SMK SAMA GAGAH, PERMATANG PAUH Lesson Plan for Form Four Physics (2011)

LEARNING AREA: 1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

Learning Objective
1.1 Understanding Physics

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: explain what physics is

Suggested Activities
Observe everyday objects such as table, a pencil, a mirror etc and discuss hoe they are related to physics concepts. View a video on natural phenomena and discuss how they related to physics concepts. Discuss fields of study in physics such as forces, motion, heta, light etc.

Notes

Vocabulary

recognize the physics in everyday objects and natural phenomena

1.2 Understanding base quantities and derived quantities

A student is able to: explain what base quantities and derived quantities are list base quantities and their units list some derived quantities and their units. express quantities using prefixes. express quantities using scientific notation

Discuss base quantities and derived quantities. From a text passage, identify physical quantities then classify them into base quantities and derived quantities. List the value of prefixes and their abbreviations from nano to giga, eg. nano (10-9), nm(nanometer) Discus the use of scientific notation to express large and small numbers.

Base quantities are: length (l), mass(m), time (t), temperature (T) and current (I) Suggested derived quantities: force (F) Density (

) , volume (V)

and velocity (v) More complex derived quantities may be discussed

Base quantities Derived quantities Length Mass Temperature Current Force Density Volume Velocity

1/22

Week

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
express derived quantities as well as their units in terms of base quantities and base units. solve problems involving conversion of units

Suggested Activities
Determine the base quantities( and units) in a given derived quantity (and unit) from the related formula. Solve problems that involve the conversion of units. Carry out activities to show that some quantities can be defined by magnitude only whereas other quantities need to be defined by magnitude as well as direction. Compile a list of scalar and vector quantities.

Notes
When these quantities are introduced in their related learning areas.

Vocabulary
Scientific notation bentuk piawai Prefix- imbuhan

2 1014/1 1.3 Understanding scalar and vector quantities

A student is able to: define scalar and vector quantities

give examples of scalar and vector quantities.

3 1721/1

1.4 Understanding measurement

A student ia able to Measure physical quantities using appropriate instruments Explain accuracy and consistency

Choose the appropriate instrument for a given measurement Discuss consistency and accuracy using the distribution of gunshots on a target as an example Discuss the sensitivity of various instruments Demonstrate through examples systematic errors and random errors. Discuss what systematic and random errors are. Use appropriate techniques to reduce error in measurements such as repeating measurements to find the average and compensating for zero error.

Accuracy Consistency Sensitivity Error Random

Explain sensitivity

error

Explain types of experimental

Use appropriate techniques to reduce errors

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Week
4 2428/1

Learning Objective
1.5 Analysing scientific investigations

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Identify variables in a given situation Identify a queation suitable for scientific investigation Form a hypothesis Design and carry out a simple experiment to test the hypothesis

Suggested Activities
Observe a situation and suggest questions suitable for a scientific investigation. Discucc to: a) identify a question suitable for scientific investigation b) identify all the variables c) form a hypothesis d) plan the method of investigation including selection of apparatus and work procedures Carry out an experiment and: a) collect and tabulate data b) present data in asuitable form c) interpret the data and draw conclusions d) write a complete report

Notes
Scientific skills are applied throughout

Vocabulary

Record and present data in a suitable form Interpret data to draw a conclusion Write a report of the investigation

3/22

LEARNING AREA: 2. FORCES AND MOTION

Learning Objective
2.1 Analysing linear motion

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Define distance and displacement

Suggested Activities
Carry out activities to gain an idea of: a) distance and displacement b) speed and velocity c) acceleration and deceleration

Notes
Average speed = total distance / time taken

Vocabulary
Distance jarak Displacement sesaran Speed laju Velocity halaju Acceleration pecutan Deceleration, retardation nyahpecutan

Define speed and velocity and state that

v=

s t

Define acceleration and deceleration and state that

a=

v u t

Calculate speed and velocity Calculate acceleration/deceleration

Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration using

Carry out activities usisng a data logger/graphing calculator/ticker timer to a) identify when a body is at rest, moving with uniform velocity or non-uniform velocity b) determine displacement, velocity and acceleration Solve problems using the following equations of motion:

v = u + at
s = ut +

v = u + at
s = ut + 1 2 at 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as

1 2 at 2 v 2 = u 2 + 2as

2.2 Analysing motion graphs

A student is able to: plot and interpret displacement- time and velocity-time graphs deduce from the shape of a displacement-time graph when a body is: i. at rest ii. moving with uniform velocity iii. moving with non-uniform velocity

Carry out activities using a data logger/graphing calculator/ ticker timer to plot a) displacement-time graphs b) velocity-time graphs Describe and interpret: a) displacement-time graphs b) velocity-time graphs

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Week

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
determine distance, displacement and velocity from a displacement time graph deduce from the shape of velocitytime graph when a body is: a. at rest b. moving with uniform velocity c. moving with uniform acceleration determine distance, displacement velocity and acceleration from a velocitytime graph solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration.

Suggested Activities
Determine distance, displacement velocity and acceleration from a displacement time and velocitytime graphs.

Notes
Reminder Velocity is determined from the gradient of displacement time graph. Acceleration is determined from the gradient of velocity time graph Distance is etermined from the area under a velocity time graph.

Vocabulary

2.3 Understanding Inertia

A student is able to: explain what inertia is

Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration involving graphs. Carry out activities/view computer simulations/ situations to gain an idea on inertia. Carry out activities to find out the relationship between inertia and mass. Research and report on a) the positive effects of inertia b) ways to reduce the negative effects of inertia. Carry out activities/view computer simulations to gain an idea of momentum by comparing the effect of stopping two objects: a) of the same mass moving at different speeds b) of different masses moving at the same speeds

Newtons First Law of Motion maybe introduced here.

Inertia - inersia

relate mass to inertia

give examples of situations involving inertia suggest ways to reduce the negative side effects of inertia.

2.4 Analysing momentum

A student is able to: define the momentum of an object

Momentum momentum Collision pelanggaran Explosion letupan

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Week
9

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes

Suggested Activities
Discuss momentum as the product of mass and velocity.

Notes

Vocabulary
Conservation of linear momentumkeabadian momentum

define momentum p as the product of mass (m) and velocity (v) i.e.

( )

p = mv

state the principle of conservation of momentum

View computer simulations on collision and xplosions to gain an idea on the conservation of momentum Conduct an experiment to show that the total momentum of a closed system is a constant Carry out activities that demonstrate the conservation of momentum e.g. water rockets.

Reminder Momentum as a vector quantity needs to be emphasized in problem solving

describe applications of conservation of momentum

Research and report on the applications of conservation of momentum such as in rockets or jet engines . Solve problems involving linear momentum With the aid of diagrams, describe the forces acting on an object: a) at rest b) moving at constant velocity c) accelerating Conduct experiments to find the relationship between: a) acceleration and mass of an object under constant force b) acceleration and force for a constant mass. Solve problems using F = ma When the forces acting on an objects are balanced they cancel each other out (nett force = 0). The object then behaves as if there is no force acting on it. Newtons Second Law of Motion may be introduced here

solve problems involving momentum

10

2.5 Understanding the effects of a force

A student is able to: describe the effects of balanced forces acting on an object describe the effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object

determine the relationship between force, mass and acceleration i.e. F = ma.

Solve problem using F = ma

6/22

Week
11

Learning Objective
2.6 Analysing impulse and impulsive force

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: explain what an impulsive force is . give examples of situations involving impulsive forces define impulse as a change of momentum, i.e.

Suggested Activities
View computer simulations of collision and explosions to gain an idea on impulsive forces. Discuss a) impulse as a change of momentum b) an impulsive force as the rate of change of momentum in a collision or explosion c) how increasing or decreasing time of impact affects the magnitude of the impulsive force. Research and report situations where: a) an impulsive force needs to be reduced and how it can be done b) an impulsive force is beneficial

Notes

Vocabulary
Accuracy- kejituan Consistencykepersisan Sensitivity-kepekaan Error- ralat Random - rawak

Ft = mv - mu

define impulsive forces as the rate of change of momentum in a collision or explosion, i.e.

F =

mv - mu t

explain the effect of increasing or decreasing time of impact on the magnitude of the impulsive force. Describe situation where an impulsive force needs to be reduced and suggest ways to reduce it. describe situation where an impulsive force is beneficial solve problems involving impulsive forces

Solve problems involving impulsive forces

11

2.7 Being aware of the need for safety features in vehicles

A student is able to: describe the importance of safety features in vehicles

Research and report on the physics of vehicle collision and safety features in vehicles in terms of physics concepts. Discuss the importance of safety features in vehicles.

7/22

Week
12

Learning Objective
2.8 Understanding gravity

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: explain acceleration due to gravity

Suggested Activities
Carry out activity or view computer simulations to gain an idea of acceleration due to gravity. Discuss a) acceleration due to gravity b) a gravitational field as a region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction and c) gravitational field strength (g) as gravitational force per unit mass Carry out an activity to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity. Discuss weight as the Earths gravitational force on an object

Notes
When considering a body falling freely, g (= 9.8 m/s2) is its acceleration but when it is at rest, g (=9.8 N/kg) is the Earths gravitational field strength acting on it. The weight of an object of fixed mass is dependent on the g exerted on it.

Vocabulary
Gravitational field medan gravity

state what a gravitational field is define gravitational field strength

determine the value of acceleration due to gravity

define weight (W) as the product of mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) i.e. W =mg. solve problems involving acceleration due to gravity.

13

2.9 Analysing forces in equilibrium

A student is able to: describe situations where forces are in equilibrium

state what a resultant force is add two forces to determine the

Solve problems involving acceleration due to gravity. With the aid of diagrams, describe situations where forces are in equilibrium , e.g. a book at rest on a table, an object at rest on an inclined plane. With the aid of diagrams, discuss the resolution and addition of forces

Resultant daya paduan Resolve- lerai

8/22

Week

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
resultant force. Resolve a force into the effective component forces . Solve problems involving foces in equilibrium

Suggested Activities
to determine the resultant force.

Notes

Vocabulary

Solve problems involving forces in equilibrium (limited to 3 forces). Observe and discus situations where work is done. Discuss that no work is done when: a) a force is applied but no displacement occurs b) an object undergoes a displacement with no applied force acting on it. Give examples to illustrate how energy is transferred from one object to another when work is done Discuss the relationship between work done to accelerate a body and the change in kinetic energy Discuss the relationship between work done against gravity and gravitational potential energy. Carry out an activity to show the principle of conservation of energy State that power is the rate at which work is done, P = W/t. Carry out activities to measure power. Discuss efficiency as: Useful energy output x 100 % 2.10 Understanding work, energy, power and efficiency.

14

2.10 Understanding work, energy, power and efficiency.

A student is able to: Define work (W) as the product of an applied force (F) and displacement (s) of an object in the direction of the applied force i.e. W = Fs.

State that when work is done energy is transferred from one object to another. Define kinetic energy and state that Ek =

1 mv 2 2

15

Define gravitational potential energy and state that Ep = mgh

State the principle of conservation of energy. Define power and state that P = W/t

Have students recall the different forms of energy.

Explain what efficiency of a device is.

9/22

Week

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes

Suggested Activities
Energy input Evaluate and report the efficiencies of various devices such as a diesel engine, a petrol engine and an electric engine. Solve problems involving work, energy, power and efficiency. Discuss that when an energy transformation takes place, not all the energy is used to do useful work. Some is converted into heat or other types of energy. Maximising efficiency during energy transformations makes the best use of the available energy. This helps to conserve resources Carry out activities to gain an idea on elasticity. Plan and conduct an experiment to find the relationship between force and extension of a spring. Relate work done to elastic potential energy to obtain E p =

Notes

Vocabulary

Solve problems involving work, energy, power and efficiency

16

2.11 Appreciating the importance of maximising the efficiency of devices.

A student is able to: recognize the importance of maximising efficiency of devices in conserving resources.

16

2.12 Understanding elasticity.

A student is able to: define elasticity define Hookes Law

define elastic potential energy and state that E p =

1 kx 2 2

1 kx 2 . 2

Describe and interpret forceextension graphs. Investigate the factors that affects elasticity.

determine the factors that affect elasticity.

10/22

Week

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
Describe applications of elasticity

Suggested Activities
Research and report on applications of elasticity. Solve problems involving elasticity.

Notes

Vocabulary

Solve problems involving elasticity

11/22

LEARNING AREA: 3. FORCES AND PRESSURE

Learning Objective
3.1 Understanding pressure

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to:

Suggested Activities
Observe and describe the effect of a force acting over a large area compared to a small area, e.g. school shoes versus high heeled shoes. Discuss pressure as force per unit area Research and report on applications of pressure. Solve problems involving pressure Observe situations to form ideas that pressure in liquids: a) acts in all directions b) increases with depth Observe situations to form the idea that pressure in liquids increases with density Relate depth (h) , density ( ) and gravitational field strength (g) to pressure in liquids to obtain P = h g Research and report on a) the applications of pressure in liquids b) ways to reduce the negative effect of pressure in liquis Solve problems involving pressure in liquids.

Notes
Introduce the unit of pressure pascal (Pa) (Pa = N/m2)

Vocabulary
Pressure

Define pressure and state that

P =

F A

17 3.2 Understanding pressure in liquids

Describe applications of pressure solve problems involving pressure

A student is able to: relate depth to pressure in a liquid relate density to pressure in a liquid explain pressure in a liquid and state that P = h g describe applications of pressure in liquids.

Depth Density Liquid

Solve problems involving pressure in liquids.

12/22

Week
18

Learning Objective
3.3 Understanding gas pressure and atmospheric pressure

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: explain gas pressure

Suggested Activities
Carry out activities to gain an idea of gas pressure and atmospheric Discuss gas pressure in terms of the behaviour of gas molecules based on the kinetic theory

Notes
Student need to be introduced to instruments used to measure gas pressure (Bourdon Gauge) and atmospheric pressure (Fortin barometer, aneroid barometer). Working principle of the instrument is not required. Introduce other units of atmospheris pressure. 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 10.3 m water= 101300 Pa 1 milibar = 100 Pa

Vocabulary

explain atmospheric pressure

Discuss atmospheric pressure in terms of the weight of the atmosphere acting on the Earths surface Discuss the effect of altitude on the magnitude of atmospheric pressure Research and report on the application of atmospheric pressure Solve problems involving atmospheric and gas pressure including barometer and manometer readings. Observe situations to form the idea that pressure exerted on an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally to every part of the liquid Discuss hydraulic systems as a force multiplier to obtain: Outpur force = output piston area Input force input piston area

describe applications of atmospheric pressure solve problems involving atmospheric pressure and gas pressure

19

3.4 Applying Pascals principle

A student is able to: state Pascals principle.

Enclosed Force multiplier Hydraulic systems Transmitted

Explain hydraulic system

13/22

Week
20

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
Describe applications of Pascals principle. Solve problems involving Pascals principle.

Suggested Activities
Research and report on the application of Pascals principle (hydraulic systems) Solve problems involving Pascals principle Carry out an activity to measure the weight of an object in air and the weight of the same object in water to gain an idea on buoyant force. Conduct an experiment to investigate the relationship between the weight of water displaced and the buoyant force. Discuss buoyancy in terms of: a) An object that is totally or partially submerged in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced b) The weight of a freely floating object being equal to the weight of fluid displaced c) a floating object has a density less than or equal to the density of the fluid in which it is floating. Research and report on the applications of Archimedes principle, e.g. submarines,

Notes

Vocabulary

21, 22

3.5 Applying Archimedes principle.

A student is able to: Explain buoyant force

Relate buoyant force to the weight of the liquid displaced

Have students recall the different forms of energy.

State Archimedes principle.

Describe applications of Archimedes principle

14/22

Week
22

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
Solve problems involving Archimedes principle

Suggested Activities
hydrometers, hot air balloons Solve problems involving Archimedes principle. Build a Cartesian diver. Discuss wy the diver can be made to move up and down. Carry out activities to gain the idea that when the speed of a flowing fluid increases its pressure decreases, e.g. blowing above a strip of paper, blowing through straw, between two pingpong balls suspended on strings. Discuss Bernoullis principle Carry out activities to show that a resultant force exists due to a difference in fluid pressure.

Notes

Vocabulary

23

3.6 Understanding Bernoullis principle.

A student is able to: State Bernoullis principle Explain that resultant force exists due to a difference in fluid pressure

Describe applications of Bernoullis principle

View a computer simulation to observe air flow over an arofoil to gain an idea on lifting force. Research and report on the applications of Bernoullis principle. Solve problems involving Bernoullis principle.

Solve problems involving Bernoullis principle

15/22

LEARNING AREA:4. HEAT

Learning Objective
4.1 Understanding thermal equilibrium.

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Explain thermal equilibrium

Suggested Activities
Carry out activities to show that thermal equilibrium is a condition in which there is no nett heat flow between two objects in thermal contact Use the liquid-in-glass thermometer to explain how the volume of a fixed mass of liquid may be used to define a temperature scale. Observe th change in temperature when: a) the same amount of heat is used to heat different masses of water. b) the same amount of heat is used to heat the same mass of different liquids. Discuss specific heat capacity

Notes

Vocabulary
thermal equilibrium

Explain how a liquid in glass thermometer works

24, 25 4.2 Understanding specific heat capacity

A student is able to: Define specific heat capacity ( c)

State that c =

Q mc

Heat capacity only relates to a particular object whereas specific heat capacity relates to a material

specific heat capacity

Determine capacity of a Determine capacity of a

the specific heat liquid. the specific heat solid

Plan and carry out an activity to determine the specific heat capacity of a) a liquid b) a solid

Guide students to analyse the unit of c as 1 1 J g K or k

16/22

Week
25

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
Describe applications of asepsific heat capacity Solve problems involving specific heat capacity.

Suggested Activities
Research and report on applications of specific heat capacity. Solve problems involving specific heat capacity. Carry out an activity to show that there is no change in temperature when heat is supplied to: a) a liquid at its boiling point. b) a solid at its melting point. With the aid of a cooling and heating curve, discuss melting, solidification, boiling and condensation as processes involving energy transfer without a change in temperature. Discuss a) latent heat in terms of molecular behaviour b) specific latent heat Plan and carry out an activity to determine the specific latent heat of a) fusion b) vaporisation

Notes

Vocabulary

26

4.3 Understanding specific latent heat

A student is able to: State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change in temperature

Melting Solidification Condensation Specific latent heat

Define specific latent heat (l

Q State that l = m

Guide students to analyse the unit of (l )

Specific latent heat of fusion Specific latent heat of vaporisation

Determine the specific latent heat of a fusion. Determine the specific latent heat of vaporization Solve problems involving specific latent heat

Solve problems involving specific latent heat.

17/22

Week
27

Learning Objective
4.4 Understanding the gas laws

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of gas molecules.

Suggested Activities
Use a model or view computer simulations on the bahaviour of molecules of a fixed mass of gas to gain an idea about gas pressure, temperature and volume. Discuss gas pressure, volume and temperature in terms of the behaviour of molecules based on the kinetic theory. Plan and carry out an experiment on a fixed mass of gas to determine therelationship between: a) pressure and volume at constant temperature b) volume and temperature at constant pressure c) pressure and temperature at constant volume Extrapolate P-T and V-T graphs or view computer simulations to show that when pressure and volume are zero the temperature on a P-T and V-T graph is 2730C. Discuss absolute zero and the Kelvin scale of temperature Solve problems involving the pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas.

Notes

Vocabulary

Determine the relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature for a fixed mass of gas, i.e pV = constant Determine the relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure for a fixed mass of gas, i.e V/T = constant Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume for a fixed mass of gas, i.e p/T = constant Explain absolute zero Explain the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas

18/22

LEARNING AREA:5. LIGHT

Learning Objective
5.1 Understanding reflection of light.

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Describe the characteristic of the image formed by reflection of light

Suggested Activities
Observe the image formed in a plane mirror. Discuss that the image is: a) as far behind the mirror as the object is in front and the line joining the object and image is perpendicular to the mirror. b) the same size as the object c) virtual d) laterally inverted Discuss the laws of reflection Draw the ray diagrams to determine the position and characteristics of the image formed by a a) plane mirror b) convex mirror c) concave mirror Research and report on applications of reflection of light Solve problems involving reflection of light Construct a device based on the application of reflection of light

Notes

Vocabulary

State the laws of reflection of light Draw ray diagrams to show the position and characteristics of the image formed by a i. plane mirror ii. convex mirror iii. concave mirror Describe applications of reflection of light Solve problems involving reflection of light Construct a device based on the application of reflection of light

19/22

Week
29

Learning Objective
5.2 Understanding refraction of light.

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Explain refraction of light

Suggested Activities
Observe situations to gain an idea of refraction Conduct an experiment to find the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of refraction to obtain Snells law. Carry out an activity to determine the refractive index of a glass or perspex block Discuss the refractive index, Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of light in a medium

Notes

Vocabulary
Real depth Apparent depth

Define refractive index as

sini sinr

Determine the refractive index of a glass or Perspex block

State the refractive index, Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of light in a medium Describe phenomena due to refraction

, as

, as

Research and report on phenomena due to refraction, e.g. apparent depth, the twinkling of stars. Carry out activities to gain an idea of apparent depth. With the aid of diagrams, discuss real depth and apparent depth. Solve problems involving refraction of light

Solve problems involving refraction of light

20/22

Week
30

Learning Objective
5.3 Understanding total internal reflection of light.

Learning Outcomes
A student is able to: Explain total internal reflection of light Define critical angle (c)

Suggested Activities
Carry out activities to show the effect of increasing the angle of incidence on the angle of refraction when light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium to gain an idea about total internal reflection and to obtain the critical angle. Discuss with the aid of diagrams: a) total internal reflection and critical angle b) the relationship between critical angle and refractive angle Research and report on a) natural phenomena involving total internal reflection b) the applications of total reflection e.g. in telecommunication using fibre optics. Solve problems involving total internal reflection Use an optical kit to observe and measure light rays traveling through convex and concave lenses to gain an idea of focal point and focal length. Determine the focal point and focal length of convex and concave lenses.

Notes

Vocabulary

Relate the critical angle to the refractive index i.e =

1 sin c

Describe natural phenomenon involving total internal reflection Describe applications of total internal reflection

Solve problems involving total internal reflection

31

5.4 Understanding lenses.

A student is able to: Explain focal point and focal length determine the focal point and focal length of a convex lens determine the focal point and focal length of a concave lens

21/22

Week
31, 32

Learning Objective

Learning Outcomes
Draw ray diagrams to show the positions and characteristics of the images formed by a convex lens. Draw ray diagrams to show the positions and characteristics of the images formed by a concave lens.

Suggested Activities
With the help of ray diagrams, discuss focal point and focal length Draw ray diagrams to show the positions and characteristic of the images formed by a a) convex lens b) concave lens

Notes

Vocabulary

Define magnification as m = Relate focal length (f) to the object distance (u) and image distance (v) i.e.

v u

1 1 1 = + f u v

Carry out activities to gain an idea of magnification. With the help of ray diagrams, discuss magnification. Carry out activities to find the relationship between u, v and f

Describe, with the aid of ray diagrams, the use of lenses in optical devices.

Construct an optical device that uses lenses. Solve problems involving to lenses.

Carry out activities to gain an idea on the use of lenses in optical devices. With the help of ray diagrams, discuss the use of lenses in optical devices such as a telescope and microscope Construct an optical device that uses lenses. Solve problems involving to lenses

22/22