii. Length of
the cable iii. Material of the Cable and that
material’s resistivity.
iv. Voltage applied (that’s we all know is standard for every country, e.g. 220v
in our case)

In order to understand how we will calculate the cable size using these 3 values
provided, let’s take an example.

EXAMPLE: CABLE SIZE CALCULATION

Suppose Voltage Running= 120v, Current drawn= 30Amp, Length of Cable=
30,000meter, Copper Material Cable with Resistivity=ρ= 1.724 x 10^-8 ohm meters
at room temperature. Find out suitable Cable size.
1. Divide the voltage running through the cable by your target current. R=V / I = 120 /
30 = 4Ω This is your target resistance, measured in ohms.
2. Multiply the cable's length by its material's resistivity. ρ𝐿 = 30,000 x 1.724 x 10^-8
= 0.0005172 ohm 𝑚2.
𝐿 𝐿
3. As we know Resistance of any material R=ρ So, Area of cross section =A= ρ
𝐴 𝑅
4. Divide ρ𝐿 by your target resistance:
0.0005172 / 4 = 0.0001293.
This is the cable's necessary cross-sectional area.
5. Divide the cable's area by pi:
(0.0001293) / 3.1416 = 4.1152 x 10^-5.
6. Find the square root of this answer: (4.1152 x 10^-5) ^ 0.5 = 0.006415. This is the
cable's radius, measured in meters.
7. Multiply your answer by 39.37 to convert it to inches: 0.006415 x 39.37 = 0.2526.
8. Multiply the answer by 2: 0.2526 x 2 = 0.5052 inches. This is the cable's necessary
thickness/Diameter. It approximately corresponds with the standard 16-gauge cable.
LAB TASK#02:

Suppose Voltage Running= 220v, Current drawn= 20Amp,

Length of Cable= 5,000meter, Copper Material Cable with Resistivity=ρ= 1.724
x 10^-8 ohm meters at room temperature. Find out suitable Cable size.

NOTE: Attach all the calculations in your LAB REPORTS.

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 12: To Differentiate fundamental design of Illumination Schemes.

OBJECTIVES:
 Recognize various types of Illumination schemes.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

 TITLE:
To Differentiate fundamental design of Illumination Schemes

OBJECTIVES:
Recognize various types of Illumination/Lighting schemes.

Illumination (Definition):
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or
aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like
lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight.

Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves)

 It is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings.
 This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting
 Proper lighting can enhance task performance
 Improve the appearance of an area
 Have positive psychological effects on occupants
 Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part
of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape
projects.

Lighting Schemes

Different lighting schemes may be classified as

1. Direct Lighting

2. Indirect Lighting

3. Semi-direct lighting

4. Semi-Indirect lighting

5. General diffusing systems

DIRECT LIGHTING
In this form of lighting, the light from the source falls directly on the object or the
surface to be illuminated
Light Distribution
Downward distribution 60%

DIRECT LIGHTING Properties

 Uniform lighting is to be provided at the working or reading plane
 Lamps of suitable size have to be located and furnished with such fittings so
as to give correct degree and distribution of illumination at the required place
 Keep the lamps and fittings clean otherwise 15 to 25 % of efficiency suffers
Limitations
Though most efficient but can cause glare* and hard shadows

*Glare is difficulty of seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or

reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night. Because of this,
some cars include mirrors with automatic anti-glare functions.
 Indirect Lighting
Light does not reach the surface directly from the source but indirectly by diffuse
reflection
Light Distribution
Upward 80% , Downward 20%

Indirect Lighting
Properties

 The lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in suspended opaque

bowls

 Maximum light is thrown upwards on the ceiling from which it is

distributed all over the room by diffuse reflection

Limitations
In most cases 50 to 70 % greater light as produced by indirect lighting is demanded.

Semi-direct System
This system utilizes luminaries which send most of
the light downwards directly on the working plane
but a considerable amount reaches the ceiling and
walls also.

Light Distribution
Upward 30% , Downward 45%
87
 Semi-Indirect lighting
This system is basically a compromise between
the first two systems, the light is partly received
by diffused reflection and partly direct from the
source

Light Distribution
Upward 75% , Downward 10%

General diffusing systems

In this system, luminaries are employed which have almost equal light distribution
downwards and upwards.
Light Distribution
Upward 40% , Downward 40%
FLOODLIGHTING
It means ‘flooding’ of large surfaces with the help of light from powerful
projectors.

Purposes
Flooding is employed for the following
purposes

 For aesthetic purposes as for enhancing

the beauty of a building at night e.g flood
lighting of religious buildings, ancient
monuments and festive
occasions

 For advertising purposes

 For industrial and commercial

purposes e.g in sports stadiums
 Floodlight projectors having suitable reflectors fitted with standard 250-500 or
1000-watt gas filled tungsten lamps, are employed.

Illumination Required for Different Purposes

Purpose and Places Lm/m2

Precision work, Displays, Tasks requiring rapid Above 500

discrimination, extra fine work around needles of sewing
machines
Fine engraving, inspection of fine details having low contrast 200-500

Proof reading, drawing, sustained reading, fine assembling , 100-200

skilled bench work

Drawing offices, Art exhibition, usual reading 60-100

Museum, work of simple nature not involving close attention 40-60

to fine details

Waiting rooms, Auditoriums and in factories 20-40

Hospital Wards, Yards, Railway Platforms 5-10

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 13: To Differentiate various light sources, Incandescent lamps, sodium & mercury
vapour lamps and Fluorescent Tube Light.

OBJECTIVES:
 Differentiate and identify various types of Illumination Sources.

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

92
 TITLE:
To Differentiate various light sources, Incandescent lamps, sodium & mercury
vapor lamps and
Fluorescent Tube Light.

OBJECTIVES:
Differentiate and identify various types of Illumination Sources.

Electrical method of producing Light

Following are the methods of producing light :
By developing arc between two electrodes
By passing a current through a filament
By electric discharge through vapors or gases
Arc Lamp
The principle of an arc lamp is that when two electrodes carrying current are separated
through a small distance, an arc is struck between them. The arc lamps were used in the
past for street lighting purposes but now a day these are used when extreme brightness
is required.
Most commonly use arc lamp is Carbon Arc Lamp

For maintaining the arc, a minimum voltage required is given by : V = (39 + 28

L ), where L is length of arc in centimeter.
Filament or Incandescent Lamp
Working Principle :
As we know when a room heater is switched On , it gives out red light with heat at the
working temperature of 750 oC and at this temperature the radiations are mostly in
infrared regions. This working principle is use to develop the filament lamp.
 When an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire, it raises
the temperature of wire.
 At low temperature only heat is produced but at higher temperature
light radiations goes on increasing.
 As filament lamp consists of fine wire of high resistive material placed
in an evacuated glass bulb. This type of lamps are operated at the temperature
of 2500 oC .

A tungsten filament is enclosed in evacuated glass bulb but to improve its

performance some chemical like argon or nitrogen gas are filled.
 Properties of Metal for Filament
 High melting point: so that it can be operated at high temperature.
 High specific resistance: so that it produces more heat.
 Low temperature coefficient: so that filament resistance may not change
at operating temperature.
 Low vapor pressure; so that it may not vaporize
 High ductile: so that it may withstand mechanical vibrations

Sodium Vapor Lamp

This lamp consists of discharge tube made from special heat resistance glass,
containing a small amount of metallic sodium, neon gas and two electrodes. Neon
gas is added to start the discharge and to develop enough heat to vaporized sodium.
A long tube is required to get more light. To reduce overall dimensions of the
lamp, the tube is generally bent into U-shape.
Working Principle:
An electric discharge lamps require a high voltage at staring and low voltage
during operation. So at starting a voltage of 450 V is applied across the lamp
to start the discharge. After 10 to 15 minutes, the voltage falls to 150 V
because of low power factor. To improve the power factor a capacitor is
connected across the supply. The color of light produce is yellowish.
Mercury Vapor Lamp
On the basis of pressure inside the discharge
tube, the mercury vapor lamps are classified as
high pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp and
low pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp. High
pressure M.V. Lamps are of following types:
1. M.A. type: these are operated at 220 -
250 V A.C. main and made in 250 W
and 400 W.
2. M.A.T. type: these are made in 300 and
500 W and operated at 200 -250 V A.C.
as well as D.C.
3. M.B. type: This is operated at 200 –
250 V A.C. and made in 80 W and 125
W.
Working Principle:
When the supply is switched ON, full
voltage is applied across main and starting
electrodes. This voltage breaks down the
gap and discharge through argon gas takes
place. As the lamp warms up, mercury is
vaporized, which increase the vapor
pressure. This discharge takes the shape of intense arc. After 5 minutes, the lamp
gives full light. It gives greenish blue color light.
This lamp is always suspended vertically,
otherwise inner glass tube may break due to
excessive heat.

Fluorescent Tube
It is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of a glass tube 25 mm in
diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at
low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends, two electrodes coated
with some electron emissive material are placed.
Working:
 A choke is connected in series with the tube which act as a blast and
provide a high voltage at starting glow in the tube. During running
condition, the same choke absorbs some supply voltage and remain a
voltage of 110 V across the tube. A capacitor is connected to improve the
power factor.

The colors produce by this tubes are as:

Material Color
Zinc silicate Green
Calcium tungsten Blue
Cadmium borate Pink
Calcium Holo phosphate White or day light
Magnesium tungsten Bluish white

Advantages of Fluorescent Tube

1. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.
Disadvantages of Fluorescent Tube
1. Its brightness is less.
2. Initial cost is more
3. Overall maintenance cost is high.
Neon Lamp
These lamps are operated at a very low temperature of about 200 oC that’s why
these are called cold cathode discharge lamps.
Two electrodes are housed at the two ends of the tube which contain neon
gas. The electrodes are made of iron or nickel cylinder without any coating and
practically they do not emit electrons. It gives red light whereas with mixture
of mercury and argon it gives bluish green color. Voltage require for starting
and operation is 10000 V. This high voltage is obtained from transformer.
Working :
When the supply is switched ON at primary side of transformer, a voltage of
10000 V develops across secondary side which come across two electrodes.
At this voltage a discharge occurs in neon gas.
Different colors can be obtained by changing the constituents of gases and
mercury filled in the tubes.
Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamp is a special type of tungsten
filament lamp which was developed in
1959, in these lamps, a small amount of
halogen vapor is added to the inert gas of
the bulb. Its glass bulb is small in size and
mechanically strong. It operates at high
temperature of 3000 oC .
When the supply is given to the lamp, a
filament glows and produce light. The
halogen in addition to inert gas causes the
evaporated tungsten to resettle back on the
filament during cooling, that’s why lamp
can be operated at high temperature. It
provides high intensity light.
Advantages of Halogen Lamp
 It is smaller in size.
 It does not need any blast.
 Good colors can be obtained.
 Excellent optical control.
 Gives same output throughout life
 It has long life

Disadvantages of Halogen Lamp

 During maintenance the handling of lamp is difficult.
 Radiant heat is more which heats the surroundings.
 Operating temperature is high which effects its life.

Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL)

The compact fluorescent lamps are becoming more and more popular now a days
because of their low power consumption, low running cost, longer life, attractive
look, smooth light and low maintenance.
These lamps are available in different sizes and designs. They have single rod,
double rod, triple rod or spiral rod. These lamps are available in different power
rating e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11, 18 and 24 watt 220 V.
It is basically a low pressure mercury vapor lamp having two electrodes coated with
electron emissive material placed in a glass tube.
The tube is coated internally with some fluorescent material in the form of powder.
In the tube one drop of mercury and argon gas is filled at low pressure.
It is used in offices, shops, hotels, hospitals, cinema halls, residential buildings etc.

Advantage of CFL
 Low energy consumption
 Low maintenance cost
 It stars instantly
 It does not heat the surroundings
 Excellent color properties
 Low operating cost
 More life

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Program: B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Semester: VI

Subject: EEL-413 Power Distribution and Utilization Date: …………….

Experiment 14: To design a proper Illumination scheme for a given working place (Open
Ended Lab)

OBJECTIVES:

Name: ………………………………… Roll No: ………………………………..

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Ability to 5 Organization/ Structure 5
Conduct
Experiment
Design and 5 Data Presentation 5
Simulation

Total Marks obtained

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………