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Rubiatul Adawiah Binti Zainal Ariffin - 2021285022 - At2201a

This document contains Rubiatul Adawiah Binti Zainal Ariffin's responses to several questions about plant physiology. In response to Question 1, she discusses three ways to increase photosynthetic rate: increasing carbon dioxide, light intensity, and temperature. For Question 2, she assesses solute translocation at the cellular level and relates the severity of defoliation to shoot to root ratios. Question 3 involves discussing water use efficiency and comparing osmosis and diffusion in plants. Finally, Question 4 lists symptoms of salinity stress, discusses plant responses to salinity stress, and explains how temperature stress would affect bananas.

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Rubiatul Adawiah Zainal Ariffin
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82 views5 pages

Rubiatul Adawiah Binti Zainal Ariffin - 2021285022 - At2201a

This document contains Rubiatul Adawiah Binti Zainal Ariffin's responses to several questions about plant physiology. In response to Question 1, she discusses three ways to increase photosynthetic rate: increasing carbon dioxide, light intensity, and temperature. For Question 2, she assesses solute translocation at the cellular level and relates the severity of defoliation to shoot to root ratios. Question 3 involves discussing water use efficiency and comparing osmosis and diffusion in plants. Finally, Question 4 lists symptoms of salinity stress, discusses plant responses to salinity stress, and explains how temperature stress would affect bananas.

Uploaded by

Rubiatul Adawiah Zainal Ariffin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RUBIATUL ADAWIAH BINTI ZAINAL ARIFFIN

2021285022
AT2201A

PART A

QUESTION 1

a) 3 Possible Ways to Increase Photosynthetic Rate


• Increasing in Carbon Dioxide
➢ The oxygen supply is dwindling if stomata close
➢ The environmental change will change the oxygen rate thus will increase the
Photosynthetic Rate.
• Increasing in Light Intensity
➢ Plant that has high tolerant rate will grow healthy other than plant that
doesn’t need it.
➢ Photosynthesis will occur the best in enough light condition.
• Increasing in Temperature
➢ The increasing temperature condition will increase the photosynthetic rate,
when to damp or too cold they become slow.

b) Assess the pathway of solute translocation from sources to sinks at cellular level.
• The translocation process is the movement of organic material made by the plant
that can be called assimilates.
• Sugars and other chemicals made by plant cells and are transported in the phloem
tissue. Assimilates are transported in sieve elements, which work closely together
with companion cells to achieve translocation.
• The part of the plant that releases the assimilate into the phloem is called a source,
and the part of the plant that removes the assimilate from the phloem is called a
sink.
• Sugars are translocated from sources (regions of excess carbohydrates) to sinks
(regions where the carbohydrate is needed).

c) Relate the severity of defoliation and dry matter partitioning according to shoot: root
ratio.
• There is a strong in the shoot and root ratios, as if one part of the plant is start to
grow more once it falls behind, and then its growth eventually exceeds the optimal
balance and the other part is activated to grow to catch up.
• The shoot to root and all of the stress treatments that reduced total plant dry
matter accumulation also reduced the magnitude of this periodicity.
QUESTION 2

a) Nutrient management is essential in an agricultural land.

i) Biofertilizer can be defined as biological products containing living


microorganisms that, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil,
promote growth by several mechanisms such as increasing the supply of
nutrients, increasing root biomass or root area and increasing nutrient
uptake capacity of the plant. Rhizobium inoculant is used for leguminous
crops. Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize.

ii) Two elements that are possibly lacking in these mango trees are
phosphorus and iron.

• Designate four (4) proper nutrient management


i. Right rate
A soil test report indicates the amount of nutrients that
the soil can supply and recommends the amount, if any,
needed from other sources to produce the indicated
crop. Soil testing is no better than the quality of the
sampling, so ensure that a random sample is taken to
the correct depth.
ii. Right timing
The timing of application is more important with
nitrogen than with any other nutrient because nitrogen
is applied in large amounts to many crops and is highly
mobile. Phosphorus is stable when it is mixed into the
soil and can be applied when most convenient.
iii. Right source
It is important that nitrogen remain in the root zone
long enough for it to be used by the growing crop.
Although ammonium nitrogen can be held by the soil, it
is generally nitrified (changed from ammonium to
nitrate) very rapidly (three to five days) under North
Carolina conditions
iv. Right placement
Nitrogen and phosphorus are less likely to be lost by
erosion or runoff if they are banded directly into the soil
or incorporated. nitrogen and phosphorus should be
incorporated into the soil before crops are
planted/established or banded, even if using
conservation tillage.
b) Describe the suitable hormone that can be applied together with two (2) other
commercial functions of the mentioned hormone.

• Ethylene
1. To inhibit terminal bud growth in some plants so their flowering stems are made
more compact.
2. To promote formation (expression) of female flowers in cucumber, avoid self-
pollina-tion and increase yield.

c) Present the type of hormone and its mechanism of breaking seed dormancy.

• Gibberellins
➢ Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote growth, seed germination
and leaf expansion.
➢ They occur at low concentrations in vegetative tissues but at higher
concentrations in germinating seeds.
➢ Induce cell elongation and cell division.
➢ Important for plant growth and development through flowering and/or seed
germination.
• Gibberellins Actions
➢ Promotes stem elongation
➢ Overcomes dormancy in seeds
➢ Involved in parthenocarpy fruit development
➢ Induce fruit enlargement
➢ Flowering

QUESTION 3

a) Discuss the water-use efficiency determination for both the crop level and on single
plant basis.

• Whole Crop
➢ Harvested yield per unit of soil water used over the entire season. 2. Total
above ground dry matter produced per unit soil water used over the entire
season.

• Single Plant Basis


➢ The current net CO2 assimilation rate can be divided by the current
transpiration rate.
b) Compare between osmosis and diffusion in plants in terms of their differences and
similarities.

Osmosis & Diffusion


Diffusion can occur in any mixture, including one that
includes a semipermeable membrane, while osmosis always
occurs across a semipermeable membrane. When people
Differences discuss osmosis in biology, it always refers to the movement
of water. In chemistry, it's possible for other solvents to be
involved. In biology, this is a difference
between the two processes.
Osmosis and diffusion are related processes that display
similarities. Both osmosis and diffusion equalize the
concentration of two solutions. Both diffusion and osmosis
Similarities are passive transport processes, which means they do not
require any input of extra energy to occur. In both diffusion
and osmosis, particles move from an area of higher
concentration to one of lower concentration

c) Deduce the outcome of the activity with elaboration on tonicity, water concentration
in solution and carrot cells, movement of water, and the carrot condition.
Hypertonic - If you place an animal or a plant cell in a hypertonic solution, the cell
shrinks, because it loses water (water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell
to a lower concentration outside)
Hypotonic - When a plant cell is in a hypotonic environment, the osmotic entry of water
raises the turgor pressure exerted against the cell wall until the pressure prevents more
water from coming into the cell.
Isotonic - The water moves from a region of low osmolarity (extracellular fluid) to a
region of high osmolarity (inside the cell).

QUESTION 4

a) List four (4) symptoms of salinity stress in plants:


• Necrosis
• Retardation
• Plant Death
• Loss of turgor

b) Discuss three (3) responses of plants towards salinity stress:


• Succulence - A plant that uses the (thickened) leaves to store water. A "leaf
succulent” is a plant that stores water in enlarged, specialized spongy portions of
their leaves
• Secretions of salts - In the leaves, the salt ions move out of the veins and into the
tissues surrounding them
• Salt saturated leaf fall - Salt dissolved in water and cause leaf to fall

c) Explain the type of stress to be faced by the bananas and indicate the symptoms they will
exhibit and the possible responses towards the stress.
• Temperature influences most plant processes, including photosynthesis,
transpiration, respiration, germination, and flowering.

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